Crops ›› 2021, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (6): 28-35.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2021.06.005

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Comparison of Two Methods for Kernel Hardness Determination of Naked Oats

An Jianghong1(), Zhang Wenjing1, Yang Xiaohong2, Nan Jinsheng1, Yang Yan1, Yan Mingxia3, Han Bing1()   

  1. 1College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
    2Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
    3Hohhot Seed Management Station, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
  • Received:2020-09-27 Revised:2021-07-19 Online:2021-12-15 Published:2021-12-16
  • Contact: Han Bing E-mail:1910932116@qq.com;hb_nmg@163.com

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Abstract:

The kernel hardness of naked oat is closely related to the degree of damage during harvesting, washing, and processing. It also affects its processing and quality. To understand the mechanism of grain hardness formation of naked oat is to make clear the detection method and the factors related to kernel hardness. In this study, the hardness of 10 naked oat materials were tested by using single kernel characterization system (SKCS) and texture analyzer (TA) in storage moisture content. The results showed that the hardness values measured by the SKCS method were negative, and the hardness values ranged from -47.69 to -15.81, which had less accuracy. TA method carried out the statistical analysis of grain deformation, compression displacement, and sample amount. To detect grain hardness, compress the grain deformation by 35%, and obtain the hardness value compressed to the 0.30mm displacement of the grain. The hardness value of the tested materials ranged from 13.87 N to 33.59 N, which could accurately represent the hardness value of the material. The best sample size was 100 grains, which were randomly selected. The hardness value of the grain was affected by the physical structure of grain. The hardness values measured by SKCS were positively correlated with the grain length, and the hardness values measured by the TA method were positively correlated with the grain width. The correlation coefficients were 0.64 and 0.65, respectively. Texture analyzer was more suitable for testing the hardness of naked oat grains comprehensively considering the physical properties of grain and the accuracy.

Key words: Avena nuda L, Kernel hardness, Single kernel characterization system, Texture analyzer, Grain traits

Table 1

Kernel hardness of 10 naked oats tested by SKCS"

序号
Number		 材料名称
Material name		 有效数据占比
Proportion of valid data (%)		 硬度值
Hardness value		 标准差
Standard deviation
1 ZY000224 71 -16.73 0.89
2 ZY000716 81 -15.81 1.07
3 ZY000717 76 -20.25 0.80
4 ZY002099 84 -47.69 0.65
5 ZY002216 85 -29.61 1.46
6 ZY002328 68 -39.52 0.22
7 ZY002399 62 -36.46 2.69
8 坝莜1号 67 -32.21 1.20
9 花早2号 67 -26.84 1.17
10 坝莜8号 67 -34.54 1.41

Fig.1

The seed morphology of ZY002399 (a) and ZY000716 (b) compressed 35% of 300 seeds by texture analyzer The upper right corner is an enlarged view of the grain, grains of ZY002399 become flat after compression, and grains of ZY000716 break along the abdominal groove after compression"

Fig.2

Diagram of ZY002399 (a) and ZY000716 (b) with the relationship between force and time when compressing different deformation variables “★”is the maximum hardness value of the kernel"

Table 2

Kernel hardness of 10 naked oats tested by TA"

序号
Number		 材料名称
Material name		 硬度值
Hardness value (N)		 标准差
Standard deviation
1 ZY000224 39.17 1.24
2 ZY000716 39.52 0.70
3 ZY000717 31.25 0.87
4 ZY002099 – –
5 ZY002216 26.92 0.77
6 ZY002328 30.85 2.10
7 ZY002399 – –
8 坝莜1号 34.20 2.45
9 花早2号 34.74 2.37
10 坝莜8号 38.54 1.14

Table 3

Datas ratio of different disintegration displacements at the maximum hardness value of 10 naked oat materials %"

