Crops ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 121-131.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.06.015

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Effects of Partial Replacement of Nitrogen Fertilizer with Organic Fertilizer on Growth of Winter Wheat and Soil Properties in Eastern Henan

Li Qingxin1(), Jin Xiuliang2, Song Xiao3, Zhang Keke3, Guo Tengfei3, Huang Shaomin3, Yue Ke3, Ding Shijie3, Huang Ming1(), Li Youjun1()   

  1. 1 College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology / Henan Modern Agricultural Experimental Base, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
    2 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    3 Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resource Environment, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
  • Received:2024-12-16 Revised:2025-01-04 Online:2025-12-15 Published:2025-12-12

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Abstract:

Taking winter wheat variety Xinmai 45 as the experimental material, five treatments were established: conventional farmer fertilization (FP), and organic fertilizer replacing 20% (MS20), 30% (MS30), 40% (MS40), and 50% (MS50) of nitrogen fertilizer. This study investigated the effects of organic fertilizer substitution for nitrogen fertilizer on soil properties, winter wheat root characteristics, dry matter, nitrogen, and yield-related indicators in the Eastern Henan. The results showed that compared with the FP treatment, organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased soil nutrient content, MS40 treatment significantly increased soil organic matter, available P, and available K by 5.93%, 13.74%, and 12.11%, respectively. MS50 treatment significantly increased organic matter, total N, alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, and available K by 7.27%, 19.63%, 12.21%, 15.59%, and 23.80%, respectively. MS30 treatment increased soil urease activity by 6.98% and dehydrogenase activity by 44.01%, and significantly improved winter wheat root characteristics. MS30 treatment promoted yield increase, with yield increasing by 15.42% and 18.43% in 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 growing seasons, respectively. Furthermore, MS30 treatment also increased dry matter accumulation at jointing, flowering, and maturity stages, enhanced aboveground nitrogen accumulation and translocation efficiency, and was superior to the FP treatment in nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer. From the perspective of economic benefit, although the economic benefit of organic fertilizer replacing 30% nitrogen fertilizer treatment was higher than that of conventional fertilization, it was slightly lower than that of organic fertilizer replacing 20% nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Therefore, organic fertilizer replacing 20% and 30% nitrogen fertilizer treatments are recommended.

Key words: Winter wheat, Organic fertilizer, Soil properties, Dry matter accumulation and translocation, Yield, Nitrogen efficiency, Economic benefit

Table 1

The dosages of organic fertilizer and N fertilizer under different treatments"

处理
Treatment		 替代氮肥比例
Replacement nitrogen
fertilizer ratio (%)		 基肥量Basal fertilizer amount (kg/hm2) 追肥量Topdressing fertilizer amount (kg/hm2)
有机肥
Organic fertilizer		 N P2O5 K2O N
FP 0 0 120.0 96.0 105.0 120
MS20 20 1920 72.0 76.8 57.0 120
MS30 30 2880 48.0 67.2 33.0 120
MS40 40 3840 24.0 57.6 9.0 120
MS50 50 4800 0.0 48.0 0.0 120

Table 2

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on soil nutrient content in Eastern Henan"

处理
Treatment		 有机质
Organic matter (g/kg)		 全氮
Total N (g/kg)		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolyzable N (mg/kg)		 有效磷
Available P (mg/kg)		 速效钾
Available K (mg/kg)
FP 10.45±1.25b 1.07±1.83c 103.12±4.17c 23.79±0.93c 139.90±6.14cd
MS20 10.91±1.30b 1.17±1.64b 111.77±2.89b 24.04±1.14bc 140.50±6.19c
MS30 10.96±0.92b 1.20±2.13ab 111.52±4.24b 25.61±1.89b 147.41±9.18c
MS40 11.07±1.21a 1.10±0.78c 103.84±4.17c 27.06±5.02a 156.84±1.61b
MS50 11.21±0.85a 1.28±1.33a 115.71±3.50a 27.50±3.93a 173.19±11.74a

Fig.1

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on soil urease and dehydrogenase activity in Eastern Henan Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). The same below."

Fig.2

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on the root characteristics of winter wheat in Eastern Henan"

Fig.3

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on the dry matter accumulation of winter wheat in Eastern Henan"

Table 3

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on the accumulation and translocation of dry matter in winter wheat in Eastern Henan"

生长季
Growth
season		 处理
Treatment		 花前干物质Pre-anthesis dry matter 花后干物质Post-anthesis dry matter
转运量
Translocation amount
(kg/hm2)		 转运率
Translocation
rate (%)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate
to grain (%)		 积累量
Accumulation amount
(kg/hm2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate
to grain (%)
2022-2023 FP 2251.03c 24.36b 30.90c 5034.54b 69.10a
MS20 2636.16a 26.29a 30.74c 5938.85a 69.26a
MS30 2634.48a 23.70c 30.66c 5958.04a 69.34a
MS40 2210.26c 22.63d 31.67b 4769.77c 68.33b
MS50 2315.24b 24.28b 33.16a 4666.75d 66.84c
2023-2024 FP 2329.75b 23.63a 30.16b 5395.33c 69.84b
MS20 2388.68b 21.46c 28.88c 5881.53b 71.12a
MS30 2407.67a 21.04c 28.51c 6038.24a 71.49a
MS40 2356.95b 22.43b 31.11b 5218.05c 68.89b
MS50 2306.97bc 23.97a 33.07a 4669.03d 66.93c

