Crops ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (2): 229-237.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.02.033

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Carbon and Nitrogen Footprints of Double Rice Production in Yangtze River Based on Farm Survey Data——A Case Study of Jiangxi and Hunan

Chen Zhongdu(), Xu Chunchun, Ji Long, Fang Fuping()   

  1. China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2022-11-18 Revised:2022-12-28 Online:2023-04-15 Published:2023-04-11

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Abstract:

Quantifying the carbon footprint (CF) and nitrogen footprint (NF) of crop production can help identify key options to mitigate greenhouse gas and reactive nitrogen emissions from agriculture. Based on farmer's production survey data, the CF and NF of rice production in the Yangtze River were estimated. The results showed the CF and NF per unit yield for rice production in Yangtze River were 0.50-0.90kgCO2-eq/kg and 5.20-13.17gN-eq/kg, respectively. The largest fraction of CF and NF of rice was the share of CH4 emission and NH3 volatilization, respectively. The scale of planting was negatively correlated with the CF and NF, and a decrease in the CF and NF were found in large sized farms (more than 3.3ha) by 33.8% and 44.1%, respectively, compared to smaller ones lower than 0.7ha. 53.1% of a field exposed to excessive fertilizer and 54.9% of a field exposed to excessive irrigation showed low yields. Improving farmers' education level and awareness of low-carbon and green agriculture could significantly reduce the CF and NF of rice production. Thus, developing technology that limits water and fertilizer consumption, as well as developing in farm machinery operation efficiencies and large scaled farms, strengthen the popularization of knowledge and culture level of farmers and low carbon green agriculture knowledge and guidance of different types of adaptive behavior; improve the innovation and promotion mechanism of low carbon green agriculture technology would be favorable toward mitigating climate change and eutrophication of double rice production in Yangtze River.

Key words: Key words Carbon footprint, Nitrogen footprint, Double rice cropping, Ecological assessment, Life cycle assessment

Fig.1

The system boundary"

Table 1

Coefficients of GHG and reactive nitrogen emission of different material for agricultural production"

项目
Item		 碳排放系数
Carbon emission
coefficient		 氮排放系数
Nitrogen emission
coefficient
柴油Diesel 0.89kgCO2-eq/kg 0.56gN-eq/kg
柴油燃烧Diesel combustion 4.10kgCO2-eq/kg 4.10gN-eq/kg
灌溉用电
Electricity for irrigation		 0.82kgCO2-eq/kW?h
 0.76N-eq/kW?h
氮肥N fertilizer 1.53kgCO2-eq/kg 0.47gN-eq/kg
磷肥P2O5 1.63kgCO2-eq/kg 0.36gN-eq/kg
钾肥K2O 0.65kgCO2-eq/kg 0.03gN-eq/kg
农膜Flim 22.72kgCO2-eq/kg 12.02gN-eq/kg
杀虫剂Insecticides 16.61kgCO2-eq/kg 3.55gN-eq/kg
除草剂Herbicides 10.15kgCO2-eq/kg 4.49gN-eq/kg
杀菌剂Fungicides 10.57kgCO2-eq/kg 7.05gN-eq/kg
水稻种子Rice seed 1.84kgCO2-eq/kg 0.76gN-eq/kg

Fig.2

Carbon footprint and nitrogen footprint of double rice production in Yangtze River"

Fig.3

Mean proportions of the carbon footprint and nitrogen footprint of double rice in Yangtze River"

Table 2

Characteristics of indirect carbon emissions and nitrogen (Nr) emissions of double rice production in Yangtze River"

