Crops ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (2): 129-138.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.02.016

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Study on Maturity of One-Time Harvesting of Four Lower Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaves in Tobacco-Rice Rotation Field

Jiang Zhiming1(), Zhang Zhongwen1, Zhang Cheng1, Zheng Hongbin1, Wang Weimin1, Li Sijun2, Hou Jianlin2, Deng Xiaoqiang2, Wu Wenxin1, Zhu Lin3, Deng Yongsheng3, Deng Xiaohua3()   

  1. 1China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
    2Guiyang County Branch of Chenzhou Tobacco Company in Hunan Province, Chenzhou 424400, Hunan, China
    3College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
  • Received:2022-05-04 Revised:2022-06-24 Online:2024-04-15 Published:2024-04-15

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Abstract:

To explicit the suitable maturity for one-time harvesting of lower leaves of paddy-tobacco, the low-maturity, medium-maturity, and high-maturity treatments were designed with Yunyan 87 materials in Guiyang, Hunan province. The tobacco quality and economic traits of flue-cured tobacco were comprehensively evaluated by fuzzy evaluation method. The results showed that with the maturity of lower tobacco leaves increased, SPAD value of fresh tobacco leaves decreased; the proportion of microstrip green tobacco leaves decreased, and the proportion of variegated tobacco increased; tobacco leaf structure loose, tobacco leaf oil content increased, the single leaf weight decreased, and the equilibrium moisture content decreased; the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, chlorogenic acid decreased, nicotine and starch increased; the yield and output value of tobacco leaves decreased. The appearance quality index, the physical character index, availability index of chemical components, total score of smoking quality, the economic properties index and index of tobacco quality in medium maturity treatment were the highest. The suitable harvest maturity of lower leaves of Yunyan 87 in Guiyang tobacco-growing area of Hunan province required light green leaves, light green-white 1/3 of main veins, leaf edge slightly curled, leaf surface without mature spots. The SPAD values for guiding harvest ranged from 19.39 to 26.63.

Key words: Paddy-tobacco, Lower tobacco leaves, Harvesting at one time, Suitable harvest maturity, Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation

Fig.1

The characteristics of fresh tobacco leaves in different maturities"

Table 1

Appearance maturities characteristic of the fresh tobacco leaf harvested in different maturities"

叶位
Leaf
position		 处理
Treatment		 颜色
Colour		 茸毛
Fluff		 茎叶夹角
Stem and leaf
angles (°)		 叶面
Leaf
surface		 主支脉变白
Main vein and
branches whitening		 叶尖和叶缘
Leaf tip and
margin		 成熟斑
Mature
spots
D1 M1 叶基绿色，叶片淡绿 未脱落 62 微皱 主脉变白1/4，支脉淡绿 叶缘微卷曲 无
M2 叶基淡绿，叶片绿黄约1/2 大部分脱落 75 褶皱 主脉变白1/3，支脉变白1/4 叶缘微卷曲 无
M3 叶片黄绿，叶尖稍有枯焦 大部分脱落 87 褶皱 主脉全白，支脉变白4/5 叶缘卷曲 无
D2 M1 叶片绿色，叶尖淡绿 未脱落 60 光滑 叶脉淡绿 叶缘微卷曲 无
M2 叶基淡绿，叶片黄绿约1/5 少部分脱落 73 微皱 主脉变白1/3，支脉变白1/5 叶缘微卷曲 无
M3 叶片黄绿约1/2 大部分脱落 80 褶皱 主脉变白2/3，支脉变白2/3 叶缘微卷曲 无
D3 M1 叶片绿色，叶尖淡绿 未脱落 60 光滑 叶脉淡绿 叶缘微卷曲 无
M2 叶基淡绿，叶片黄绿约1/10 少部分脱落 71 褶皱 主脉变白1/4，支脉变白1/5 叶缘微卷曲 无
M3 叶片淡绿，叶尖黄绿约1/5 大部分脱落 79 微皱 主脉变白3/10，支脉变白1/2 叶缘微卷曲 无
D4 M1 叶片绿色 未脱落 57 光滑 叶脉淡绿 叶缘微卷曲 无
M2 叶片淡绿色 少部分脱落 66 褶皱 主脉变白1/5，支脉淡绿 叶缘微卷曲 无
M3 叶片淡绿，叶尖黄绿约1/5 少部分脱落 77 微皱 主脉变白2/5，支脉变白1/2 叶缘微卷曲 无

