Crops ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 257-265.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.032

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Effects of Winter Sowing Date on Agronomic Traits and Yield of Quinoa in Northwestern Yunnan, China

Yang Wengao(), Yuan Wenjue, Li Zhaoguang, He Guiqing, He Qiongji, Wang Rui, Li Yan, Ye Lei, Hou Zhijiang()   

  1. Institute of Alpine Economic Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lijiang 674100, Yunnan, China
  • Received:2024-10-28 Revised:2024-12-09 Online:2026-02-15 Published:2026-02-10

Abstract:

This study used 17 selected quinoa lines as experimental materials and established three sowing dates: November 10, 2022 (T1), December 15, 2022 (T2), and January 5, 2023 (T3), to analyze the effects of sowing date on quinoa agronomic traits and yield. The results showed that delaying the sowing date shortened the average growth period from 191.7 d (T1) to 148.1 d (T3), a reduction of 44.0 d for late sowing compared to early sowing. Under T3 treatment, quinoa exhibited the highest average plant height but the lowest 1000-grain weight. Under T2 treatment, the average stem diameter, number of effective branches, and yield per plant were all the highest. Under T1 treatment, the average main panicle length was the shortest. Correlation analysis showed that the yield per plant had a highly significantly positive correlation with stem diameter, number of effective branches, and 1000-grain weight. Two-way ANOVA showed that plant height, main panicle length, 1000-grain weight, and growth period were most strongly affected by sowing date. In contrast, number of effective branches and yield per plant were only significantly affected by the line and the interaction between line and sowing date. In conclusion, the most suitable winter sowing date for quinoa in the low-heat valley area of the Jinsha River in northwest Yunnan is mid-December (T2). Under this sowing date, lines Q201909, Q201807, and Q201913 exhibited the best comprehensive performance in agronomic traits and yield, making them suitable for winter cultivation in the low-heat valley areas of Yunnan and similar climatic regions.

Key words: Quinoa, Winter sowing, Yunnan, Agronomic traits, Yield

Table 1

Information of quinoa lines tested"

序号Code 品系Line 籽粒颜色Grain color 茎秆颜色Stem color 穗部颜色Panicle color 其他性状Other characteristics
1 Q1 白色 绿色 绿色 -
2 Q2 白色 绿色 绿色 主穗集中呈球状
3 Q4 红色 红色 红色 -
4 Q5 红色 浅红色 浅红色 -
5 Q6 红色 绿色 红色 -
6 Q7 黑色 绿色 红色 -
7 Q8 黑色 绿色 红色 穗型呈棒状
8 Q9 黑色 绿色 绿色 分枝较多
9 Q201802 白色 绿色 绿色 -
10 Q201807 红色 红色 红色 -
11 Q201808 红色 红色 红色 叶片红色
12 Q201833 白色 浅红色 绿色 穗型蓬松
13 Q201843 红色 浅红色 红色 穗型呈梭状
14 Q201904 红色 浅红色 红色 主穗较紧凑
15 Q201909 白色 浅红色 绿色 分枝较多
16 Q201913 白色 绿色 绿色 抗病
17 Q202020 黑色 浅红色 红色 -

Fig.1

Average temperature and precipitation in the test site"

Table 2

Agronomic traits of quinoa lines at different sowing dates"

