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作物杂志, 2018, 34(6): 130-137 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2018.06.020

生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作

河南省不同轮作区双低杂交油菜氮磷钾肥的效应研究

蔡东芳, 王建平, 张书芬, 何俊平, 曹金华, 文雁成, 赵磊, 王东国, 朱家成

河南省农业科学院经济作物研究所/农业部黄淮海油料作物重点实验室/河南省油料作物遗传改良重点实验室,450002,河南郑州

Effects of N, P and K Fertilization on Rapeseed Yield in Different Rotating Areas of Henan Province

Cai Dongfang, Wang Jianping, Zhang Shufen, He Junping, Cao Jinhua, Wen Yancheng, Zhao Lei, Wang Dongguo, Zhu Jiacheng

Industrial Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huanghuaihai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Genetic Improvement in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China

通讯作者: 朱家成，副研究员，主要从事油菜遗传育种和栽培生理等方面的研究工作

收稿日期: 2018-04-27   修回日期: 2018-08-16   网络出版日期: 2018-12-15

基金资助: 国家现代农业产业技术体系-油菜.  CARS-12
十三五国家重点研发计划.  2018YFD0200900
河南省重大科技专项.  151100111200

Received: 2018-04-27   Revised: 2018-08-16   Online: 2018-12-15

作者简介 About authors

蔡东芳,博士,主要从事油菜遗传育种和栽培研究 。

摘要

确定河南省不同轮作区冬油菜的最佳氮、磷、钾施肥配比,为河南省油菜的配方施肥提供科学依据。以丰油10号为冬油菜供试品种,在基追比为7:3的基础上,采用“3414”最优回归设计,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对油菜产量、农学利用率、养分生产力及经济效益等的影响,并通过一元二次回归方程确定不同轮作区油菜的最佳施肥方案。结果表明各施肥处理中,稻油轮作潢川2个试验点达到最高产量的施肥配方为N2P2K3,平均产量为3 204.15kg/hm 2,其经济效益最高,为13 485.5元/hm 2。氮肥（N）、磷肥（P2O5）、钾肥（K2O）平均增收15.33、22.20和22.17kg/kg。因此稻油轮作中磷钾较低地区的最佳施肥处理为N2P2K3,与一元二次效应方程得出的最佳施肥量结果基本一致。玉米-油菜轮作区南阳试验点获得最高经济效益的施肥配方为N1P1K2,产量为2 801.4kg/hm 2,经济效益为12 599.4元/hm 2,相比最高产量的施肥配方N2P3K2,产值减少875.3元/hm 2,经济效益增长472.4元/hm 2。氮肥（N）、磷肥（P2O5）、钾肥（K2O）平均增收4.05、6.07和5.87kg/kg。因此玉米-油菜轮作磷钾较高地区最佳施肥处理为N1P1K2,是获得高产和高经济效益的施肥配方。

关键词： 甘蓝型油菜 ; 氮磷钾肥 ; 产量 ; 经济效益

Abstract

A “3414” fertilizer experiment was developed to determine the optimum fertilization proportions in various rotating areas of Henan Province. Winter rape variety Fengyou No.10 was used to investigate the N, P and K fertilizer effects on rapeseed yield, agronomy efficiency (AE), nutrient productivity and economic benefit. We then analyzed the recommended optimum fertilizer amounts in various rotating areas by the fertilizer efficiency models. In two rice-rape rotation regions in Huangchuan, the fertilizer formula N2P2K3 produced the highest yield and economic benefit which averaged 3 204.15kg/hm 2 and 13 485.5yuan/hm 2, respectively. The yield was increased by an average of 15.33, 22.20 and 22.17kg corresponding to per kilogram of N, P and K fertilizers, respectively. Therefore, N2P2K3 were the optimum fertilization rates in rice-rape rotation regions in Huangchuan. The fertilizer formula of the highest economic benefit in maize-rape rotation regions in Nanyang was N1P1K2 which produced an economic benefit of 12 599.4yuan/hm 2 and a yield of 2 801.4kg/hm 2. Compared with the highest yield fertilizer formula N2P3K2, the output value of N1P1K2 decreased by 875.3yuan/hm 2, but the economic benefit increased by 472.4yuan/hm 2. The yield was increased by an average of 4.05, 6.07 and 5.87kg corresponding to per kilogram of N, P and K fertilizers, respectively. In conclusion, the optimum fertilization rates in maize-rape rotation regions in Nanyang was N1P1K2. These two fertilization rates would bring about high yields and greate conomic benefit.

Keywords： Brassi canapus ; N,P and K fertilizer ; Yield ; Economic benefits

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本文引用格式

蔡东芳, 王建平, 张书芬, 何俊平, 曹金华, 文雁成, 赵磊, 王东国, 朱家成. 河南省不同轮作区双低杂交油菜氮磷钾肥的效应研究[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, 34(6): 130-137 doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2018.06.020

Cai Dongfang, Wang Jianping, Zhang Shufen, He Junping, Cao Jinhua, Wen Yancheng, Zhao Lei, Wang Dongguo, Zhu Jiacheng. Effects of N, P and K Fertilization on Rapeseed Yield in Different Rotating Areas of Henan Province[J]. Crops, 2018, 34(6): 130-137 doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2018.06.020

油菜是河南省的主要油料作物之一,常年种植面积33万~40万hm2。河南省油菜面积和总产在黄淮流域、华北地区油菜区中均居第一位[1]。大量油菜肥料试验表明,施用氮、磷、钾肥油菜增产效果显著,普遍表现为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥[2,3,4]。李慧等[5]总结2005-2010年中国2106个油菜田间试验数据,发现油菜施用氮磷钾肥的平均增产量分别为1 044、634和420kg/hm2,平均增产率分别为87.4%、39.9%和22.9%,氮肥（N）、磷肥（P2O5）、钾肥（K2O）平均增收油菜子6.2、7.8和5.4kg/kg。

