<p>论文以1950s中期1:100000地形图和2000年Landsat/TM影像为数据源，基于地学知识重塑1950s中期盐碱地分布状况，通过人机交互解译方式获取2000年盐碱地分布状况，然后采用GIS空间分析方法对近50年盐碱地时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：①东北盐碱地主要分布在松嫩平原(占90%以上)和呼伦贝尔草原，盐碱地由58.51&times;10⁴hm²增至219.31&times;10⁴hm²，吉林省盐碱地扩展最显著，盐碱地面积最大；②盐碱化程度从以轻度盐碱化为主发展为以中重度盐碱化为主；③气候变化、水利灌溉设施和道路网建设、过牧和滥垦、油田开采等多种因素导致东北盐碱地扩大，但在局部地区由于生态恢复和改良利用措施、过量抽取地下水导致水位大幅度下降，使得盐碱地也有缩减。</p>

The saline land is a kind of important reserved cultivable land resource in China. In this process of the study, when digging gutter to reduce underground water level to the level less than critical level, we have used the comprehensive measures of farming, forestry and animal husbandry and have built a systematization pattern for transformation and utilization of saline land in arid areas. A set of controlling techniques for saline land was put forward, it includes digging gutter and afforestation to control underground water level lower than critical level,se-lecting salt tolerant crops to improve alkaline soil, and developing animal busbandry to build up fertilizer. Then we practised it on the saline land in Xiaoquanzi of Linze County. As was expected, the salinity in the soil decreased and the organic matter in the soil increased. As a result, the land productivity was improved highly and there was a notable economic benefit.

通过盆栽试验研究了生物有机肥对盐碱地春玉米生理特性及产量的影响,结果表明,在不同盐碱胁迫条件下,施生物有机肥处理在各生育时期均可以提高玉米穗位叶的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,其中添加1.0%生物有机肥的T3处理在低、中盐碱土上显著高于对照处理,丙二醛含量显著低于对照;同时在灌浆期的净光合速率也是T3处理最大,在低、中、高盐碱土上分别可达到32.7、30.6、26.9μmol/(m~2·s);产量比对照增加14.3%~24.9%。说明施用生物有机肥可以提高玉米的抗盐碱能力,进而提高玉米产量。

由于脱硫石膏的主要成分为CaSO₄，可以用来改良碱化土壤，但施加脱硫石膏同时也增加了土壤中的盐分含量。该文通过盆栽试验研究苗期向日葵在不同脱硫石膏水平和不同淋洗水平条件下向日葵出苗、土壤化学性质和土壤淋出液性质的变化规律。试验设计8个处理，4个脱硫石膏水平(0、7.5、15和22.5 t/hm²)和2个淋洗水平(750和1200 m³/hm²)。研究表明：施加脱硫石膏增加了向日葵的出苗率，降低了土壤的碱化度(ESP)、pH和全盐量(TDS)，但过量施加脱硫石膏也会抑制作物的出苗和生长；淋洗可以提高脱硫石膏的改良效率。根据试验结果推测当ESP＝63.5、pH＝9.15时，最佳脱硫石膏的投放量为13.65 t/hm²。该试验脱硫石膏用量7.5 t/hm²、淋洗水量1200 m³/hm²的处理碱化土壤改良效果最佳，向日葵出苗率达到了92.5%，ESP、pH值和TDS分别由初始的63.5%、9.15%和0.65%降到了15%、7.7%和0.15%以下。

Reclaiming salt-affected soil in arid and semi-arid countries is currently considered a substantial challenge because of water supply deficiencies. Traditionally, salts are removed from soil using either continuous or intermittent washing, which consumes considerable amounts of water. Our motivation for this study is to develop a process for decreasing the reclamation period and total amount of water, and improving the sustainability of reclamation. Recently, we have developed a new generation of soil electro-remediation techniques known as the perforated cathode pipe soil electrokinetic remediation (SEKR) system (PCPSS) for heavy metal removal. PCPSS was investigated for reclaiming salt-affected soils collected from the El-Sallam canal region Egypt. In the present study, enhancement of Na+removal was firstly investigated using a Taguchi Approach orthogonal array (L9OA). The results indicated that the influential factors improved Na+removal in the following order: cathode pipe operating time>voltage>cathode gap>hydrostatic head; additionally, the vertical removal above the cathode gap was operating time>hydrostatic head>voltage>cathode gap. A confirmation experiment demonstrated that Mg2+removal was as high as 41.7% followed by Na+with 23% removal. Ca2+removal was the lowest (6.6%), likely due to the formation of insoluble CaSO4. K+also showed low removal (8.4%), likely because of its comparatively low concentration. The removed cations show the following sequence: Mg2+>Na2+>K+>Ca2+. A large percent of Cl as removed (53.3%), whereasSO42 howed the lowest removal (5.1%). The accumulative electroosmosis flow was proportional to the voltage followed by operating time, hydrostatic head, and cathode gap, respectively.

