Crops ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 28-36.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.06.004

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Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Phenotypic Traits in Different Rice Varieties

Sun Qiang(), Ruan Xinsen, Zhou Zhihao, Sun Huijuan, Xu Ran, Ling Dong, Zhao Cuirong()   

  1. Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441057, Hubei, China
  • Received:2024-07-22 Revised:2024-08-10 Online:2025-12-15 Published:2025-12-12

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Abstract:

Phenotypic traits are used to classify germplasm resources, and the analysis of genetic diversity of different rice varieties is helpful to the selection of parents and the improvement of breeding efficiency in the breeding process. A total of 141 rice varieties were used as materials to evaluate their phenotypic traits over two years of experiments. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between anthocyanin coloration traits of rice varieties. The traits of rice stem length, stem diameter, panicle length, flag leaf length and width, grain shape, grain length and width, decorticated grain length and width showed high stability, the heritability of these traits was over 0.90, and seed-setting rate had the lowest heritability of 0.58. From the principal component analysis (PCA), panicle number per plant, heading date, stem diameter, the number of grains per panicle, panicle length, grain length, grain width, 1000-grain weight, grain shape, decorticated grain length and width could be used as main indicators of rice phenotypic analysis. From hierarchical clustering results on 15 quantitative traits, indica and japonica could be separated into different clusters by phenotypic traits. There were differences in the correlation between various traits of rice. Grain length was significantly positively correlated with panicle length and grain shape, and the correlation coefficients were 0.67 and 0.85, respectively. The number of grains per panicle and stem diameter, flag leaf width showed significantly positive correlation, the correlation coefficients were 0.75 and 0.70, respectively. Panicle number per plant showed significantly negative correlation with other traits, except grain width and decorticated grain width. The genetic diversity index ranged from 1.32 to 2.00 with an average of 1.88, and the decorticated grain width exhibited the largest genetic diversity index of 2.00, panicle number per plant showed a minimum of 1.32. The heterosis of indica hybrid varieties exhibited wider stem diameter, higher number of grains per panicle, higher seed-setting rate, longer grains and higher 1000-grain weight. There were abundant variations in quantitative traits in indica and japonica, especially in panicle number per plant, seed-setting rate, stem length, 1000-grain weight and grain length. Comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic traits of different types of rice varieties is conductive to the use of dominant traits in breeding to cultivate high-yield and high-quality rice varieties.

Key words: Rice, Phenotypic traits, Comprehensive evaluation, Genetic diversity

Table 1

Precipitation, sunshine duration and average temperature during the rice growing seasons"

年份Year 气象条件Meteorological condition 5月May 6月June 7月July 8月August 9月September 10月October
2021 降水量 (mm) 63.80 100.10 440.00 311.00 32.70 58.60
日照时长 (h) 115.20 153.40 146.90 85.80 167.00 153.00
平均气温 (°C) 20.89 25.93 27.04 25.07 24.29 17.32
2022 降水量 (mm) 14.30 51.90 102.60 80.60 1.60 142.60
日照时长 (h) 195.50 198.40 175.50 260.80 149.60 142.20
平均气温 (°C) 20.76 27.56 28.50 28.98 24.06 16.43

Table 2

Correlation coefficients in anthocyanin coloration traits of rice"

指标
Index		 叶鞘
颜色
SC		 倒二叶叶片
花青甙显色
SLAC		 倒二叶叶耳
花青甙显色
SLACA		 初期
芒颜色
PCAEO		 外颖颖
尖颜色
LTC		 柱头小
穗颜色
SCS		 节间茎花
青甙显色
SACI		 后期
芒颜色
PCALO		 后期外颖
颖尖颜色
LTCLO		 谷粒外
颖颜色
GCG
倒二叶叶片花青甙显色SLAC 0.90***
倒二叶叶耳花青甙显色SLACA 0.73*** 0.77***
初期芒颜色PCAEO 0.53*** 0.55*** 0.43***
外颖颖尖颜色LTC 0.81*** 0.78*** 0.62*** 0.85***
柱头小穗颜色SCS 0.76*** 0.68*** 0.56*** 0.83*** 0.90***
节间茎花青甙显色SACI 0.77*** 0.69*** 0.66*** 0.75*** 0.84*** 0.86***
后期芒颜色PCALO 0.64*** 0.66*** 0.60*** 0.88*** 0.91*** 0.86*** 0.82***
后期外颖颖尖颜色LTCLO 0.68*** 0.68*** 0.61*** 0.86*** 0.79*** 0.79*** 0.79*** 0.93***
谷粒外颖颜色GCG 0.17** 0.24*** 0.27*** 0.46*** 0.29*** 0.29*** 0.28*** 0.67*** 0.43***
糙米颜色DGC 0.28*** 0.38*** 0.42*** 0.55*** 0.37*** 0.25*** 0.32*** 0.76*** 0.41*** 0.62***

