Crops ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 116-124.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.03.016

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Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Planting Density on Canopy Structure and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Sea Island Cotton

Wang Li1(), Zhang Chengjie1, Hu Haoran1, Ning Liyun1, Wu Yifan1, Guo Rensong2, Zhang Jusong1()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University / Research Center of Cotton Engineering, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
    2Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2024-03-22 Revised:2024-05-25 Online:2025-06-15 Published:2025-06-03

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Abstract:

In order to determine the optimal balance ratio between planting density and nitrogen application rate of machine-harvested sea island cotton in Awati County, Xinjiang, three planting densities were set up in the main-plots under the 66 cm+10 cm planting pattern using “Xin 78” as the material. There were 20×104 (D20), 24×104 (D24) and 28×104 plants/ha (D28), and four nitrogen application rates were set up in the sub-plots, namely, 0 (N0), 160 (N1), 320 (N2) and 480 kg/ha (N3). The effects of these treatments on canopy structure, leaf photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of sea island cotton were evaluated. The results showed that when the planting density was D24 and the nitrogen rate was N2, the seed cotton yield of sea island cotton was the highest (6337.17 kg/ha), which was 37.23%, 21.00% and 12.06% higher than that of N0, N1 and N3 treatments, and was significant difference from N0. Under the same planting density, the leaf area index (LAI), mean leaf angle and relative chlorophyll content of sea island cotton increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and the mean leaf angle decreased when the nitrogen application rate was too high, which showed N2 > N3 > N1 > N0. The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and average fiber length of upper half increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, while the yield, uniformity and break ratio strength of seed cotton increased first and then decreased. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the decrease rate of LAI of sea island cotton increased with the increase of planting density. The mean leaf angle, seed cotton yield, the average fiber length of upper half and the breaking strength showed a trend of “first increasing and then decreasing” with the increase of planting density. The average boll weight per plant and boll number per plant decreased with the increase of planting density. In conclusion, it is recommended that planting the machine- harvested sea island cotton Xin 78 in Awati County, southern Xinjiang under the planting mode of 66 cm+10 cm, the planting density should be 24×104 plants/ha and the nitrogen application rate should be 320 kg/ha.

Key words: Sea island cotton, Canopy structure, Photosynthetic characteristics, Nitrogen application rate, Planting density

Table 1

Nutrients contents of the experimental plot soil in 2023"

土壤深度
Soil depth
(cm)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g/kg)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g/kg)		 碱解氮
Available
N (mg/kg)		 有效磷
Available
P (mg/kg)		 速效钾
Available
K (mg/kg)
0~20 9.172 0.542 45.090 19.406 112.367
20~40 6.638 0.380 29.971 19.256 161.923
40~60 4.658 0.383 20.066 8.843 196.770
平均值
Average		 6.823
 0.435
 31.705
 15.835
 157.020

Table 2

Fertilization treatment kg/hm2"

处理
Treatment		 基肥
Base fertilizer		 追肥日期（月-日）Topdressing date (month-day) 总量
Total
06-15 06-20 06-27 07-04 07-11 07-18 07-26 08-02 08-13 08-21
N0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N1 0 0 0 8 16 32 48 32 16 8 0 160
N2 64 0 12.8 25.6 38.4 51.2 51.2 38.4 25.6 12.8 0 320
N3 96 0 38.4 38.4 57.6 57.6 57.6 57.6 38.4 38.4 0 480

Fig.1

Change of LAI of sea island cotton under nitrogen application rate and planting density SP: squaring period, B: full bud period, PF: perlim flower period, FF: full flower period, FB: full bloom period, BO: opening boll period. The same below."

Fig.2

Change of MTA of sea island cotton under nitrogen application rate and planting density"

Fig.3

Changes of SPAD value of sea island cotton leaves under nitrogen application rate and planting density"

Fig.4

Changes of Pn of sea island cotton under nitrogen application rate and planting density"

Fig.5

Change of Tr of sea island cotton under nitrogen application rate and planting density"

Fig.6

Correlation analysis between canopy structure and photosynthetic parameters at different growth stages “*”indicates significant correlation (P < 0.05);“**”indicates extremely significant correlation (P < 0.01). The same below."