种类Item 碳排放Carbon emission (kgCO2-eq/hm2) 氮排放Nr emission (gN-eq/hm2)
早稻
Early rice		 晚稻
Late rice		 双季稻
Double rice		 早稻
Early rice		 晚稻
Late rice		 双季稻
Double rice
柴油Diesel 635.9±157.9 608.8±147.6 1244.7±279.6 607.8±151.0 582.0±141.1 1189.8±267.3
氮肥N 383.4±82.6 423.5±97.0 806.9±165.1 77.0±16.6 85.1±19.5 162.1±33.2
磷肥P2O5 39.5±19.4 53.9±29.4 93.5±44.4 21.7±10.6 29.6±31.8 51.3±35.6
钾肥K2O 66.2±28.0 72.1±28.6 138.2±52.2 3.0±1.3 3.3±1.3 6.3±2.4
灌溉Irrigation 21.5±13.4 29.4±16.2 50.8±27.6 19.9±12.4 27.2±15.0 47.1±25.6
农膜Film 164.4±33.1 － 164.4±33.1 87.0±17.5 － 87.0±17.5
种子Rice seed 115.5±57.9 85.7±47.7 201.1±86.3 47.7±23.9 35.4±19.7 83.1±35.6
除草剂Herbicides 2.0±0.8 3.5±2.1 5.4±2.2 0.9±0.4 1.5±0.9 2.4±1.0
杀虫剂Insecticides 8.1±3.7 11.4±6.7 19.5±8.2 1.7±0.8 2.4±1.4 4.2±1.7
杀菌剂Fungicides 8.6±3.9 8.1±3.9 16.6±7.0 5.7±2.6 5.4±2.6 11.1±4.7
总体Total 1445.0±201.2 1296.2±207.8 2741.2±379.6 872.9±160.8 771.8±157.3 1644.3±291.7

Table 3

Carbon and nitrogen footprints of double rice at different cropping scopes in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River"

项目
Item		 种植规模Cropping scope
种粮大户
Large-scale grain planter (23)		 家庭农场
Family farm (13)		 一般农户
General farmer (40)
碳足迹Carbon footprint (kgCO2-eq/kg) 0.53±0.03c 0.62±0.05b 0.80±0.10a
氮足迹Nitrogen footprint (gN-eq/kg) 6.73±1.53c 9.67±1.11b 12.04±1.13a

Fig.4

Relationship of actual yield of rice and irrigation amount and N fertilizer input"

Table 4

Coefficient estimates and marginal effects of the Poisson regression model"

解释变量
Explaining variable		 碳足迹Carbon footprint 氮足迹Nitrogen footprint
回归系数
Coefficient of estimate		 边际效应
Marginal effect		 回归系数
Coefficient of estimate		 边际效应
Marginal effect
性别Gender 0.115(0.058) 0.018(0.009) 0.216(0.108) 0.033(0.017)
年龄Age 0.061(0.031)* 0.009(0.005)* 0.044(0.022)** 0.007(0.003)**
教育Education -0.330(-0.165)* -0.063(-0.032)** -0.345(-0.173)* -0.066(-0.033)*
耕作年限Experience -0.052(-0.026) -0.008(-0.004) -0.033(-0.017) -0.005(-0.003)
耕作面积Farm size -0.053(-0.027)* -0.008(-0.004)* -0.067(-0.034)* -0.010(-0.005)*
气候变化认知Climate change awareness -0.040(-0.020) -0.006(-0.003) -0.058(-0.029) -0.009(-0.005)
低碳绿色认知Low carbon awareness -0.336(-0.168)* -0.053(-0.027)** -0.412(-0.206)* -0.065(-0.033)*
风险规避意识Risk aversion -0.182(-0.091) -0.028(-0.014) -1.303(-0.652) -0.201(-0.101)
农业收入比例Farm income ratio 0.162(0.081) 0.026(0.013) 0.173(0.087) 0.027(0.014)
机械拥有量Machinery ownership -0.173(-0.087)* -0.028(-0.014)* -0.048(-0.024)* -0.008(-0.004)*
土壤肥力状况Soil fertility deficiency -0.229(-0.115)* -0.038(-0.019)** -0.121(-0.061)* -0.020(-0.011)*
灌溉条件Sufficient water irrigation -0.220(-0.110)*** -0.037(-0.018)** -0.145(-0.073)** -0.024(-0.012)**
信贷途径Credit access 0.113(0.057) 0.019(0.010) 0.159(0.080) 0.027(0.014)
技术支持Technical support -0.350(-0.175)*** -0.061(-0.031)** -0.341(-0.171)*** -0.060(-0.031)***
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