处理
Treatment
品系
Line
株高
Plant height (cm)
茎粗
Stem diameter (mm)
主穗长
Main panicle length (cm)
有效分枝数
Number of effective branches
T1 Q1 71.80±6.46b 11.35±0.80b 24.80±3.56c 7.20±1.48b
Q2 68.00±13.23b 12.41±2.02b 18.00±8.18a 8.20±3.03b
Q4 91.40±5.98b 10.94±1.27b 26.00±2.74b 7.80±1.30b
Q5 96.80±7.36b 15.14±1.42a 20.40±2.07b 10.60±1.67a
Q6 85.60±14.59b 11.87±1.34ab 18.20±2.86b 9.40±2.07a
Q7 69.00±12.94c 12.53±1.70b 20.80±3.35b 11.80±2.59a
Q8 89.80±16.72b 12.58±1.51b 22.20±3.96b 20.60±6.43a
Q9 103.40±8.68b 14.37±1.62b 31.60±4.39a 12.40±2.88ab
Q201802 73.20±6.02b 13.50±0.68a 27.60±5.68a 11.60±1.82a
Q201807 87.80±2.86c 10.24±0.98c 19.60±2.97b 6.80±0.84b
Q201808 92.20±9.39c 10.07±1.25b 20.40±2.88b 7.80±3.11a
Q201833 87.00±11.92c 11.92±1.34b 26.20±3.11b 9.00±2.35b
Q201843 78.60±7.70c 11.17±0.86c 21.40±3.91b 8.40±1.95c
Q201904 71.00±5.83c 10.40±1.94b 16.00±2.74b 10.20±1.48b
Q201909 81.80±8.93c 10.25±1.08c 15.40±4.34b 7.40±1.82b
Q201913 89.60±8.79c 12.61±1.32b 27.00±4.58a 13.00±4.30a
Q202020 124.20±19.32b 12.00±1.94b 30.20±5.81a 8.60±3.36a
T2 Q1 171.00±13.91a 15.34±2.56a 45.40±8.62a 10.40±2.41a
Q2 106.80±8.52a 15.12±1.74a 18.60±3.58a 13.00±3.08a
Q4 132.00±6.12a 12.15±1.56ab 19.80±3.70c 10.40±2.30a
Q5 121.00±18.45a 12.09±1.46b 20.60±4.51b 6.80±2.28b
Q6 116.60±5.55a 10.88±0.65b 17.00±3.54b 11.80±1.92a
Q7 141.60±10.92b 14.92±1.13a 31.20±3.49a 13.20±3.19a
Q8 133.80±13.55a 15.40±1.67a 31.80±5.45a 14.60±2.07b
Q9 142.20±13.99a 17.12±1.06a 31.20±4.15a 15.20±3.27a
Q201802 146.60±10.29a 13.67±3.30a 29.40±3.05a 14.40±4.72a
Q201807 136.60±15.88b 16.60±2.14a 25.80±4.55a 15.00±2.74a
Q201808 129.60±16.01b 13.54±2.42a 24.80±3.35a 9.20±4.97a
Q201833 106.40±13.99b 12.41±1.66b 23.80±1.92b 10.80±1.64b
Q201843 139.60±5.41b 16.15±1.38a 22.00±2.24b 14.80±1.30a
Q201904 114.80±7.98b 14.98±1.38a 24.20±3.49a 13.40±3.21a
Q201909 130.60±11.55b 17.14±1.59a 23.00±4.85a 16.60±7.09a
Q201913 134.00±14.54b 18.07±4.94a 29.60±4.04a 14.00±3.54a
Q202020 146.20±13.76a 13.21±1.25ab 22.40±2.41b 10.80±2.78a
T3 Q1 176.40±3.85a 13.59±0.92ab 32.40±1.52b 7.40±2.07b
Q2 111.80±11.54a 12.02±0.70b 17.00±6.25a 6.80±1.92b
Q4 136.80±5.89a 13.50±1.10a 32.20±3.19a 9.60±1.52ab
Q5 134.80±12.27a 15.02±1.03a 27.20±3.27a 7.80±2.17ab
Q6 128.60±15.57a 12.47±1.15a 25.60±2.97a 9.60±1.82a
Q7 158.40±12.18a 14.44±1.12a 32.60±6.03a 12.00±2.74a
Q8 141.60±10.11a 13.17±0.92b 25.80±3.70ab 8.40±0.89c
Q9 153.60±7.44a 11.99±1.03c 29.80±2.28a 9.80±0.84b
Q201802 150.40±11.35a 12.29±1.77a 30.20±2.17a 10.20±3.27a
Q201807 159.00±5.96a 12.37±0.96b 21.20±3.27ab 8.80±1.30b
Q201808 151.80±16.41a 14.48±1.30a 20.60±2.88b 10.40±2.30a
Q201833 173.00±2.65a 15.93±1.50a 33.40±5.64a 14.60±2.07a
Q201843 167.60±6.03a 13.33±0.70b 39.40±4.88a 11.80±2.39b
Q201904 154.20±5.45a 15.34±2.27a 22.80±2.78a 13.20±1.30a
Q201909 160.00±9.41a 13.52±1.15b 28.00±1.87a 13.00±2.92ab
Q201913 159.20±14.79a 16.98±0.98a 24.80±4.87a 13.80±1.64a
Q202020 147.40±13.32a 14.76±0.89a 26.80±4.32ab 10.40±1.14a

Fig.2

Yield per plant and 1000-grain weight of quinoa line at different sowing dates Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)."