在实验室条件下,研究了3种盐碱土改良剂(美地那、康地宝、碱益康)的不同浓度对盐碱土的总盐分和pH值的影响。结果表明,3种改良剂均能明显地降低盐碱土的总盐分,且降盐效果随改良剂浓度增加而明显增强。但低浓度的改良剂对土壤pH值影晌不大。同时研究了8种牧草在改良后土壤上的发芽情况。研究表明：土壤改良剂可以明显改良土壤,使种子的盆栽发芽率明显提高,效果最好的是披碱草和羊草。

本文综述了高聚物土壤改良剂的分类及其改良土壤的作用机理 ,以及在提高土壤肥力 ,减少水土流失 ,改良干旱土壤 ,盐碱地和污染土壤的再生等方面的应用

苏打盐碱土添加硫酸铝后,土壤理化性状发生了显著改善.土壤物理 性质表现为:土壤结构有显著改善,土壤团聚体(＞0.005 mm)数量明显增加,土壤容重降低,膨胀度增加,孔隙度增大,土壤渗透性能及持水能力增强.土壤化学性质表现为:Al3+水解产生大量H+,降低了水田湛 水层和土层的pH值;随硫酸铝用量的增加,土壤阳离子交换量呈显著递增,碱化度显著降低;CO2-3和HCO-3含量也随硫酸铝用量的增加而降低.以上结 果表明苏打盐碱土添加硫酸铝后,土壤结构得到良好改善,土壤盐分组成发生了显著变化,由苏打型→苏打-硫酸盐型→硫酸盐型.同时,苏打盐碱土理化性质的改 良也为作物生长创造了良好的土壤环境.

The efficiency of composted municipal solid wastes (MSW) to reduce the adverse effects of salinity was investigated in Hordeum maritimum under greenhouse conditions. Plants were cultivated in pots filled with soil added with 0 and 40tha611 of MSW compost, and irrigated twice a week with tap water at two salinities (0 and 4gl611 NaCl). Harvests were achieved at 70 (shoots) and 130 (shoots and roots) days after sowing. At each cutting, dry weight (DW), NPK nutrition, chlorophyll, leaf protein content, Rubisco (ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) capacity, and contents of potential toxic elements were determined. Results showed that compost supply increased significantly the biomass production of non salt-treated plants (+80%). This was associated with higher N and P uptake in both shoots (+61% and +80%, respectively) and roots (+48% and +25%, respectively), while lesser impact was observed for K+. In addition, chlorophyll and protein contents as well as Rubisco capacity were significantly improved by the organic amendment. MSW compost mitigated the deleterious effect of salt stress on the plant growth, partly due to improved chlorophyll and protein contents and Rubisco capacity (6115%, 6127% and 6114%, respectively, in combined treatment, against 6145%, 6184% and 6125%, respectively, in salt-stressed plants without compost addition), which presumably favoured photosynthesis and alleviated salt affect on biomass production by 21%. In addition, plants grown on amended soil showed a general improvement in their heavy metals contents Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ (in combined treatment: 190%, 53%, 168% and 174% in shoots and 183%, 42%, 42% and 114% in roots, respectively) but remained lower than phytotoxic values. Taken together, these findings suggest that municipal waste compost may be safely applied to salt-affected soils without adverse effects on plant physiology.

The effects of a compost (produced from by-products of the olive oil industry) and a poultry manure on mineral ion solubility and exchangeability in a highly saline agricultural soil (electrical conductivity for a 1:5 soil:water extract = 1.85 dS m 鈭1) from Murcia (SE Spain) were studied. The organic amendments did not change significantly the soil electrical conductivity or the soluble Na +, Ca 2+ or Mg 2+. Only soluble K + increased, due to the K + supplied by the amendments. The cation exchange capacity increased in treated soils, the exchange complex being mainly saturated with Ca 2+, Mg 2+ and K +. However, Na + was not retained in the exchange sites, and the sodium absorption ratio remained low. The compost and manure increased markedly the shoot growth of the salt-tolerant Beta maritima L. (sea beet) and Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet). For B. maritima, this seemed to be related to decreases in the shoot concentrations of Na + and Cl and increases in K + and H 2 PO 4 -. In the case of B. vulgaris, increases in shoot H 2 PO 4 - and B and, for manure-treated soil, a decrease in shoot Na + may have been involved. Cultivation of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker) in the soil used previously for B. vulgaris indicated that the effects of the manure on tissue cation concentrations were longer-lasting than those of the compost.

