开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）： 
老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus Linn.）是禾本科披碱草属多年生疏丛型草本植物,分布于中国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆、四川、西藏等省区,在俄罗斯、朝鲜和日本也有分布[1]。老芒麦叶量丰富,草质柔软,富含蛋白质,适口性好,是优良的饲用植物。此外,其生态适应性强,具有抗旱耐寒等特性,可作为乡土植物抗逆性育种的理想材料。目前,我国共培育出了“川草1号”老芒麦、“川草2号”老芒麦、吉林老芒麦、同德老芒麦、青牧1号老芒麦、农牧老芒麦、阿坝老芒麦和红原老芒麦8个老芒麦品种。我国老芒麦野生种质资源丰富,目前我国收集到野生老芒麦种质700余份[2],这为老芒麦牧草的育种、栽培及其他方面研究奠定了基础。本文在前人研究的基础上,分别从栽培技术、引种、产量、品质、生理生化、形态和分子等7个方面对老芒麦相关研究进行了回顾,以期为老芒麦种质资源的开发利用提供参考。
1 老芒麦栽培技术方面的研究
我国关于老芒麦栽培技术方面的研究较多,本文就近些年来老芒麦的栽培技术进行了归纳和总结,以期形成一套科学有效的栽培技术,为老芒麦的栽培及其他方面的研究提供依据。
1.1 播期、播量、播深、行距及施肥
1.2 种植方式
1.3 刈割时间、频率及留茬高度
刈割对牧草产量和品质具有很大影响,应考虑牧草种类和外部环境因素确定刈割时间、频率和高度,如土壤肥力和降水量等[16]。
综上所述,老芒麦栽培技术主要包括播期、播量、播深、行距、施肥、种植方式及刈割的时间、频率和留茬高度。根据老芒麦栽培技术研究经验,老芒麦以夏播为宜;在种植方式上建议混播,老芒麦可与禾本科、豆科牧草按比例进行混播;单播条件下,应条播,播量22.5~30.0kg/hm2,播深2~4cm,行距30cm,氮肥45kg/hm2,且肥料与除草剂混施较好;老芒麦在盛花期刈割,留茬高度为6cm,年刈割1~2次。此外,在干旱和半干旱地区,垄沟集雨种植模式可较大程度提高老芒麦牧草的供水量和水分利用效率。
2 老芒麦引种方面的研究
引种对缓解当地草畜矛盾及生态环境保护具有重要的现实意义。
萨克达特[20]在高寒地区优良牧草的引种试验中,对老芒麦、紫花苜蓿（抗寒品种“驯鹿”）和红豆草在新疆巴伦台地区进行引种试验,通过出苗率、生育周期和生长速度的测定,表明老芒麦在该地区生长较好,有推广价值。
李莲香[21]对4种多年生禾本科牧草引种试验表明,在平均草层高度和产量方面,多叶老芒麦明显高出垂穗披碱草、中华羊毛和冷地早熟禾,更适宜在青海省同仁县年都乎乡地区大量种植。
杨小梅[22]对禾本科牧草引种试验研究结果显示,“川草2号”老芒麦的鲜草产量、植株高度、干鲜比和越冬率等指标较高,表现良好,可在黑龙江省双鸭山市宝清县宝清镇地区的草地建设中推广应用。
马彦彪等[23]在祁连山北麓几种牧草引种试验中,对早熟禾、垂穗披碱草、老芒麦和斜茎黄芪4种牧草在海拔3 000~3 700m的甘肃省肃南县大河乡大岔村引种成功,其中老芒麦生长高度和产草量均高于当地扁穗冰草。
综上所述,老芒麦主要在新疆、青海、黑龙江和甘肃等地进行引种,与野生老芒麦的地理分布大致相同。鉴于老芒麦在各引种地区的优良表现,老芒麦可作为我国牧区及农牧交错带区域优良牧草引种的重要种质资源。
3 老芒麦产量方面的研究
3.1 老芒麦牧草产量的研究
3.2 老芒麦种子产量的研究
落粒性是野生植物适应自然环境的一种生存策略。栽培条件下,老芒麦牧草的落粒性是制约其种子生产的一个极为不利的因素。研究表明,在川西北高原约3 500hm2的“川草2号”老芒麦种子生产基地,由于老芒麦落粒特性的影响,其种子实际产量仅为100~450kg/hm2[30]。
综上所述,老芒麦在实际生产过程中,其鲜草、干草及籽粒产量较高。但落粒性是制约老芒麦种子产量的瓶颈,且增加了老芒麦种子收获难度和生产成本,不利于老芒麦品种的栽培和推广。
4 老芒麦品质方面的研究
老芒麦叶量丰富,草质柔软,适口性好,为牛羊喜食的牧草。加强老芒麦品质方面的研究,可为老芒麦牧草的开发利用提供依据。
4.1 老芒麦牧草青贮品质研究
4.2 老芒麦牧草矿物质元素研究