Fig.2

The SPAD value of fresh tobacco leaves harvested in different maturities"

Fig.3

The percentage of different tobacco leaf group harvested in different maturities"

Table 2

Appearance quality of cured tobacco leaves harvested in different maturities"

叶位
Leaf position		 处理
Treatment		 颜色
Colour		 成熟度
Mature		 叶片结构
Leaf structure		 身份
Body		 油分
Oil		 色度
Chroma		 外观质量指数
AQI
D1 M1 6.82±0.28a 6.71±0.27a 7.74±0.24a 3.68±0.52a 4.72±0.33a 4.72±0.21a 60.95±0.23a
M2 6.14±0.11a 6.86±0.41a 8.03±0.41a 3.78±0.41a 4.31±0.56a 4.25±0.12ab 59.65±0.34a
M3 6.23±0.36a 6.14±0.31a 8.12±0.51a 4.06±0.31a 3.61±0.34a 3.78±0.65b 56.59±0.24b
D2 M1 6.71±0.12a 6.99±0.55a 7.74±0.44a 3.78±0.21a 3.42±0.41b 5.19±0.04a 60.96±0.43a
M2 6.04±0.17a 7.14±0.27a 8.12±0.37a 3.97±0.31a 4.82±0.21a 4.72±0.05b 61.74±0.33a
M3 6.14±0.17a 6.42±0.39a 8.22±0.41a 4.06±0.12a 5.19±0.18a 4.72±0.01b 60.42±0.25a
D3 M1 6.14±0.26a 7.08±0.25a 5.86±0.13b 3.78±0.32a 3.43±0.02b 5.01±0.03a 56.87±0.51a
M2 5.86±0.12a 6.14±0.29a 6.71±0.43a 4.06±0.21a 5.19±0.31a 4.53±0.01b 56.37±0.42a
M3 5.95±0.16a 6.33±0.27a 6.99±0.33a 4.25±0.31a 5.48±0.38a 4.44±0.02b 57.98±0.41a
D4 M1 5.76±0.11a 6.14±0.24a 5.48±0.12b 4.06±0.22a 3.42±0.12b 5.38±0.04a 53.46±0.31b
M2 5.39±0.24a 6.36±0.32a 6.84±0.41a 4.16±0.17a 5.38±0.32a 4.72±0.08b 56.84±0.16a
M3 5.19±0.28a 6.12±0.11a 6.71±0.35a 4.16±0.18a 5.48±0.33a 4.72±0.45b 55.61±0.34a
平均值Mean M1 6.36±0.32a 6.73±0.51a 6.71±0.11b 3.83±0.29a 3.75±0.29b 5.08±0.45a 58.06±0.79a
M2 5.86±0.41a 6.63±0.61a 7.43±0.22a 3.99±0.22a 4.93±0.43a 4.56±0.47b 58.65±1.13a
M3 5.48±0.38a 6.05±0.52a 7.51±0.13a 4.03±0.14a 4.87±0.27a 3.82±0.58b 55.65±0.85b

Table 3

The physical properties of cured tobacco harvested in different maturities"

