Crops ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (6): 193-200.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.06.028

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Effects of Fertilizing with Straw Biochar on Soil pH and Root Growth of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Huayuan, Hunan

Zhang Mingfa1(), Zhang Sheng1(), Teng Kai1, Chen Qianfeng1, Tian Minghui1, Jiang Zhimin2, Chao Jin1, Jian Panfeng2, Deng Xiaohua3   

  1. 1Production Technique Center, Xiangxi Tobacco Company, Jishou 416000, Hunan, China
    2China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
    3Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
  • Received:2021-07-07 Revised:2021-09-26 Online:2022-12-15 Published:2022-12-21
  • Contact: Zhang Sheng E-mail:zhangmingfa98@163.com;zhangsh27@126.com

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Abstract:

In Huayuan, a three years fixed-site field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of varying economic amount of straw biochar (0, 3000, 3750 and 4500kg/ha) on soil pH and root development of the Yunyan 87 flue-cured tobacco variety. The findings indicated that the soil pH was incresed with straw biochar treat, and the soil pH showed the trend of increasing with the increase of aplication amount and the extension of transplanting time. The deeper hierarchy responded more slowly and the predominant affection region was in areas 0-10cm away from the stem in horizontal direction. Treatments with 3750 and 4500kg/ha reduced hydrolytic acid by 1.92% and 3.21%, respectively. The straw biochar treat effected tobacco roots distribution was mainly in the area of 0-20cm away from stem horizontally, and 0-30cm away from stem vertically. Straw biochar mainly affected the soil pH value, and did not change the overall distribution of tobacco root but regulated root development status effectively, especially in the areas of 0-10 and 20-30cm away from stem in vertical direction and 0-10cm away from stem in horizontal direction. The economic appropriate amount of straw biochar was 3750-4500kg/ha in Huayuan purple soil. This study offers the theoretical reference for economical appropriate application of straw biochar.

Key words: Straw biochar, Economic amount, Purple soil, Soil pH, Flue-cured tobacco, Root growth

Table 1

The preparation parameters and basic physicochemical properties of biochar were tested cm"

项目
Item		 材料
Material		 pH 制备参数
The preparation parameters		 比表面积
Specific area (m2/g)		 C
(%)		 N
(%)		 NH4+-N
(mg/kg)		 NO3--N
(mg/kg)
1 玉米秸秆Corn stalk 10.78 终温450℃，保温95min 2.88 55.30 1.14 － 31.30
2 油菜秸秆Rapeseed stalk 10.30 终温450℃，保温95min 1.45 58.45 3.67 6.80 12.90
3 水稻秸秆Rice stalk 10.71 终温450℃，保温95min 7.63 47.06 0.64 － 39.00
4 无花果秸秆Fig stalk 10.94 终温450℃，保温95min 1.72 65.96 1.92 9.80 10.40

Fig.1

Content of hydrolytic acid of soil under different treatments The same lowercase letters indicates no significant difference at 0.05 level among different treatments"

Fig.2

Rhizosphere soil pH of biochar treatments in different periods Different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant difference at the 0.01 level, and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level, the same below"

Table 2

Rhizosphere soil pH distribution at different height in vertical direction"