马晓云[37]在高寒区5种牧草生产性能及品质评价中,测得同德老芒麦在开花期的粗蛋白含量为15.4g/kg,粗脂肪含量为34.3g/kg,粗纤维含量为26.2g/kg,中性洗涤纤维含量为55.6g/kg,酸性洗涤纤维含量为29.3g/kg,粗灰分含量为7.9g/kg,Ca含量为1.08g/kg,P含量为0.25g/kg。“川草2号”老芒麦从抽穗期到乳熟期,其粗蛋白质和可溶性蛋白质含量降低,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量升高,中性洗涤不溶性蛋白质和酸性洗涤不溶性蛋白质含量降低,碳水化合物组分和缓慢降解碳水化合物含量呈递增趋势,快速降解碳水化合物和非结构性碳水化合含量呈下降趋势[38]。
老芒麦品质研究主要集中在牧草的青贮和牧草的矿物质含量2个方面。在老芒麦牧草青贮研究方面,添加剂具有降低青贮饲草的pH值、稳定蛋白含量、提高可溶性碳水化合物等功能,是老芒麦牧草青贮试验研究的重要内容。在老芒麦牧草矿物质含量研究方面,抽穗期、开花期和成熟期是其研究的重要生育时期。老芒麦从抽穗期到乳熟期,其主要营养成分粗蛋白含量开始减少,而影响牧草适口性的矿物质元素如木质素含量则逐渐提高。
5 老芒麦生理生化方面的研究
老芒麦生理生化方面的研究中,种子萌发期和苗期是其研究的重要阶段。本文就老芒麦种子萌发期、幼苗期、抽穗期、开花期及灌浆期进行阐述。
5.1 老芒麦种子萌发期
种子萌发阶段是牧草生活史的起始阶段,对牧草幼苗建成及后期的生长发育具有重要作用。因此,该阶段是牧草研究的焦点。
老芒麦种子萌发期的研究中,其常用的生理指标为发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、胚根长和胚芽长。
5.2 老芒麦苗期
综上,苗期老芒麦的生理生化研究主要在渗透调节物质、保护酶系统、细胞膜透性和水分代谢方面,而常用指标为SOD、CAT、POD、丙二醛、脯氨酸、叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和相对含水量等。
5.3 老芒麦抽穗期、盛花期和灌浆期研究
老芒麦在抽穗期、盛花期和灌浆期阶段的生理研究主要在光合系统方面,常用指标为气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率和光合速率。
6 老芒麦形态方面的研究
老芒麦颖果为褐色、长纺锤形,背腹扁平,具有角质层,无内外表皮间薄壁细胞,种皮为细胞结构,具外胚叶[50]。
老芒麦形态研究多集中在形态变异方面,常用的指标为内外颖长、内外颖芒长、内外稃长、外稃芒长、内外稃宽、叶长、叶舌长度、叶宽、旗叶宽、倒二叶片长、叶色、穗中部节上每小穗的小花数、茎粗、灰度和穗中部节上的小穗数、小花数、穗长、千粒重、株高和单株干重等。
7 老芒麦分子方面的研究
7.1 老芒麦遗传多样性研究
简单重复序列（simple sequence repeat,SSR）和相关序列扩增多态性（sequence-related amplified polymorphism,SRAP）因具有多态性高、重复性好和共显性等优点[54],已广泛应用于植物遗传育种的各个领域。
我国老芒麦种质资源丰富,通过对老芒麦种质资源遗传多样性分析,可对老芒麦种质资源的利用及育种提供依据。
7.2 老芒麦品种鉴定研究
老芒麦和垂穗披碱草均为穗状花序下垂,二者在形态上十分相似,对其进行准确区分比较困难。因此,利用分子标记手段对老芒麦进行鉴定成为研究焦点。
在野外对野生老芒麦种质资源进行收集和室内对老芒麦种质资源进行分类时,老芒麦和垂穗披碱草混淆是一个常见问题。在分子水平上,通过SSR分子标记建立老芒麦种质指纹图谱库,可对老芒麦物种进行准确有效的鉴定,这对我国野生老芒麦种质资源的收集、保护与老芒麦品种的开发利用具有极其重要的现实意义。
8 总结与展望
8.1 总结
目前,老芒麦在栽培技术、引种、产量、品质、形态、生理生化和分子方面的研究均有不同程度的报道,并取得了一定的成果,但仍存在一些问题。
老芒麦生育时期研究不全面。老芒麦生育时期可分为苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、开花期和成熟期,而老芒麦在产量、品质和生理生化等方面研究阶段相对独立,不能全面反映老芒麦各个生育时期的动态变化状况。