叶位
Leaf position		 处理
Treatment		 开片度
Length with width
proportion (%)		 单叶重
Weight per
leaf (g)		 含梗率
Stem ratio
(%)		 叶片厚度
Thickness of
leaf (μm)		 平衡含水率
Balance water
ratio (%)		 叶质重
Weight of unit leaf
area (mg/cm2)		 物理性状
指数
PPI
D1 M1 39.00±3.96a 5.70±1.05a 29.91±1.44a 115.33±18.50a 11.79±1.27b 57.45±3.01a 85.81±1.34b
M2 44.93±2.94a 4.13±0.28b 29.21±2.59a 83.67±14.74ab 13.92±0.56ab 51.66±5.23ab 89.77±1.62a
M3 37.93±3.09a 3.73±0.31b 27.62±2.72a 77.33±11.50b 15.07±1.40b 48.72±2.82b 86.00±1.16b
D2 M1 34.87±3.85a 5.27±0.25a 30.24±1.98a 106.00±35.00a 9.59±0.51b 62.86±18.03a 83.77±1.79b
M2 42.67±6.21a 3.97±0.55b 28.50±1.28a 98.00±23.16ab 12.47±0.38a 55.90±2.99ab 89.09±0.66a
M3 36.27±4.99a 3.20±0.46b 31.20±1.15a 88.33±14.53b 12.61±0.51ab 51.85±4.27b 83.30±1.27b
D3 M1 41.43±8.39a 5.00±1.10a 24.60±4.81a 109.33±41.40a 11.50±0.63b 87.78±2.05a 88.21±1.58b
M2 41.47±8.00a 5.57±0.91a 26.74±4.57a 94.33±6.66b 13.74±0.31a 66.09±7.96ab 92.47±1.80a
M3 32.10±4.52a 5.20±1.59a 28.66±2.90a 92.33±5.69b 13.70±1.23a 53.25±7.68b 88.08±0.78b
D4 M1 38.00±4.42a 6.77±1.55a 26.99±1.94a 119.33±48.64a 12.79±0.21b 79.29±0.81a 83.92±1.03b
M2 32.03±1.89a 6.33±0.87a 29.62±3.71a 110.67±11.59a 15.61±0.73a 78.87±3.87a 82.84±1.42b
M3 35.40±6.82a 6.03±1.08a 28.21±1.57a 84.33±10.79b 14.96±1.57a 76.73±2.47a 87.20±0.97a
平均值Mean M1 38.33±5.29a 5.68±1.74a 27.93±3.74a 112.50±37.72a 11.42±1.36b 68.59±2.72a 85.47±1.14b
M2 40.28±6.87a 4.93±1.06b 28.52±3.11a 96.67±18.02ab 13.93±0.64a 63.13±3.85ab 92.10±0.70a
M3 35.43±4.83a 4.62±1.54b 28.92±2.71a 85.58±13.82b 14.08±0.81a 60.89±4.77b 90.47±0.70a

Table 4

The chemical composition of cured tobacco harvested in different maturities"

叶位
Leaf
position		 处理
Treatment		 总糖
Total sugar
(%)		 还原糖
Reducing
sugar (%)		 烟碱
Nicotine
(%)		 总氮
Total N
(%)		 氯
Chlorine
(%)		 钾
Potassium
(%)		 化学成分
可用性指数
CCUI
D1 M1 22.35±0.01a 18.37±0.13a 1.31±0.02c 1.89±0.17a 0.32±0.09a 2.89±0.22a 80.68±1.24a
M2 19.35±0.04b 16.20±0.10b 1.37±0.01b 2.11±0.12a 0.56±0.11a 3.34±0.16a 80.18±1.47a
M3 17.45±0.06c 14.21±0.10c 1.46±0.05a 2.08±0.11a 0.49±0.12a 3.26±0.25a 76.41±0.54b
D2 M1 21.58±0.14a 17.18±0.04a 1.40±0.01a 1.93±0.11a 0.35±0.12a 3.05±0.11a 82.96±1.30a
M2 19.33±0.18b 16.37±0.18b 1.41±0.06a 2.11±0.03a 0.49±0.15a 3.55±0.14a 81.45±1.55a
M3 18.87±0.04c 15.46±0.03c 1.44±0.01a 2.07±0.02a 0.48±0.13a 3.06±0.24a 77.55±1.51b
D3 M1 26.23±0.02a 21.73±0.03a 1.37±0.15b 1.87±0.14a 0.28±0.12a 2.60±0.15a 81.18±1.39c
M2 23.37±1.42b 19.47±0.62b 1.52±0.14a 2.17±0.06a 0.41±0.12a 3.25±0.16a 87.99±1.71b
M3 21.01±0.14c 18.12±0.16c 1.69±0.26a 2.01±0.11a 0.39±0.14a 2.95±0.15a 93.55±0.37a
D4 M1 24.71±0.11a 20.82±0.02a 1.41±0.05b 2.02±0.01a 0.24±0.13a 2.96±0.57a 83.38±1.69b
M2 20.33±0.07b 17.62±0.05b 1.63±0.01a 2.12±0.12a 0.32±0.11a 3.31±0.14a 90.06±0.05a
M3 17.50±0.16c 14.24±0.09c 1.66±0.03a 2.18±0.02a 0.41±0.14a 3.27±0.21a 81.53±0.37b
平均值Mean M1 23.72±0.99a 19.53±0.96a 1.38±0.05c 1.93±0.16a 0.30±0.15a 2.88±0.40a 83.18±1.57ab
M2 20.60±0.85b 17.42±0.42b 1.48±0.11b 2.13±0.13a 0.45±0.10a 3.36±0.14a 87.15±1.14a
M3 18.71±0.55c 15.51±0.70c 1.56±0.12a 2.03±0.12a 0.42±0.07a 3.13±0.15a 82.87±1.52b