根系层次
Root layer (cm)		 处理
Treatment		 移栽后天数Days after transplanting
15d 30d 45d 60d 75d 90d 105d
0~10 T1 6.11±0.56abA 6.19±0.53abA 6.61±0.55abA 6.68±0.49abA 6.73±0.47aA 6.76±0.45aA 6.79±0.43aA
T2 6.47±0.42aA 6.53±0.41abA 6.89±0.40aA 6.91±0.38abA 7.04±0.35aA 7.08±0.35aA 7.09±0.33aA
T3 7.06±0.26aA 7.14±0.25aA 7.40±0.22aA 7.52±0.20aA 7.67±0.18aA 7.69±0.15aA 7.71±0.13aA
CK 5.89±0.66bA 5.83±0.64bA 5.80±0.61bA 5.67±0.70bA 5.54±0.71aA 5.42±0.71bA 5.39±0.73bA
10~20 T1 5.93±0.49bA 6.01±0.47abA 6.13±0.48abA 6.28±0.46abA 6.53±0.45aA 6.55±0.47aA 6.56±0.46aA
T2 6.28±0.34aA 6.34±0.35aA 6.41±0.36aA 6.62±0.30abA 6.86±0.30aA 6.90±0.31aA 6.91±0.29aA
T3 6.85±0.23aA 6.91±0.24aA 7.02±0.25aA 7.21±0.20aA 7.46±0.19aA 7.49±0.18aA 7.51±0.16aA
CK 5.72±0.61bA 5.66±0.59bA 5.63±0.60bA 5.50±0.58bA 5.38±0.55bA 5.26±0.51bA 5.20±0.49bA
20~30 T1 5.63±0.45abA 5.70±0.46abA 5.90±0.45abA 6.03±0.42aA 6.29±0.44aA 6.31±0.45aA 6.33±0.44aA
T2 5.97±0.31abA 6.02±0.30aA 6.13±0.32aA 6.28±0.30aA 6.49±0.31aA 6.51±0.29aA 6.53±0.30aA
T3 6.51±0.19aA 6.58±0.18aA 6.73±0.20aA 6.86±0.18aA 7.01±0.19aA 7.03±0.17aA 7.05±0.18aA
CK 5.43±0.58bA 5.38±0.59bA 5.35±0.60bA 5.23±0.57bA 5.11±0.58bA 5.00±0.50bA 4.85±0.51bA
30~40 T1 6.23±0.42abA 6.25±0.44bA 6.24±0.43abA 6.33±0.40aA 6.39±0.39abA 6.58±0.38aA 6.80±0.39aA
T2 6.60±0.29aA 6.62±0.31aA 6.63±0.30abA 6.68±0.28aA 6.69±0.29aA 6.71±0.27aA 6.71±0.27aA
T3 7.06±0.16aA 7.10±0.17aA 7.12±0.16aA 7.18±0.17aA 7.31±0.16aA 7.33±0.16aA 7.35±0.15aA
CK 6.01±0.51bA 5.95±0.52bA 5.91±0.53bA 5.88±0.51bA 5.85±0.50bA 5.65±0.49bA 5.37±0.50bA

Table 3

Rhizosphere soil pH at different root layers in horizontal direction"

根系层次
Root layers (cm)		 处理
Treatment		 移栽后天数Days after transplanting
15d 30d 45d 60d 75d 90d 105d
0~10 T1 5.94±0.50abA 6.12±0.51abA 6.43±0.53abA 6.59±0.51bA 6.68±0.49aA 6.69±0.47aA 6.73±0.45aA
T2 6.29±0.46aA 6.35±0.49aA 6.60±0.48abA 6.63±0.45bA 6.72±0.42aA 6.76±0.43aA 6.83±0.41aA
T3 6.86±0.40aA 6.90±0.41aA 6.99±0.43aA 7.10±0.39aA 7.11±0.37aA 7.21±0.36aA 7.29±0.32aA
CK 5.73±0.59bA 5.67±0.60bA 5.64±0.61bA 5.51±0.58cA 5.39±0.57bA 5.27±0.56bA 5.12±0.53bA
10~20 T1 5.99±0.52bA 6.08±0.54abA 6.18±0.55abA 6.22±0.53abA 6.49±0.51abA 6.63±0.50bA 5.58±0.48bA
T2 6.34±0.47aA 6.38±0.48abA 6.49±0.50aA 6.58±0.48aA 6.87±0.46aA 7.11±0.44aA 7.12±0.43aA
T3 6.92±0.42aA 7.00±0.44aA 7.09±0.46aA 7.12±0.45aA 7.33±0.43aA 7.56±0.42aA 7.58±0.40aA
CK 5.78±0.60bA 5.72±0.63aA 5.69±0.65bA 5.56±0.62bA 5.43±0.60bA 5.31±0.58cA 5.16±0.56cA
20~30 T1 6.04±0.55bA 6.05±0.58abA 6.04±0.60bA 6.21±0.57aA 6.32±0.55abA 6.38±0.54abA 6.39±0.52abA
T2 6.40±0.49aA 6.41±0.51abA 6.42±0.53aA 6.61±0.52aA 6.62±0.49abA 6.66±0.44abA 6.68±0.43abA
T3 6.98±0.43aA 7.00±0.44aA 7.02±0.46aA 7.22±0.43aA 7.26±0.40aA 7.29±0.36aA 7.31±0.31aA
CK 5.83±0.59bA 5.77±0.62bA 5.74±0.66bA 5.60±0.63bA 5.48±0.61bA 5.36±0.60bA 5.21±0.57bA