老芒麦的研究基础薄弱,缺乏系统性。在栽培技术方面,老芒麦的栽培不仅包括播期、播量、播深、行距、施肥、种植方式及刈割的时间、频率和留茬高度,还有病虫草害的治理、种子的收获时期及越冬管理等方面的研究。产量方面,遗传因素、环境因素和栽培措施都可能对老芒麦生物产量产生影响,而目前多集中于某一方面的因素进行研究。品质方面,老芒麦品质研究主要集中在牧草的青贮和牧草的矿物质含量2个方面,关于老芒麦的青贮设施和青贮方法研究尚未见报道。生理生化方面,在苗期老芒麦生理生化研究中,对老芒麦地上部分叶片进行了相关研究,而对地下部分的研究未见报道。形态方面,老芒麦形态测定指标较多,且多集中在形态变异方面,但同一生育时期的形态指标测定缺乏标准。在分子方面,对老芒麦的研究多用转录组分子标记,而利用蛋白质组、基因组和代谢组技术对老芒麦进行研究较少,尤其是同时利用多种分子技术手段分析老芒麦的差异表达基因尚未见详细报道。
8.2 展望
今后应对老芒麦的各个生育时期进行相关研究。在栽培技术方面,从老芒麦播种到收获的整个生育时期进行栽培管理措施研究,使之形成一套科学有效的栽培技术。在产量方面,应结合老芒麦品种自身特性、环境因素和栽培措施等方面挖掘老芒麦生产潜力;此外,还应加强老芒麦的落粒性研究,运用植物生理学和分子生物学手段,找出影响老芒麦落粒的生理因素或基因,筛选出低落粒的老芒麦,为后期老芒麦的引种与栽培奠定基础。在引种方面,继续加强老芒麦优良品种的引种试验范围研究,扩大老芒麦牧草的种植面积,充分发挥老芒麦品种的优良特性并直接应用于生产。在品质方面,从添加剂、青贮方法和青贮设施等方面进行综合研究,探索青贮最佳组合条件,最大限度地提高老芒麦青贮品质。在生理生化方面,结合老芒麦地上部分和地下部分进行研究,阐明其生理生化各指标间的联系和相互作用。在形态方面,从老芒麦苗期到成熟期进行系列生育时期的形态指标测定,并制定相应的形态指标标准。在分子方面,借助多种分子生物学技术手段对老芒麦进行深入分析,并揭示他们之间的对应关系,如深入研究表达老芒麦落粒性状基因的对应蛋白基因,进而为老芒麦低落粒基因克隆和分子育种提供依据。上述工作的开展对老芒麦种质资源的选育、开发利用及老芒麦的推广具有重要的指导意义。
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AbstractA plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m−3. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.]]>
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模拟不同雨量下沟垄集雨种植对春玉米生产力的影响
为了探明沟垄集雨种植适宜的降雨量范围，使沟垄集雨系统更加有效，通过大田模拟降雨试验，研究了不同雨量下沟垄集雨种植对农田水温状况及春玉米个体发育、生物量积累、水分利用效率(WUE)和产量的影响。结果表明，在230～440mm雨量下，与平作处理相比，沟垄集雨种植处理后，沟内土壤10cm处温度增加了0.7～1℃，沟内120cm土壤平均储水量增加了5%～12%，玉米的出苗期提前1～2d，生育期普遍提前，株高、功能叶面积和生物量显著增加 (P＜0.05) 。玉米籽粒产量及WUE在230mm雨量下分别增加了82.8%和77.4%，340mm雨量下分别增加了43.4%和43.1%，440mm雨量下分别增加了11.2%和9.5%。沟垄集雨种植春玉米适宜的雨量上限可能在全生育期降雨量440mm以下。
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DOI:10.1111/gcb.1996.2.issue-1 URL [本文引用: 1]
祁连山北麓几种牧草引种试验
通过在肃南县大河乡海拔3100～3700m的草场引种垂穗披碱草、老芒麦、早熟禾、岷山红三叶、斜茎黄芪试验,结果表明,岷山红三叶不适宜在该地区种植,垂穗披碱草、老芒麦、斜茎黄芪试验生长高和产草量均高于当地扁稳冰草,早熟禾与当地扁穗冰草相当.4种牧草品质均优于当地牧草质量,特别是斜茎黄芪的试种成功,填补了高寒地区豆科牧草的品种.