Table 3

Correlation coefficients of quantity traits of rice"

指标
Index		 单株穗数
PPL		 抽穗期
HD		 茎秆长
SL		 茎秆直径
SD		 穗粒数
SPP		 穗长
PL		 结实率
SSR		 旗叶长
FLL		 旗叶宽
FLW		 粒长
GL		 粒宽
GW		 千粒重
TGW		 谷粒形状
GS		 糙米长
DGL
抽穗期HD -0.07*
茎秆长SL -0.27*** 0.53***
茎秆直径SD -0.40*** 0.52*** 0.60***
穗粒数SPP -0.33*** 0.42*** 0.35*** 0.75***
穗长PL -0.21*** 0.05 0.38*** 0.41*** 0.46***
结实率SSR -0.08* 0.01 -0.07* 0.05* 0.12* -0.07*
旗叶长FLL -0.22*** 0.25*** 0.46*** 0.47*** 0.48*** 0.57*** -0.23***
旗叶宽FLW -0.28*** 0.36*** 0.29*** 0.77*** 0.70*** 0.34*** 0.10* 0.34***
粒长GL -0.25*** 0.06* 0.33*** 0.48*** 0.45*** 0.67*** 0.32*** 0.27*** 0.38***
粒宽GW 0.06* 0.03 -0.15** -0.25*** -0.50*** -0.54*** -0.10* -0.29*** -0.21*** -0.54***
千粒重TGW -0.16** 0.05 0.14* 0.27*** -0.01* 0.17** 0.41*** -0.06* 0.19** 0.49*** 0.25***
谷粒形状GS -0.18** -0.01 0.26*** 0.39*** 0.52*** 0.67*** 0.22*** 0.31*** 0.30*** 0.85*** -0.88*** 0.11*
糙米长DGL -0.21*** 0.00 0.36*** 0.43*** 0.39*** 0.64*** 0.25*** 0.34*** 0.32*** 0.91*** -0.55*** 0.50*** 0.81***
糙米宽DGW 0.06* -0.02 -0.16** -0.26*** -0.48*** -0.58*** -0.05* -0.30*** -0.21*** -0.61*** 0.90*** 0.28*** -0.86*** -0.50***

Table 4

Stability and genetic diversity of quantitative traits in rice in 2021 and 2022"