Fig.3

Change in the biomass of 0-10cm away from stem in vertical direction under treatments in different periods"

Table 4

The proportion of root dry weight in the vertical direction to the total roots"

根系层次
Root layer (cm)		 处理
Treatment		 移栽后天数Days after transplanting
15d 30d 45d 60d 75d 90d 105d
0~10 T1 0.338aA 0.449aA 0.415aA 0.283aA 0.219abA 0.155bA 0.135bA
T2 0.342aA 0.388aA 0.347aA 0.227aA 0.208abA 0.191abA 0.184bA
T3 0.460aA 0.331aA 0.205aA 0.337aA 0.340aA 0.331aA 0.304aA
CK 0.336aA 0.369aA 0.378aA 0.244aA 0.188bA 0.165bA 0.145bA
10~20 T1 0.471aA 0.290aA 0.258aA 0.417aA 0.363aA 0.408abA 0.412abA
T2 0.545aA 0.445aA 0.376aA 0.399aA 0.412aA 0.463aA 0.374abA
T3 0.458aA 0.331aA 0.205aA 0.337aA 0.340aA 0.351bA 0.304bA
CK 0.464aA 0.365aA 0.387aA 0.368aA 0.488aA 0.468aA 0.441aA
20~30 T1 0.183aA 0.245aA 0.214aA 0.206aA 0.283aA 0.330aA 0.317aA
T2 0.110aA 0.162aA 0.195aA 0.295aA 0.265aA 0.258aA 0.337aA
T3 0.072abA 0.336aA 0.236aA 0.279aA 0.284aA 0.395aA 0.399aA
CK 0.199aA 0.253aA 0.149aA 0.251aA 0.204aA 0.268aA 0.301aA
30~40 T1 0.008aA 0.006aA 0.103abA 0.084aA 0.125aA 0.097aA 0.128aA
T2 0.003bA 0.005aA 0.082abA 0.079aA 0.115aA 0.088aA 0.105aA
T3 0.010aA 0.009aA 0.176aA 0.160aA 0.153aA 0.091aA 0.116aA
CK 0.001cA 0.003aA 0.075bA 0.127aA 0.110aA 0.088aA 0.104aA

Fig.4

Change in the biomass of 10-20cm away from stem in vertical direction under treatments in different periods"

Fig.5

Change in the biomass of 20-30cm away from stem in vertical direction under treatments in different periods"

Fig.6

Root dry weight in areas 0-30cm away from stem in horizontal direction"

Table 5

Correlation factor between amount of biochar and soil pH value and dry weight of root"

项目
Item		 土壤层次
Soil layer (cm)		 生物炭用量Amount of biochar
移栽后45d
45d after transplanting		 移栽后60d
60d after transplanting		 移栽后75d
75d after transplanting
水平层次土壤pH
Soil pH value at horizontal layers		 0~10 0.8723** 0.9050** 0.9197**
10~20 0.3311 0.2689 0.0881
水平层次根干重
Dry weight of root at horizontal layers		 0~10 0.1945 0.2230 0.7152**
10~20 0.0328 0.1310 0.2412
垂直层次土壤pH
Soil pH value at vertical layers		 0~10 0.9911** 0.9674** 0.8060**
10~20 0.9933** 0.9933** 0.9553**
20~30 0.9908** 0.9964** 0.9538**
垂直层次根干重
Dry weight of root at vertical layers		 0~10 0.9365** 0.9695** 0.9855**
10~20 0.3229 0.5154** 0.6479**
20~30 0.2819 0.2927 0.4280*

Table 6

Path analysis of amount of biochar and soil pH value and dry weight of root"

垂直层次
Vertical
layer (cm)		 项目
Item		 直接作用
Direct
effect		 间接作用
Indirect
effect		 作用总和
Total
effect
0~10 pH 0.8121 0.0803 0.8924
根干重 0.2758 0.2362 0.5121
10~20 pH 0.8596 0.0588 0.9183
根干重 0.2547 0.1983 0.4530
20~30 pH 0.8211 0.0680 0.8891
根干重 0.1373 0.4068 0.5441
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