不同氮磷处理对老芒麦种子产量、产量组分及根系的影响
Elymus sibiricus L.)种子产量组分、产量以及对不同生育期老芒麦根系生长的影响。结果表明:施90 kg N·hm-2时,种子产量达到最高为592.26 kg·hm-2,氮肥对千粒重影响显著(P-2时,种子产量达到最大为680.61 kg·hm-2,磷肥主要通过影响分蘖数、生殖枝数和小穗数来提高产量;氮磷互作对千粒重影响显著(P
Effect of acetic acid,caproic acid and tryptamine on voluntary intake of grass silage by growing cattle
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00852.x
URL
[本文引用: 1]
The objective of this study was to identify and quantify fermentation end-products, detected with chromatographic techniques, that were negatively related to intake of grass silage by cattle. Further, the aim was to verify the intake-depressing effect of these compounds in a feeding trial. A set of twenty-four silages that had been used in a previous study to model variations in intake owing to fermentation quality was reanalysed with liquid and gas chromatography. Known and unknown chromatogram peaks were subjected to a regression analysis to determine which were negatively related to intake. Compounds were identified and quantified using a liquid chromatographymass spectrometry system; acetic acid (AcA), caproic acid and tryptamine were chosen for verification. Growing steers were offered wilted silage with these three compounds added, separately or as a mixture, in proportions similar to the maximum values detected in the silages of the previous study. Dietary addition of AcA, either separately or mixed with the other two compounds, reduced silage dry matter (DM) intake. However, the reduction in silage DM intake equalled the amount provided by the added substances, so that no differences in total DM intake were observed for any of the dietary treatments.
Silage processing and strategies to prevent persistence of undesirable microorganisms
DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.04.006 URL [本文引用: 1]
Effects of inoculation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus buchneri on fermentation,aerobic stability and microbial communities in whole crop corn silage
DOI:10.1111/j.1744-697X.2011.00226.x
URL
[本文引用: 1]
Whole crop corn silage may be prone to spoilage after exposure to air. To investigate control of fermentation and aerobic spoilage by using silage additives, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus buchneri were added to whole crop corn silage, and shifts in microbial communities were examined. Bacterial and fungal communities were identified by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis at the time of opening the silo and after conducting aerobic deterioration tests. Inoculation of L. rhamnosus did not affect fermentation, whereas that of L. buchneri decreased the lactic acid content and increased the acetic acid content. Aerobic stability was enhanced in silage stored for a long period (120 days), with increases in the acetic acid content even without L. buchneri inoculation. A high aerobic stability was achieved with a shorter ensiling period (56 days) in L. buchneri-inoculated silage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation did not alter the indigenous bacterial community, and the inoculated species were detected only as additions. Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus parvulus, Weissella confusa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found in both the pre-ensiled crop and the silage, whereas Weissella paramesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus lactis were seen exclusively after ensiling. Inoculation also had little effect on the fungal community during the fermentation process. Candida magnolia, Cryptococcus flavus and Candida intermedia were detected, both in the pre-ensiled crop and the silage, whereas Candida glabrata and Candida quercitrusa were identified exclusively in the silage. Marked changes were seen in the fungal community after aerobic spoilage; Saccharomyces exiguus, Saccharomyces martiniae, Pichia fermentans, Pichia deserticola and Pichia kudriavzevii appeared in the spoiled silage. These results indicated that LAB inoculation produces few changes in bacterial and fungal communities in corn silage and that substantial changes occur in the fungal community when the silage is spoiled.