序号
Number		 材料名称
Material name		 崩解位移Disintegration displacement
≤0.20mm ≤0.30mm ≤0.33mm ≤0.37mm ≤0.40mm ≤0.45mm ≤0.50mm
1 ZY000224 0.30 3.30 7.60 17.30 24.70 39.00 51.00
2 ZY000716 2.00 11.30 20.70 36.70 51.30 68.70 84.30
3 ZY000717 0.00 1.60 2.60 7.60 14.00 26.30 38.70
4 ZY002099 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.30
5 ZY002216 0.00 4.30 8.30 18.30 30.30 48.30 72.70
6 ZY002328 0.00 0.30 0.30 1.00 1.30 3.70 9.00
7 ZY002399 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 8.00 22.00
8 坝莜1号 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30 1.00 4.00 7.00
9 花早2号 0.30 2.00 5.30 10.3 17.30 32.00 49.00
10 坝莜8号 0.00 1.00 2.00 4.30 7.30 22.30 29.30

Table 4

The hardness values of 0.30mm of compressed kernel thickness of 10 naked oat materials"

序号
Number		 材料名称
Material name		 硬度值
Hardness value (N)		 标准差
Standard deviation
1 ZY000224 27.95 0.95
2 ZY000716 33.59 0.79
3 ZY000717 25.24 0.56
4 ZY002099 18.35 0.59
5 ZY002216 22.79 0.50
6 ZY002328 21.43 0.87
7 ZY002399 13.87 0.70
8 坝莜1号 24.44 0.14
9 花早2号 27.17 0.68
10 坝莜8号 30.13 0.69

Table 5

Difference analysis of kernel hardness measured by different sample sizes N"

样本量（粒）
Sample size (grain)		 ZY000224 ZY000716 ZY000717 ZY002099 ZY002216 ZY002328 ZY002399 坝莜1号
Bayou 1		 花早2号
Huazao 2		 坝莜8号
Bayou 8
30 28.25±0.57a 34.07±2.29a 26.67±0.85a 19.36±0.02a 24.52±2.63a 23.22±0.43a 13.24±1.15a 24.94±1.33a 25.23±0.48a 31.00±1.18a
50 28.37±0.53a 33.56±1.17a 26.06±1.91a 19.41±0.74a 24.44±1.83a 22.80±1.24ab 13.00±0.45a 25.17±0.41a 25.42±0.28a 31.14±1.08a
100 28.92±0.84a 33.51±0.75a 25.88±0.54a 18.80±0.55ab 23.24±0.51a 22.28±1.02ab 13.52±0.48a 24.88±0.21a 25.22±1.14a 30.86±0.47a
150 28.86±0.44a 33.90±0.68a 25.28±1.06a 18.77±0.54ab 21.96±2.45a 21.80±0.85b 13.58±0.63a 24.53±0.72a 25.05±0.34a 30.81±0.51a
200 28.55±0.76a 33.77±0.53a 25.33±0.59a 18.65±0.51ab 22.74±0.65a 21.87±0.27ab 13.50±0.35a 24.22±0.79a 24.63±0.82a 30.47±0.77a
250 28.01±1.00a 33.60±0.49a 25.30±0.44a 18.48±0.55b 23.14±1.87a 21.72±0.43b 13.63±0.19a 24.20±0.66a 24.72±0.67a 30.32±0.81a
300 27.86±1.10a 33.49±0.67a 25.26±0.60a 18.35±0.59b 22.79±0.49a 21.43±0.87b 13.88±0.71a 24.26±0.61a 24.76±0.79a 30.12±0.68a

Fig.3

Linear regression between SKCS-H and TA-H SKCS-H indicates the grain hardness detected by SKCS; TA-H indicates the grain hardness detected by TA"

Fig.4

Sample of physical characters in cross section of grain of Huazao 2 by stereomicroscope The red line is the auxiliary line, and the yellow double arrow is the distance between the two points; A indicates the distance between the apex of the cheeks of the grain; B indicates the depth of the ventral groove; C represents the thickness of the kernel; D represents the width of the kernel;E represents the area of the triangle formed between the apex of the cheek and the apex of the ventral groove"

Table 6

Relationship between grain hardness and grain physical properties"

