Crops ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (1): 85-89.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2019.01.014

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Discovery and Chronological Analysis of Buckwheat Kernel in Donghuishan Ruins

Yimin Wei   

  1. Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
  • Received:2018-07-13 Revised:2018-11-13 Online:2019-02-15 Published:2019-02-01

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Abstract:

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is one of the crops that are originally grown in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas of China. Buckwheat plays an important role in the history of the agricultural development and the evolution of the dietary culture of the Chinese nations. The Donghuishan ruin in Minle County, Gansu Province is a site of the late Neolithic (Siba Culture), which have found the most variety of crops in China so far. According to the references, the large number of carbonized wheats, barley, rye, foxtail millet and broom corn millet kernels were found in the Donghuishan ruins. Carbonized plant samples were obtained by a flotation method by cleaning soil samples from culture layer. For the first time, three complete carbonized buckwheat kernels were found at the cultural layer of this ruin. The determination of the 14C isotope dating is 3610-3458 years before present. This finding provides new evidence for the argument that the origin of buckwheat is in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Key words: Buckwheat (Fagopyrum), Carbonized kernel, Crop origin, 14C isotope, Donghuishan ruins

Table 1

The discovery and reference of buckwheat in China"

地点
Site		 遗址
Ruin		 文化期
Culture		 分析样本
Sample		 样品碳同位素年
代鉴定14C dating		 结果描述
Result		 参考文献
Reference
陕西扶风 新店剖面 全新世（Holocene） 孢粉 无 孢粉学研究发现荞麦花粉 [9]
甘肃天水 西坪山遗址 全新世（Holocene） 孢粉 无 孢粉学研究发现荞麦花粉 [10]
甘肃临潭
 陈旗磨
沟遗址		 齐家文化（4000 a BP）
 墓葬里的2个个体3颗牙齿的牙结石 无
 从牙结石里分离出荞麦淀粉
 [11]
云南澄江
 学山遗址
 石寨文化（滇文化）,新石器时代晚期-青铜器时代 子粒
 无
 浮选荞麦子粒149粒;22粒子粒特性测定结果：长2.89mm,宽2.43mm [13]
云南剑川 海门口遗址 青铜器时代 子粒 无 发现7粒荞麦子粒 [14]
内蒙古
赤峰		 巴彦塔
拉遗址		 辽代
 子粒
 无
 发现4粒荞麦子粒,平均长3.7mm、宽3.2mm、厚1.0mm [15]
吉林白城

 孙长青遗址

 辽金时期

 子粒

 无

 发现4粒比较完整的子粒;平均长度3.68mm、宽3.2mm、厚0.90mm;为吉林地区发现的首例 [16]

Table 2

Characteristics of Donghuishan carbonized buckwheat kernels in average mm"

甘肃民乐东灰山
（3粒均值）
Donghuishan, Gansu		 云南澄江学山[13]
（22粒均值）
Chengjiang Xueshan, Yunnan		 内蒙古赤峰巴彦塔拉[15]
（4粒均值）
Bayantala, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia		 吉林白城孙长青[14]
（4粒均值）
Sunchangqing, Jilin		 陕西定边
（30粒均值）
Dingbian, Shaanxi (CK)
宽
Width		 长
Length		 宽
Width		 长
Length		 宽
Width		 长
Length		 厚
Thickness		 宽
Width		 长
Length		 厚
Thickness		 宽
Width		 长
Length
2.48 3.99 2.43 2.89 3.20 3.70 1.00 3.20 3.68 0.90 3.46 4.61

Fig.1

The kernels of Donghuishan carbonized buckwheat, carbonized wheat, carbonized millet and Dingbian buckwheat"

Table 3

The age determination of Donghuishan carbonized buckwheat and other carbonized plants"

样品
Sample		 样品说明
Sample description		 距今年代
cal. BP
荞麦Buckwheat 子粒 3610~3458
小麦Wheat 子粒 3463~3361
谷子Foxtail millet 子粒 3562~3440,3434~3400
木炭Woody carbonized 碳化木质片段 3592~3453
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