Conservation charactetistics of wilted perennial rye grass silage made using biological or chemical additives
利用体外产气法及康奈尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质体系评价不同生育期老芒麦营养价值
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.10.039
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[本文引用: 1]
P<0.05)。2)体外发酵至72 h结束时,产气量以开花期最高,显著高于其他各期(P<0.05)。3)随着老芒麦的生长,碳水化合物(CHO)组分中,CHO、缓慢降解碳水化合物(CB2)含量呈递增趋势,而快速降解碳水化合物(CA)、非结构性碳水化合物(CNSC)含量则相反;蛋白质组分中,抽穗期的不可利用蛋白质(PC)和开花期的非蛋白氮(PA)含量显著高于其他生育期(P<0.05)。4)CNSC、CA、中速降解碳水化合物(CB1)、CB2、不可利用纤维(CC)、PA、慢速降解真蛋白质(PB3)、PC含量分别与不同时间点产气量存在显著或极显著的相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01),通过这几种组分与体外产气量的相关性建立了回归关系。综上所述,老芒麦于开花期营养价值最高,抽穗期、灌浆期和乳熟期依次次之,体外产气法和CNCPS评价牧草价值具有相关性,用体外产气量估测牧草CNCPS组分具有可行性和实用价值。]]>
Na2CO3胁迫对老芒麦和星星草种子萌发的影响
采用室内培养法观察了不同浓度（0、5、10、20、30、50、75 mmol/L）Na2CO3溶液胁迫下种子的发芽率、胚根及胚芽生长状况。结果表明：当Na2CO3浓度达到一定值时[同德老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus cv.Tongde）为50 mmol/L、星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)为20 mmol/L]种子的发芽率受到显著抑制；幼根的长度与Na2CO3浓度呈现显著的负相关关系；低浓度的Na2CO3可促进胚芽的生长,高浓度则会产生抑制作用但影响不显著。说明同德老芒麦的种子萌发比星星草更耐Na2CO3胁迫。
Programmed cell death,mitochondria and the plant hypersensitive response
DOI:10.1038/35081184
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PMID:11459068
[本文引用: 1]
The plant response to attempted infection by microbial pathogens is often accompanied by rapid cell death in and around the initial infection site, a reaction known as the hypersensitive response. This response is associated with restricted pathogen growth and represents a form of programmed cell death (PCD). Recent pharmacological and molecular studies have provided functional evidence for the conservation of some of the basic regulatory mechanisms underlying the response to pathogens and the activation of PCD in animal and plant systems. In animals, the mitochondrion integrates diverse cellular stress signals and initiates the death execution pathway, and studies indicate a similar involvement for mitochondria in regulating PCD in plants. But many of the cell-death regulators that have been characterized in humans, worms and flies are absent from the Arabidopsis genome, indicating that plants probably use other regulators to control this process.
Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants
Reactive O(2) species (ROS) are produced in both unstressed and stressed cells. Plants have well-developed defence systems against ROS, involving both limiting the formation of ROS as well as instituting its removal. Under unstressed conditions, the formation and removal of O(2) are in balance. However, the defence system, when presented with increased ROS formation under stress conditions, can be overwhelmed. Within a cell, the superoxide dismutases (SODs) constitute the first line of defence against ROS. Specialization of function among the SODs may be due to a combination of the influence of subcellular location of the enzyme and upstream sequences in the genomic sequence. The commonality of elements in the upstream sequences of Fe, Mn and Cu/Zn SODs suggests a relatively recent origin for those regulatory regions. The differences in the upstream regions of the three FeSOD genes suggest differing regulatory control which is borne out in the research literature. The finding that the upstream sequences of Mn and peroxisomal Cu/Zn SODs have three common elements suggests a common regulatory pathway. The tools are available to dissect further the molecular basis for antioxidant defence responses in plant cells. SODs are clearly among the most important of those defences, when coupled with the necessary downstream events for full detoxification of ROS.