材料名称
Material
name		 SKCS法测得硬度
Hardness tested
by SKCS		 TA法测得硬度
Hardness tested
by TA (N)		 籽粒长
Seed length
(cm)		 籽粒宽
Seed width
(cm)		 宽长比
Width-length
ratio		 籽粒厚度
Seed thickness
(cm)		 腹沟深度
Abdominal
groove
depth (cm)		 两颊间距
Two buccal
spacing
(cm)		 腹沟切面面积
Section area of
abdominal
groove (cm2)
ZY002399 -36.46±2.69f 13.87±0.70h 7.24±0.17ab 2.05±0.03c 0.28±0.01a 1.61±0.10de 0.75±0.12b 1.18±0.13bc 0.45±0.11bc
ZY002099 -47.69±0.65h 18.35±0.59g 6.77±0.15b 2.33±0.60b 0.34±0.01a 1.64±0.02de 0.31±0.06d 1.19±0.17bc 0.18±0.02e
ZY002328 -39.52±0.22h 21.43±0.87f 7.35±0.13a 2.48±0.04ab 0.34±0.01a 1.75±0.04c 0.71±0.18b 1.21±0.07ab 0.43±0.09bcd
ZY002216 -29.61±1.46d 22.79±0.50e 7.51±0.40a 2.38±0.01ab 0.32±0.02a 1.57±0.10e 0.56±0.06c 1.25±0.04ab 0.35±0.04cd
坝莜1号
Bayou 1		 -32.21±1.20e 24.44±0.14d 7.33±0.32a 2.03±0.12c 0.28±0.02a 2.07±0.01a 0.75±0.10b 1.42±0.14a 0.53±0.10b
ZY000717 -20.25±0.80b 25.24±0.56d 7.27±0.31ab 2.40±0.20ab 0.33±0.04a 1.68±0.01cd 0.56±0.26c 1.42±0.07a 0.39±0.18bcd
花早2号
Huazao 2		 -26.84±1.17c 27.17±0.68c 7.57±0.42a 2.40±0.17ab 0.32±0.04a 2.01±0.02ab 1.00±0.05a 1.42±0.19a 0.71±0.06a
ZY000224 -16.79±0.89a 27.95±0.95c 7.50±0.10a 2.43±0.12ab 0.32±0.02a 1.77±0.04bc 0.41±0.10c 1.21±0.07ab 0.25±0.07de
坝莜8号
Bayou 8		 -34.54±1.41f 30.13±0.69b 7.10±0.50ab 2.50±0.10ab 0.35±0.02a 2.01±0.03a 0.69±0.04b 1.33±0.19ab 0.46±0.07bc
ZY000716 -15.81±1.87a 33.59±0.79a 7.33±0.38a 2.53±0.06a 0.35±0.03a 1.76±0.02c 0.38±0.15d 1.33±0.15ab 0.25±0.08de

Table 7

Correlation between grain hardness and grain physical properties"

项目
Item		 SKCS法测得硬度
Hardness tested
by SKCS		 TA法测得硬度
Hardness tested
by TA		 籽粒长
Seed
length		 籽粒宽
Seed
width		 宽长比
Width-
length ratio		 籽粒厚度
Seed
thickness		 腹沟深度
Abdominal
groove depth		 两颊间距
Two buccal
spacing		 腹沟切面面积
Section area of
abdominal groove
SKCS法测得硬度
Hardness tested by SKCS		 1
TA法测得硬度
Hardness tested by TA		 0.70 1
籽粒长Seed length 0.64 0.33 1
籽粒宽Seed width 0.33 0.65 0.09 1
宽长比Width-length ratio 0.04 0.50 -0.30 0.09 1
籽粒厚度Seed thickness 0.07 0.50 0.16 -0.30 -0.09 1
腹沟深度
Abdominal groove depth		 -0.13 -0.11 0.44 0.16 -0.44 0.55 1
两颊间距
Two buccal spacing		 0.41 0.55 0.27 0.44 -0.05 0.66 0.43 1
腹沟切面面积
Section area of
abdominal groove		 -0.04 -0.01 0.44 0.27 -0.41 0.64 0.98 0.59 1
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