Table 3

Statistical analysis of traits of quinoa lines at different sowing dates"

处理
Treatment
性状
Trait
平均值
Mean
标准差
SD
最大值
Max.
最小值
Min.
极差
Range
变异系数
CV (%)
偏度
Skewness
峰度
Kurtosis
T1 株高 85.95 16.91 158.00 50.00 108.00 19.68 0.96 2.78
茎粗 11.96 1.90 17.31 7.54 9.77 15.89 0.33 -0.20
主穗长 22.69 6.04 40.00 11.00 29.00 26.61 0.36 0.11
有效分枝数 10.05 4.12 30.00 3.00 27.00 40.98 1.98 6.58
单株产量 24.02 14.74 94.03 5.15 88.88 61.39 2.24 7.33
千粒重 3.18 0.67 4.20 1.56 2.64 20.93 -0.62 -0.22
生育期 191.65 3.31 196.00 189.00 7.00 1.73 0.52 -1.69
T2 株高 132.32 19.30 195.00 89.00 106.00 14.59 0.33 0.43
茎粗 14.64 2.77 23.29 9.84 13.45 18.90 0.57 0.67
主穗长 25.92 7.64 54.00 12.00 42.00 29.46 1.33 3.01
有效分枝数 12.61 3.94 29.00 4.00 25.00 31.27 0.77 2.80
单株产量 34.30 16.15 93.85 8.18 85.67 47.07 1.37 2.53
千粒重 3.26 0.64 4.30 2.00 2.30 19.50 -0.41 -1.11
生育期 169.35 4.25 178.00 165.00 13.00 2.51 0.60 -0.42
T3 株高 150.86 18.57 182.00 102.00 80.00 12.31 -0.59 -0.01
茎粗 13.84 1.79 18.02 10.46 7.56 12.90 0.33 -0.54
主穗长 27.64 6.47 45.00 10.00 35.00 23.40 0.10 0.56
有效分枝数 10.45 2.89 17.00 5.00 12.00 27.69 0.26 -0.36
单株产量 23.79 14.13 77.01 3.46 73.55 59.38 1.22 1.60
千粒重 2.83 0.68 3.78 0.86 2.92 23.99 -0.68 -0.30
生育期 148.06 2.55 158.00 147.00 11.00 1.72 3.59 11.76

Table 4

Membership function values and comprehensive evaluation of different traits of quinoa lines at different sowing dates"