Superoxide dismutase,catalase and peroxidase activities do not confer protection against oxidative damage in salt-stressed cowpea leaves
DOI:10.1111/nph.2004.163.issue-3 URL [本文引用: 1]
Transcriptional Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana Plants to As (V) stress
DOI:10.1186/1471-2229-8-87
URL
PMID:18684332
[本文引用: 1]
BACKGROUND: Arsenic is toxic to plants and a common environmental pollutant. There is a strong chemical similarity between arsenate [As (V)] and phosphate (Pi). Whole genome oligonucleotide microarrays were employed to investigate the transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis thaliana plants to As (V) stress. RESULTS: Antioxidant-related genes (i.e. coding for superoxide dismutases and peroxidases) play prominent roles in response to arsenate. The microarray experiment revealed induction of chloroplast Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) (at2g28190), Cu/Zn SOD (at1g08830), as well as an SOD copper chaperone (at1g12520). On the other hand, Fe SODs were strongly repressed in response to As (V) stress. Non-parametric rank product statistics were used to detect differentially expressed genes. Arsenate stress resulted in the repression of numerous genes known to be induced by phosphate starvation. These observations were confirmed with qRT-PCR and SOD activity assays. CONCLUSION: Microarray data suggest that As (V) induces genes involved in response to oxidative stress and represses transcription of genes induced by phosphate starvation. This study implicates As (V) as a phosphate mimic in the cell by repressing genes normally induced when available phosphate is scarce. Most importantly, these data reveal that arsenate stress affects the expression of several genes with little or unknown biological functions, thereby providing new putative gene targets for future research.
3个披碱草属牧草对低温胁迫的生理响应及苗期抗寒性评价
DOI:10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0489
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[本文引用: 1]
Elymus)苗期抗寒性及其生理变化,可为优良牧草选育提供理论依据。以披碱草属3个牧草为试验材料,出苗21 d后在人工气候箱内进行低温胁迫,设18、10、5和0 ℃共4个低温处理,其中以18 ℃为对照。结果表明,随着低温胁迫的加剧,相对膜透性,同德老芒麦(E. sibiricus cv. Tong De)的增幅最大,巴青垂穗披碱草(E. nutans)增幅最小。叶绿素含量,巴青垂穗披碱草先升高后降低,同德老芒麦与那曲垂穗披碱草显著升高(P<0.05)。巴青垂穗披碱草可溶性蛋白(SP)含量增加幅度最小,为对照的2.59倍;同德老芒麦与那曲垂穗披碱草SP含量显著上升(P<0.05),均为对照的5.31倍。巴青垂穗披碱草与同德老芒麦的可溶性糖(SS)含量先升高后降低,而那曲垂穗披碱草SS含量显著增大(P<0.05),为对照的2.14倍。同德老芒麦的丙二醛(MDA)含量增幅最大,巴青垂穗披碱草MDA含量0 ℃较5 ℃时显著降低(P<0.05)。3种供试材料游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量均升高,同德老芒麦增幅最大,为对照的2.58倍;巴青垂穗披碱草最小,为对照的1.44倍。巴青垂穗披碱草超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先增强后减弱,那曲垂穗披碱草SOD活性显著增强(P<0.05),为对照的1.65倍。那曲垂穗披碱草过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升幅度最大,为对照的4.13倍;同德老芒麦最小,为对照的2.91倍。隶属函数法综合评价表明,3种野生披碱草的抗寒性依次为巴青县野生垂穗披碱草>同德老芒麦>那曲县野生垂穗披碱草。]]>