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen application and planting density on yield and its components of sea island cotton"

种植密度
Planting
density		 施氮量
Nitrogen application
rate (kg/hm2)		 收获株数（万株/hm2）
Number of plants harvested
(×104 plants/hm2)		 单株结铃数
Bell number
per plant		 单铃重
Single bell
weight (g)		 衣分
Lint
percentage (%)		 籽棉产量
Seed cotton
yield (kg/hm2)		 皮棉产量
Lint cotton
yield (kg/hm2)
D20 N0 17.81c 8.29cde 2.96a 33.94ab 4410.13d 1493.14cd
N1 18.08c 8.90abcd 3.17a 33.99a 5105.85bcd 1737.58bcd
N2 18.01c 10.27a 3.03a 33.07abc 5609.19abc 1857.32abcd
N3 17.95c 9.86ab 3.08a 33.35abc 5467.91abcd 1822.17abcd
D24 N0 22.33b 7.91cde 2.62bc 33.48abc 4617.89cd 1542.42cd
N1 22.47b 7.60de 3.08a 33.11abc 5237.51abcd 1735.25bcd
N2 22.27b 9.26abc 3.07a 33.70ab 6337.17a 2145.50a
N3 22.40b 8.35bcde 3.03a 33.25abc 5655.41abc 1881.20abc
D28 N0 24.97a 7.51de 2.46c 32.01bc 4598.71cd 1473.33d
N1 24.22a 7.32e 2.99a 31.70c 5278.54abcd 1672.56cd
N2 24.56a 8.52bcde 2.98a 33.23abc 6242.89ab 2074.55ab
N3 24.43a 8.46bcde 2.92ab 34.33a 6045.35ab 2080.52ab
施氮量 (N) ns ** ** ns ** **
种植密度 (D) * ** * ns ns ns
施氮量×种植密度 (D×N) ns ns ns ns ns ns

Fig.7

Relationship between nitrogen application rate and yield"

Fig.8

Correlation analysis between photosynthetic parameters and yield components BNP: Bell number per plant; BW: Single bell weight; LP: Lint percentage; SCY: Seed cotton yield; LCY: Lint cotton yield."

Table 4

Effects of nitrogen application rate and planting density on fiber quality of sea island cotton"

种植密度
Planting
density		 施氮量
Nitrogen
application rate		 上半部平均长度
Average length
of upper half (mm)		 整齐度
Uniformity
(%)		 断裂比强度
Specific strength
at break (CN/tex)		 伸长率
Elongation
(%)		 马克隆值
Micron
value		 纺织参数
Textile
parameters
D20 N0 39.27ab 90.07ab 47.90a 7.93a 4.03a 238.00abc
N1 39.60ab 90.77ab 48.23a 8.33a 4.30a 238.00abc
N2 39.80a 91.30ab 48.57a 8.37a 4.07a 238.67abc
N3 40.00a 90.17ab 47.83a 8.77a 4.08a 251.00a
D24 N0 37.77ab 89.83ab 44.50ab 7.67a 4.17a 220.33cd
N1 39.37ab 90.47ab 46.17ab 7.80a 3.80a 238.00abc
N2 39.47ab 91.33ab 46.77ab 8.43a 4.13a 234.67abc
N3 39.87a 90.80ab 44.97ab 8.43a 4.20a 229.33bcd
D28 N0 37.37b 89.13b 42.67b 8.40a 4.23a 210.67d
N1 38.83ab 90.90ab 45.17ab 8.47a 4.30a 227.33cd
N2 39.03ab 91.83a 46.63ab 8.37a 4.03a 249.33ab
N3 38.93ab 91.60a 44.60ab 8.67a 4.27a 238.00abc
施氮量（N） ** ns * * ns *
种植密度（D） * ns ** ns ns ns
施氮量×种植密度（D×N） ns ns ns ns ns ns
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