Fig.4

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen accumulation of winter wheat in Eastern Henan"

Table 4

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on the accumulation and translocation of aboveground nitrogen in winter wheat in Eastern Henan"

生长季
Growth
season		 处理
Treatment		 花前氮素Pre-anthesis N 花后氮素Post-anthesis N
转运量
Translocation
amount (kg/hm2)		 转运率
Translocation
rate (%)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate
to grain (%)		 积累量
Accumulation
amount (kg/hm2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate
to grain (%)
2022-2023 FP 100.47c 66.52a 57.87c 60.60b 34.91a
MS20 124.29b 66.63a 60.21b 72.36a 35.06a
MS30 137.73a 66.83a 66.97a 73.68a 35.83a
MS40 89.31d 53.67b 56.38cd 54.73c 34.55a
MS50 88.55d 54.06b 58.18c 46.48d 30.54b
2023-2024 FP 95.12b 54.58ab 57.10a 83.33a 46.70ab
MS20 109.27a 55.76a 55.19b 85.92a 44.02b
MS30 113.04a 56.07a 58.85a 85.99a 43.21b
MS40 89.97c 53.22ab 45.86d 85.70a 48.78a
MS50 80.15c 55.48ab 50.99c 77.03b 49.01a

Table 5

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and its component factors of winter wheat in Eastern Henan"

生长季
Growth season		 处理
Treatment		 成穗数
Spike number (×104/hm2)		 穗粒数
Number of grains per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield (kg/hm2)
2022-2023 FP 603.06b 43.72a 33.27b 7284.55b
MS20 609.12b 43.39a 38.17a 8377.36a
MS30 624.27a 42.48a 38.20a 8408.02a
MS40 510.63c 41.61ab 40.60a 7156.23c
MS50 501.54cd 41.78ab 39.20a 6814.87c
2023-2024 FP 606.98b 43.95a 34.86b 7336.75b
MS20 610.20b 42.08a 40.01a 8412.81a
MS30 635.32a 41.56a 38.56a 8688.61a
MS40 590.29c 39.86ab 38.88a 7472.87b
MS50 568.05d 39.02ab 38.02a 6974.01c

Table 6

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on the nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat in Eastern Henan"

生长季
Growth
season		 处理
Treatment		 氮素收获指数
Nitrogen harvest
index		 氮素利用效率
Nitrogen use
efficiency (kg/kg)		 氮素吸收效率
Nitrogen uptake
efficiency (kg/kg)		 氮肥偏生产力
Partial productivity of
nitrogen fertilizer (kg/kg)
2022-2023 FP 0.72ab 34.84d 0.88c 30.36b
MS20 0.72ab 54.54b 1.08a 34.90a
MS30 0.74a 63.23a 1.17a 35.03a
MS40 0.73ab 37.23c 0.91b 29.81b
MS50 0.73ab 33.18d 0.87c 28.39b
2023-2024 FP 0.76a 31.14b 0.92b 30.57b
MS20 0.79a 44.04a 1.05a 35.05a
MS30 0.79a 46.14a 1.07a 36.20a
MS40 0.78a 31.47b 0.93b 31.14b
MS50 0.74b 26.74c 0.88c 29.06b

Fig.5

Correlation analysis of winter wheat yield, dry matter accumulation and translocation and nitrogen nutrition indicators X1: yield; X2: nitrogen use efficiency; X3: aboveground dry matter accumulation at maturity; X4: pre-anthesis dry matter translocation amount; X5: contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter translocation to grain; X6: post-anthesis dry matter accumulation amount; X7: contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to grain; X8: aboveground nitrogen accumulation at maturity; X9: pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation amount; X10: post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation amount."

Table 7

Effects of partial replacement of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer on economic benefits of winter wheat in Eastern Henan"

生长季
Growth season		 处理
Treatment		 产值（元/hm2）
Output (yuan/hm2)		 肥料投入（元/hm2）
Fertilizer cost (yuan/hm2)		 经济效益（元/hm2）
Economic benefit (yuan/hm2)		 产投比
Ratio of output to input
2022-2023 FP 18 939.83b 4001.69 9125.64b 1.93a
MS20 21 781.14a 5947.05 10 021.58a 1.85b
MS30 21 860.85a 6919.74 9128.62b 1.72c
MS40 18 606.20b 7892.42 4901.28c 1.36d
MS50 17 718.66c 9020.87 2885.29d 1.19e
2023-2024 FP 19 809.23b 4001.69 10 075.81a 2.04a
MS20 22 714.58a 5947.05 10 998.88a 1.94a
MS30 23 459.25a 6919.74 10 752.40a 1.85b
MS40 20 176.75b 7892.42 6478.75b 1.47c
MS50 18 829.83b 9020.87 3996.46c 1.27d
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