In saline sodic soil, salts tend to accumulation in the surface soil and may be affecting on soil properties. A laboratory experiment was conducted in soil columns to ameliorate the soil properties and reduce soluble salts by application of ''pressmud " (PM), ''gypsum by product " (G) singly and/or in combinations (PM+G) on the highly calcareous saline-sodic soil (pH= 8.22, ECe= 48.5 dS/m,... [Show full abstract]

原生盐渍土和次生盐渍土占全球土地总面积的10%,我国盐渍化耕地面积达670万hm2,盐害成为农业生产上最主要的非生物逆境之一。筛选耐盐碱水稻种质资源,分析水稻种质在盐碱胁迫下的产量品质稳定性,对盐碱土壤资源利用与耐盐碱育种具有重要意义。本研究采用完全随机试验设计,通过幼苗前期耐盐碱筛选、苗期混合盐碱胁迫筛选和农业耐盐碱力筛选,获得若干耐盐碱材料,并对其在盐碱胁迫下的产量品质稳定性进行分析,主要研究结果如下:1.幼苗前期耐盐性和耐碱性筛选的适宜浓度为NaCl 150 mmol/L和Na2CO3+NaHCO3(质量比3:1)40 mmol/L。2.获得幼苗前期强耐盐材料13G143,强耐碱性13G028、13G145和13G031,农学耐盐碱力较强材料松粳12、13G040、13G030、13G028和龙稻16。3.耐盐碱材料生物产量,根系总吸附面积、活跃吸收面积、根体积、根长和根干重,净光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率相对抑制率均低于敏感材料。4.混合盐碱胁迫对产量的抑制表现在穗数和穗重两个方面,其中穗重抑制是主要原因,穗重抑制是由与穗粒数相关的一二次枝梗数和一二次枝梗粒数受抑制所造成,且对二次枝梗性状的抑制大于一次枝梗。松粳12、13G040和13G030耐盐碱性较强,其在穗重及与穗重相关的穗长、着粒密度、穗粒数等方面均表现较低的抑制率。盐碱胁迫条件下稻米蛋白质含量极显著高于对照,其他品质指标与对照间差异不显著。5.产量、产量构成因素及穗部性状主要受环境型影响,而在干物质积累量、叶面积指数、根长、根干重等主要受基因型影响。品质方面,加工品质和蒸煮品质方面受基因型的影响大于环境的影响,而外观品质方面受环境的影响大于基因型的影响。13G030的穗数、穗粒数、结实率、理论产量、二次枝梗数和着粒密度方面的稳定性最好,13G028的千粒重方面稳定性最好。

<p>2007&mdash;2012年在陕西合阳连作玉米田进行保护性轮耕与施肥长期定位试验,设置免耕/深松(NT-ST)、深松/翻耕(ST-CT)和翻耕/免耕(CT-NT)3种隔年交替轮耕处理和连续免耕(NT-NT)、连续深松(ST-ST)、连续翻耕(CT-CT)3种连耕处理及平衡施肥、低肥和常规施肥3种施肥处理,分析了0～40 cm土壤团聚体分布、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(<em>D</em>)及0～60 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)含量.结果表明: 随着耕作强度的增加,土壤团聚体总含量减小,稳定性降低,有机碳损失增大;连续免耕和轮耕增大了土壤团聚体MWD和GMD,减小分形维数,增加了粒径大于0.25 mm团聚体(<em>R</em>_0.25)和SOC含量.在相同施肥处理下,团聚体<em>R</em>_0.25表现为NT-NT&gt;NT-ST&gt;NT-CT&gt;ST-ST&gt;CT-ST&gt;CT-CT;在相同耕作方式下,平衡施肥和低肥处理下土壤团聚体比常规施肥更稳定.通过对土壤团聚体分形维数进行数学拟合,干筛法和湿筛法所测土壤团聚体的分形维数分别为2.247～2.681和2.897～2.976. 0～30 cm土层土壤团聚体分形维数均表现为连续免耕和轮耕显著低于连续翻耕(CT-CT),随土层加深分形维数增大,在40 cm处趋于稳定.施肥对不同土层有机碳含量的影响差异显著(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05),随土层加深有机碳含量呈递减趋势,平衡施肥处理下有机碳积累量较常规施肥增加了6.9%.土壤有机碳含量随团聚体粒径的增大而增加,0.25～2 mm粒径土壤团聚体含量对有机碳积累的影响达到显著水平(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01),确定系数<em>R</em>²为0.848.</p>

采用重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法对化探土壤样品中有机碳含量进行测定,选用19个土壤成分分析国家一级标准物质作为分析试样。实验结果表明,测定标准物质GBW07447、GBW07455、GBW07457精密度分别为6.34%、3.64%、2.17%;准确度实验中所有标准物质的有机碳测定结果令人满意,方法快速、简便、准确。利用油浴(液体石蜡)消煮可以同时处理多个样品。该方法可用于多目标区域地球化学调查工作中土壤样品有机碳含量的测定,很大程度上提高了工作效率。