性状
Trait		 年份
Year		 最大值
Max.		 最小值
Min.		 极差
Range		 平均值
Mean		 中位数
Median		 标准差
SD		 变异系数
CV		 偏度
SK		 峰度
Kurtosis		 遗传力
Heritability		 遗传多样性指数
H′
单株穗数PPL 2021 69.33 6.44 62.89 11.01 10.15 5.36 0.49 9.37 101.76 0.96 1.32
2022 46.00 5.55 40.45 11.24 10.70 3.93 0.35 5.32 44.17
抽穗期HD (d) 2021 123.00 48.00 75.00 90.06 90.00 14.94 0.17 -0.50 0.74 0.97 1.99
2022 118.00 45.00 73.00 86.03 88.00 13.40 0.16 -0.57 1.48
茎秆长SL (cm) 2021 125.50 17.10 108.40 85.00 87.00 18.23 0.21 -0.77 0.98 0.97 1.95
2022 130.60 15.10 115.50 81.68 85.73 16.42 0.20 -0.85 2.35
茎秆直径SD (mm) 2021 9.49 3.28 6.20 6.74 6.91 1.10 0.16 -0.70 1.13 0.96 1.98
2022 9.78 2.48 7.30 6.55 6.56 1.15 0.18 -0.60 1.58
穗粒数SPP 2021 397.70 37.57 360.13 227.61 240.15 67.79 0.30 -0.60 0.51 0.94 1.97
2022 448.35 34.60 413.75 227.27 236.95 72.37 0.32 -0.26 0.64
穗长PL (cm) 2021 32.81 11.82 20.99 24.88 25.59 3.66 0.15 -1.04 1.44 0.96 1.87
2022 32.46 11.41 21.05 24.88 25.41 3.68 0.15 -1.06 1.64
结实率SSR (%) 2021 99.13 21.24 77.89 81.83 88.63 21.48 0.26 -3.01 8.58 0.58 1.57
2022 97.02 20.38 76.64 81.22 85.29 13.95 0.17 -2.30 5.98
旗叶长FLL (cm) 2021 55.94 20.28 35.67 36.72 36.95 6.12 0.17 -0.14 1.09 0.95 1.94
2022 70.08 17.55 52.53 36.57 36.85 6.42 0.18 0.48 5.57
旗叶宽FLW (mm) 2021 3.50 0.98 2.52 1.99 1.99 0.39 0.20 0.41 2.34 0.97 1.96
2022 3.52 0.81 2.71 1.95 1.98 0.40 0.20 0.05 1.71
粒长GL (mm) 2021 10.78 4.35 6.42 8.15 8.46 1.12 0.14 -0.72 0.16 0.97 1.95
2022 9.70 4.44 5.25 7.90 8.20 0.95 0.12 -0.94 0.69
粒宽GW (mm) 2021 3.41 1.86 1.55 2.48 2.42 0.35 0.14 0.50 -0.46 0.97 1.95
2022 3.50 1.87 1.63 2.40 2.32 0.33 0.14 0.84 0.21
千粒重TGW (g) 2021 40.88 9.61 37.64 23.13 23.12 4.50 0.19 -0.38 5.51 0.93 1.85
2022 36.69 8.35 28.33 22.85 22.62 3.49 0.15 -0.70 5.83
谷粒形状GS 2021 5.21 1.79 3.42 3.40 3.52 0.75 0.22 -0.30 -0.94 0.99 1.94
2022 5.18 1.94 3.24 3.42 3.55 0.72 0.21 -0.28 -0.81
糙米长DGL (mm) 2021 8.45 2.81 5.64 5.80 5.95 0.80 0.14 -0.63 1.61 0.97 1.90
2022 7.90 2.84 5.06 5.81 6.02 0.74 0.13 -0.90 1.92
糙米宽DGW(mm) 2021 2.95 1.53 1.42 2.09 2.01 0.29 0.14 0.55 -0.42 0.97 2.00
2022 2.75 1.53 1.22 2.04 1.98 0.27 0.13 0.66 -0.26

Fig.1

Clustering dendrogram of different rice varieties"

Table 5

Principal components analysis of quantitative traits of 141 rice varieties"

指标Index PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6
单株穗数PPL 0.22 0.32 0.17 0.29 0.19 0.02
抽穗期HD -0.14 -0.37 0.27 -0.02 0.30 -0.54
茎秆长SL -0.22 -0.23 0.07 0.44 0.38 -0.28
茎秆直径SD -0.30 -0.33 0.07 -0.03 -0.12 0.06
穗粒数SPP -0.31 -0.20 0.22 -0.25 -0.03 0.15
穗长PL -0.31 0.09 -0.01 0.31 0.02 0.24
结实率SSR -0.04 -0.06 -0.25 -0.42 0.75 0.38
旗叶长FLL -0.22 -0.08 0.25 0.46 0.05 0.57
旗叶宽FLW -0.26 -0.28 0.10 -0.27 -0.36 0.14
粒长GL -0.33 0.17 -0.31 0.01 -0.02 -0.13
粒宽GW 0.28 -0.37 -0.19 0.17 -0.05 0.07
千粒重TGW -0.10 -0.20 -0.65 0.17 -0.07 0.01
谷粒形状GS -0.33 0.32 -0.06 -0.10 0.03 -0.12
糙米长DGL -0.32 0.16 -0.32 0.14 -0.06 -0.15
糙米宽DGW 0.28 -0.37 -0.22 0.13 -0.04 0.06
特征值Eigenvalue 6.50 2.60 1.74 1.24 0.97 0.63
贡献率Contribution rate (%) 42.4 17.4 12.5 8.0 7.0 4.0
累计贡献率Accumulated contribution rate (%) 42.4 59.8 72.3 80.3 87.3 91.3