Fig.4

The starch content of cured tobacco harvested in different maturities"

Fig.5

The chlorogenic acid content of cured tobacco harvested in different maturities"

Fig.6

The smoking quality of cured tobacco harvested in different maturities"

Table 5

The economic characters of cured tobacco harvested in different maturities"

叶位
Leaf position		 处理
Treatment		 上中等烟比例
High quality (%)		 均价（元/kg）
Average price (yuan/kg)		 产量
Yield (kg/hm2)		 产值（元/hm2）
Output (yuan/hm2)		 经济效果指数
ECI
D1 M1 82.90±2.60a 23.97±1.41a 85.50±2.72a 2049.44±40.39a 87.91±3.18a
M2 84.80±2.96a 23.28±1.38a 61.95±2.60b 1442.20±40.67b 74.70±2.91b
M3 67.20±2.88b 18.65±1.37b 55.95±2.44c 1043.47±42.25c 60.65±2.86c
D2 M1 87.20±2.34a 24.32±1.41a 79.05±2.03a 1922.50±42.66a 86.11±1.87a
M2 85.30±1.55a 24.97±1.52a 59.55±2.05b 1486.96±35.45b 75.80±2.15b
M3 85.40±2.25a 22.87±1.63a 48.00±2.43c 1097.76±36.28c 66.88±2.02c
D3 M1 84.90±1.31b 24.67±1.48a 75.00±2.20b 1850.25±40.07b 83.78±2.08b
M2 86.30±1.36b 25.35±1.46a 83.55±2.18a 2117.99±39.25a 89.92±2.03a
M3 90.70±1.26a 22.95±1.44a 78.00±1.78b 1790.10±37.60b 84.43±1.99b
D4 M1 79.50±1.06c 22.58±1.69b 101.55±1.93a 2293.00±38.36a 93.30±2.53b
M2 93.20±1.95a 26.29±1.66a 90.45±2.26b 2377.93±49.12a 97.16±2.08a
M3 88.10±1.27b 22.01±1.56b 94.95±1.78b 2089.85±49.36b 91.20±1.76b
平均值Mean M1 83.63±1.13b 23.89±1.38ab 341.10±31.94a 8148.88±439.33a 87.81±2.09a
M2 87.40±1.16a 24.97±1.43a 295.50±42.03b 7378.64±238.48b 85.99±2.23a
M3 82.85±1.22b 21.62±1.53b 276.90±22.04c 5986.58±329.13c 75.75±2.40b

Fig.7

The leaf quality index of cured tobacco harvested in different maturities"

Fig.8

The composite effect index of cured tobacco harvested in different maturities"

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