处理
Treatment
品系
Line
株高
Plant
height
茎粗
Stem
diameter
主穗长
Main panicle
length
有效分枝数
Number of
effective branches
单株产量
Yield per
plant
千粒重
1000-grain
weight
平均值
Mean
排序
Order
T1 Q1 0.068 0.252 0.580 0.029 0.076 0.575 0.263 13
Q2 0.000 0.462 0.160 0.101 0.228 0.748 0.283 12
Q4 0.416 0.172 0.654 0.072 0.355 0.909 0.430 6
Q5 0.512 1.000 0.309 0.275 1.000 1.000 0.683 1
Q6 0.313 0.355 0.173 0.188 0.505 0.921 0.409 7
Q7 0.018 0.485 0.333 0.362 0.000 0.000 0.200 17
Q8 0.388 0.495 0.420 1.000 0.206 0.339 0.474 5
Q9 0.630 0.848 1.000 0.406 0.504 0.484 0.645 2
Q201802 0.093 0.677 0.753 0.348 0.214 0.264 0.391 8
Q201807 0.352 0.034 0.259 0.000 0.199 0.732 0.263 14
Q201808 0.431 0.000 0.309 0.072 0.439 0.575 0.304 11
Q201833 0.338 0.365 0.667 0.159 0.171 0.413 0.352 9
Q201843 0.189 0.217 0.370 0.116 0.395 0.744 0.338 10
Q201904 0.053 0.065 0.037 0.246 0.310 0.701 0.235 16
Q201909 0.246 0.036 0.000 0.043 0.343 0.791 0.243 15
Q201913 0.384 0.501 0.716 0.449 0.596 0.433 0.513 4
Q202020 1.000 0.381 0.914 0.130 0.558 0.839 0.637 3
T2 Q1 1.000 0.621 1.000 0.367 0.036 0.155 0.530 7
Q2 0.006 0.590 0.056 0.633 0.368 0.785 0.407 11
Q4 0.396 0.177 0.099 0.367 0.542 0.800 0.397 12
Q5 0.226 0.169 0.127 0.000 0.314 0.822 0.276 14
Q6 0.158 0.000 0.000 0.510 0.053 0.794 0.253 16
Q7 0.545 0.561 0.500 0.653 0.507 0.409 0.529 8
Q8 0.424 0.629 0.521 0.796 0.633 0.143 0.524 9
Q9 0.554 0.867 0.500 0.857 0.718 0.459 0.659 4
Q201802 0.622 0.388 0.437 0.776 0.000 0.001 0.371 13
Q201807 0.467 0.796 0.310 0.837 0.764 0.855 0.672 2
Q201808 0.359 0.369 0.275 0.245 0.301 0.027 0.263 15
Q201833 0.000 0.213 0.239 0.408 0.184 0.469 0.252 17
Q201843 0.514 0.733 0.176 0.816 0.311 0.850 0.567 5
Q201904 0.130 0.571 0.254 0.673 0.817 0.808 0.542 6
Q201909 0.375 0.870 0.211 1.000 0.755 1.002 0.702 1
Q201913 0.427 1.000 0.444 0.735 1.000 0.368 0.662 3
Q202020 0.616 0.324 0.190 0.408 0.321 0.773 0.439 10
T3 Q1 1.000 0.322 0.688 0.077 0.000 0.056 0.357 14
Q2 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.255 0.602 0.144 17
Q4 0.387 0.303 0.679 0.359 0.382 0.917 0.505 8
Q5 0.356 0.606 0.455 0.128 0.787 1.000 0.556 4
Q6 0.260 0.097 0.384 0.359 0.186 0.947 0.372 12
Q7 0.721 0.490 0.696 0.667 0.262 0.429 0.544 5
Q8 0.461 0.236 0.393 0.205 0.186 0.664 0.357 13
Q9 0.647 0.000 0.571 0.385 0.316 0.567 0.414 11
Q201802 0.598 0.061 0.589 0.436 0.071 0.049 0.300 16
Q201807 0.731 0.076 0.188 0.256 0.499 0.855 0.434 10
Q201808 0.619 0.500 0.161 0.462 0.304 0.641 0.448 9
Q201833 0.947 0.790 0.732 1.000 0.607 0.667 0.791 1
Q201843 0.864 0.268 1.000 0.641 0.063 0.237 0.512 7
Q201904 0.656 0.671 0.259 0.821 1.000 0.793 0.700 3
Q201909 0.746 0.306 0.491 0.795 0.355 0.554 0.541 6
Q201913 0.734 1.000 0.348 0.897 0.775 0.662 0.736 2
Q202020 0.551 0.555 0.438 0.462 0.038 0.000 0.340 15

Table 5

Correlation analysis between agronomic traits and yield indexes of quinoa"

性状
Trait
株高
Plant
height
茎粗
Stem
diameter
主穗长
Main panicle
length
有效分枝数
Number of
effective branches
单株产量
Yield per
plant
千粒重
1000-grain
weight
茎粗Stem diameter 0.490**
主穗长Main panicle length 0.545** 0.350**
有效分枝数Number of effective branches 0.229** 0.512** 0.243**
单株产量Yield per plant 0.108 0.395** 0.022 0.279**
千粒重1000-grain weight -0.211** -0.030 -0.383** -0.079 0.405**
生育期Growth period -0.769** -0.306** -0.213** -0.054 -0.044 0.096

Table 6

Analysis on variation sources of agronomic traits and yield indexes of quinoa"

因素Factor 项目Item df F P
品系Line 株高 16 4.93 <0.001
茎粗 16 2.36 0.003
主穗长 16 3.92 <0.001
有效分枝数 16 5.01 <0.001
单株产量 16 2.28 0.004
千粒重 16 21.36 <0.001
生育期 16 23.09 <0.001
播期Sowing date 株高 1 818.86 <0.001
茎粗 1 32.57 <0.001
主穗长 1 39.34 <0.001
有效分枝数 1 0.66 0.418
单株产量 1 0.01 0.912
千粒重 1 53.91 <0.001
生育期 1 32 201.74 <0.001
播期与品系交互作用
Interaction between
sowing date and line
株高 16 5.79 <0.001
茎粗 16 2.39 0.003
主穗长 16 3.23 <0.001
有效分枝数 16 4.03 <0.001
单株产量 16 2.48 0.002
千粒重 16 14.98 <0.001
生育期 16 12.84 <0.001
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