针对上海滨海盐碱土的特点,借助土柱淋洗试验方法,研究了脱硫石膏改良滨海盐碱土的脱盐过程与效果,分析了不同石膏质量配比条件下(0%,1%,2.5%,5%和10%),土壤团粒结构和水力传导度变化以及盐碱土-脱硫石膏体系中的离子交换过程与效率.研究结果表明:加入脱硫石膏之后,盐碱土团粒结构得到改善,孔隙度变大,水力传导能力增强,平均导水系数是对照组的4~5倍,有效加快脱盐过程;在土柱开始淋洗的前6d内,离子交换过程表现最活跃,淋洗液的电导率和离子浓度急剧下降.添加脱硫石膏的土柱中钙离子优先置换出钠离子,平均脱钠效率达到对照组的1.8倍.钙钾离子交换和钙镁离子交换也同步发生,但规模明显小于钙钠离子交换.当脱硫石膏质量配比超过1%时,盐碱土的脱盐效果主要取决于原土中的交换性阳离子总量.随着配比增加,盐碱土脱盐的边际效益增加量并不显著.在充分混匀的理想条件下,建议上海滨海盐碱土改良过程中添加脱硫石膏的质量配比高于1%为宜.

With the tension of soil resources and population explosion, utilizing of saline-alkaline soil resources and how to improve saline-alkaline soil have become one of the major cosmopolitan issues. The reviews related to plant-improved measures of saline-alkaline soil focus on utilizing halophytes to improve saline-alkaline soil, intensive measures of saline-alkaline soil improvement by using halophytes and microbial-plant remediation of saline-alkaline soil. The research trends on saline-alkaline soil plant-improvement were prospected in the end, which provided vital information on studies and future development of saline-alkaline soil plant-improvement.

6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)是一种人工合成的细胞分裂素,可促进种子萌发,延缓花及果实衰老。本试验以晋绿9号为材料,用不同浓度的6-BA浸种,探究6-BA对盐胁迫下绿豆种子萌发和幼苗生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)低浓度6-BA(≤10mg/L)处理可缓解盐胁迫对种子萌发的影响,提高绿豆种子的发芽势和发芽率。当提高6-BA的浸种浓度(≥20mg/L),种子萌发受到抑制;(2)低浓度盐胁迫会促进根和幼苗下胚轴的伸长,高浓度盐胁迫则抑制根的生长;6-BA浸种会抑制根和幼苗下胚轴的伸长,而且6-BA浓度越高抑制作用越明显;(3)与对照相比,盐胁迫会明显增加绿豆幼苗中脯氨酸(Pro)含量,引起丙二醛(MDA)升高;而过氧化物酶(POD)活性明显降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在低盐胁迫时升高,高盐胁迫时降低。低浓度6-BA浸种后进行盐胁迫处理会降低Pro和MDA含量,高浓度6-BA浸种后进行盐胁迫处理引起Pro和MDA含量显著高于单独盐胁迫处理;与单独盐胁迫相比,6-BA浸种后进行的盐胁迫处理提高了SOD和POD活性。综合各项指标表明,适宜浓度6-BA浸种对盐胁迫下绿豆种子萌发及幼苗生长有促进作用。

采用盆栽试验研究了以糠醛渣、腐植酸尿素等为主成分研制的盐碱土壤调理剂对玉米生长及土壤的改良效果.结果表明,在氮、磷、钾用量相同的情况下,与速效肥料处理相比,盐碱土壤调理剂处理的玉米生物量增加1.86％ ～48.56％,叶绿素含量增加2.60％ ～4.77％,植株的氮、磷、钾吸收量增加3.51％ ～64.2％,土壤有机质含量增加12.77％ ～ 14.28％,土壤氮、磷、钾增加0.70％～9.46％,土壤含水量增加11.29％ ～ 11.36％,土壤pH值下降0.03,土壤EC25降低15.8％ ～ 20.10％.说明施用盐碱土壤调理剂能促进玉米生长,增强玉米叶片光合能力.

土壤盐碱化已成为世界上重要的环境问题之一；同时，盐碱土也是一种重要的后备土壤资源。松嫩平原西部是世界上三大片苏打盐碱地集中分布地区之一。通过回顾松嫩平原西部盐碱土旱作改良发展历程，分析了旱作改良的主要措施与效果及存在的问题，并结合目前国内外相关研究的前沿和热点问题，提出了松嫩平原西部盐碱土旱作改良的展望。建议重点进行旱作改良后的盐渍化动态监测、评估与预警，生物与盐分互作机制，盐碱土障碍治理、修复与农业资源高效利用的优化管理和生态环境效应等方面的研究。