高寒牧草在不同温度和盐胁迫作用下的生理生化响应
测定高寒牧草垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)幼苗在4 个不同浓度的NaCl 溶液(0、50、150、250 mmol·L–1)与6—15 ℃和15—25 ℃两种温度处理条件下的生理生化反馈机制。结果表明: ①垂穗披碱草随着盐浓度的提高, 可溶性糖含量呈现先低后高的趋势; 在盐浓度为Na50 时, 可溶性糖含量最低, 且不同温度处理对垂穗披碱草可溶性糖含量影响不大; 但在高盐浓度(Na150、Na250)处理下, 温度对幼苗可溶性糖含量影响极显著, 6—15 ℃处理显著提高垂穗披碱草幼苗的可溶性糖含量。②随着盐浓度增加, 两种牧草游离脯氨酸含量均迅速积累, 且15—25 ℃处理下脯氨酸含量显著高于6—15 ℃处理。③除垂穗披碱草在Na250 下SOD 酶活性达到最高外, 垂穗披碱草CAT 活性和老芒麦SOD、CAT 活性均随着盐浓度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。表明在一定盐浓度下, 牧草借助抗氧化酶来清除胁迫产生的活性氧, 但高盐浓度在一定程度上抑制了牧草抗氧化酶活性, 而6—15 ℃温度处理可诱导牧草抗氧化酶活性的提高, 尤其是老芒麦。④盐胁迫导致两种牧草根尖过氧化氢含量和细胞死亡率的增加, 而6—15 ℃温度处理可以降低根尖过氧化氢的积累。两种牧草随盐浓度增加根尖细胞死亡率均有增加的趋势, 但6—15 ℃低温可以有效减轻盐胁迫对根细胞的损伤。
青藏高原老芒麦气孔密度及SPAD的比较
为提高老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)牧草产量，采用显微照相法和SPAD502plus相对叶绿素含量测定仪，研究3个品种老芒麦(X16、X43和青牧1号)的气孔密度和相对叶绿素含量。结果表明，老芒麦气孔密度随生育期逐渐变大，在盛花期达到最大后略有下降；老芒麦叶绿素含量（SPAD）的变化趋势与老芒麦气孔密度的变化趋势基本一致；通过试验得出，青牧1号的气孔密度和SPAD最高，且草产量最高。
老芒麦野生种质的形态和农艺性状多样性研究
以栽培品种川草2号为对照,观测到34份老芒麦野生种质的13个形态和农艺学性状的基本数据,基于欧氏距离进行UPGMA聚类分析,揭示老芒麦各野生种质间的表型多样性.研究结果表明供试老芒麦野生种质间表型多样性非常丰富.根据聚类结果,供试种质可以划分成3个具有明显形态和农艺性状差异的类群.类群Ⅲ中3份来自新疆的种质和1份来自四川红原的种质具有良好的农艺性状表现,其牧草和种子生产性能远高于其它材料.主成分分析的结果与聚类分析基本一致.本文还对利用野生老芒麦种质进行新品种选育的方法进行了探讨.
Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP),a new marker system based on a simple PCR reaction:its application to mapping and gene tagging in Brassica
DOI:10.1007/s001220100570 URL [本文引用: 1]
Assessment of genetic diversity of Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus L.) germplasms with variation of seed shattering and implication for future genetic improvement
DOI:10.1016/j.bse.2014.12.006 URL [本文引用: 1]
老芒麦种质资源遗传多样性的SRAP分析
DOI:10.11686/cyxb20140125
URL
[本文引用: 1]
r=0.88)。同时,主向量分析(PCoA)也得到了与聚类分析类似的结果。方差分析(AMOVA)表明在总的遗传变异中有79.62%发生在地理类群内,有20.38%发生在类群间(ΦST=0.204),类群间和类群内的变异均为极显著(P<0.0001)。基于各地理类群间ΦST值进行的聚类分析也表明青藏高原类群明显区别于其他地理类群。这种聚类模式可能依赖于种质地理来源赋予其的特殊生态地理适应性。本研究结果对于今后老芒麦种质的利用和品种选育提供了有益信息。]]>
Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus L.):Genetic diversity of germplasm determined using DNA fingerprinting and SCoT markers
DOI:10.1016/j.bse.2015.04.021 URL [本文引用: 1]
青藏高原老芒麦和垂穗披碱草SSR分子标记鉴别
垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和老芒麦(E.sibiricus)是青藏高原高寒区广泛种植的优质牧草草种，由于生态适应性变异，在对一些野生种质资源鉴定中，二者常易混淆。为了区别鉴定垂穗披碱草和老芒麦，本研究结合细胞学鉴定，利用不同来源的老芒麦和垂穗披碱草种质材料，对源于普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)的42对SSR引物进行筛选。结果表明，筛选出的小麦ESTSSR引物Xcwem38c在垂穗披碱草中的多态性标记可以有效区分垂穗披碱草和老芒麦。