Fig.2

Principal component analysis of different rice varieties"

Table 6

The quantitative traits analysis of different types of rice varieties"

水稻类型Rice type 项目Item PPL HD (d) SL (cm) SD (mm) SPP PL (cm) SSR (%) FLL (cm)
粳型常规稻
Conventional japonica		 最大值 17.59 119.00 120.03 7.68 288.78 28.76 98.07 58.09
最小值 7.43 46.50 16.10 3.32 36.08 11.61 42.42 19.52
平均值 11.79a 86.40a 78.95b 5.72c 160.00c 20.92b 83.61ab 33.93b
标准差 2.78 23.31 22.30 1.17 69.42 4.24 13.22 8.79
变异系数 0.24 0.27 0.28 0.20 0.43 0.20 0.16 0.26
籼型常规稻
Conventional indica		 最大值 14.19 109.50 117.78 9.56 423.03 32.44 92.05 45.96
最小值 6.80 59.00 55.23 4.71 102.62 21.40 26.39 28.23
平均值 10.57b 86.69a 85.18ab 6.73b 235.00b 25.77a 78.75b 37.61a
标准差 1.74 9.93 12.49 0.90 61.35 2.11 13.82 3.88
变异系数 0.16 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.26 0.08 0.18 0.10
籼型杂交稻
Indica hybrid		 最大值 14.19 109.50 117.78 9.56 423.03 32.44 92.05 45.96
最小值 6.83 59.00 55.23 4.71 102.62 21.40 26.39 28.20
平均值 9.83b 90.53a 91.81a 7.29a 265.00a 26.56a 86.14a 37.93a
标准差 1.85 9.87 14.82 0.90 59.75 2.07 2.07 3.92
变异系数 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.10
籼型不育系
Indica hybrid		 最大值 15.35 101.50 71.00 7.36 312.63 27.83 － 44.31
最小值 10.53 61.00 45.65 5.23 175.28 20.17 － 19.69
平均值 12.52a 84.29a 58.44c 6.24bc 239.00ab 24.52a － 34.62ab
标准差 1.33 10.44 8.24 0.73 40.66 2.42 － 5.89
变异系数 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.17 0.10 － 0.17
粳型常规稻
Conventional japonica		 最大值 2.77 8.18 3.29 34.85 3.43 6.00 2.85
最小值 0.89 4.40 2.14 9.37 1.87 2.83 1.81
平均值 1.60b 6.67c 2.82a 21.94b 2.44b 4.85b 2.39a
标准差 0.38 0.73 0.23 4.61 0.35 0.65 0.22
变异系数 0.24 0.11 0.08 0.21 0.12 0.13 0.08
籼型常规稻
Conventional indica		 最大值 3.51 9.83 3.46 35.02 5.19 8.17 2.72
最小值 1.16 6.36 1.88 10.38 2.21 4.63 1.53
平均值 2.04a 8.19b 2.32b 22.43b 3.68c 5.99a 1.94b
标准差 0.39 0.76 0.35 4.08 0.66 0.58 0.26
变异系数 0.19 0.09 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.10 0.14
籼型杂交稻
Indica hybrid		 最大值 3.51 9.83 3.46 35.02 5.19 8.17 2.72
最小值 1.16 6.36 1.88 10.38 2.21 4.63 1.53
平均值 2.18a 8.65a 2.31b 24.43a 3.77a 6.21a 1.97b
标准差 0.37 0.76 0.35 4.08 0.66 0.58 0.26
变异系数 0. 09 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.06
籼型不育系
Indica hybrid		 最大值 2.32 － － － － － －
最小值 1.59 － － － － － －
平均值 1.98a － － － － － －
标准差 0.22 － － － － － －
变异系数 0.11 － － － － － －
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