李银水等[6,7,8]通过在湖北的大量田间试验表明,油菜施用氮肥增产量和增产率均值分别为1 270kg/hm2和133.0%,氮肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为17.6kg/kg N和8.0kg/kg N;磷肥增产量和增产率均值分别为489kg/hm2和26.4%,磷肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为41.2kg/kg P2O5和7.3kg/kg P2O5;钾肥增产量和增产率均值分别为337kg/hm2和18.6%,钾肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为34.8kg/kg K2O和4.2kg/kg K2O。邹小云等[9]在江西的12个田间试验表明,油菜施用氮磷钾肥分别增产872、364和375kg/hm2;最佳施肥量为纯N 180kg/hm2、P2O5 90kg/hm2、K2O 90kg/hm2。

尽管氮磷钾配比及用量对油菜增产效应的研究比较多,但多集中在长江中下游区域,对黄淮区域如河南省的研究较薄弱。为了客观评价河南省不同区域、不同土壤以及不同茬口油菜的合理施肥效果,分别以淮河流域稻油轮作区潢川县、长江流域玉米-油菜轮作区的黄褐土南阳市宛城区为试验点,研究当前主推品种双低油菜丰油10号的生产和施肥技术规程,及其肥料利用率和肥料效益。为河南省油菜生产提供技术支撑,为油菜标准化生产和机械化收获提供技术指导。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料与试验设计

试验于2015年在河南省稻油轮作区信阳潢川县的2个试点、玉米-油菜轮作区南阳市宛城区的黄褐土1个试点开展。信阳市潢川县位于东经114°53′~115°21′,北纬31°52′~32°22′,属河谷平原。地处亚热带,属于亚热带季风湿润气候,江淮小气候,年平均气温15.7℃,年均降水量1 043.4mm,年平均日照1 914.9h,年无霜期平均239d。该土壤为水稻土,质地壤土,水稻与油菜轮作。南阳市宛城区位于东经112°52′,北纬32°89′,位于亚热带和暖温带过渡地带,气候宜人,年平均气温14.9℃,年平均降水量805.8mm,年平均日照2 116h,年无霜期227d,气候湿润,四季分明;该土壤为黄褐土,玉米与油菜轮作。各试验点土壤的基础肥力见表1。从磷钾含量来看,稻油轮作潢川2个试点为低肥力地区,而南阳为高肥力地区。采用双低油菜主推品种丰油10号为试验材料,由河南省农业科学院经济作物研究所提供。

表1   各试验点土壤主要理化性质

Table 1  Main physical and chemical properties of the soils in three trial points

试验点
Trial point		碱解氮
Available N
(mg/kg)		速效磷
Available P
(mg/kg)		速效钾
Available K
(mg/kg)		有机质
Organic matter
(g/kg)
潢川1
Huangchuan 1		133.5012.8958.4420.35
潢川2
Huangchuan 2		138.793.3349.6221.76
南阳
Nanyang		125.5742.86142.2320.50

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采用“3414”试验设计方案[10,11,12],即3因素（N、P、K）、4水平（0、1、2、3）14个处理,3个试点为潢川1、潢川2和南阳,每个试点施肥量和施肥方法完全一致。供试肥料氮肥为尿素（含N 46%）,磷肥为过磷酸钙（含P2O5 12%）,钾肥为氯化钾（含K2O 60%）,70%的氮肥和100%的磷钾肥作基肥施用,整地前撒施,30%氮肥在抽薹初期追肥,开沟条施,具体施肥水平和施肥量见表2。2015年10月5日种植,2016年5月17日收获,采用随机区组设计,3个重复,小区面积为20m2,田间管理按照常规栽培措施进行。

表2   “3414”施肥方案及施肥量

Table 2  Designs of the “3414” fertilizer experiment kg/hm2

处理
Treatment		施氮量
N application rate		施磷量
P2O5application rate		施钾量
K2O application rate
N0P0K0000
N0P2K20120120
N1P2K290120120
N2P0K21800120
N2P1K218060120
N2P2K2180120120
N2P3K2180180120
N2P2K01801200
N2P2K118012060
N2P2K3180120180
N3P2K2270120120
N1P1K29060120
N1P2K19012060
N2P1K11806060

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1.2 测定项目和方法

试验前采用多点混合法取基础土样,采取常规方法测定土壤主要理化性状。其中碱解氮采用碱解扩散法;速效钾采用火焰光度计法;速效磷采用0.5mol/L NaHCO3浸提钼锑抗比色法,有机质含量采用重铬酸钾容量法测定。

试验数据用Excel 2010进行计算、制图,用SAS 9.2软件进行统计分析,结果均用LSD法检验P=0.05水平上的差异显著性。子粒产量以各小区实收计产,并折合成单位面积产量;增产率（%）=（施肥后油菜产量-不施肥油菜产量）/不施肥油菜产量×100;地力基础产量贡献率（%）=不施肥产量/施肥处理最高产量×100;农学利用效率（agronomic efficiency,AE,kg/kg,表示单位肥料的增产量）=（施肥后油菜产量-不施肥油菜产量）/施肥量。单位养分生产力主要考察肥料中所有养分的生产能力,单位养分生产力（kg/kg）=油菜产量/养分投入量总和。同时,根据“3414”试验方案采用回归最优设计,建立一元二次肥料效应回归方程,对产量进行拟合,分析氮、磷、钾肥的最佳施用量[13,14]。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同氮磷钾配比对油菜产量的影响

从表3可以看出,稻油轮作区潢川试验点和玉米-油菜轮作区南阳试验点地力差异较大。潢川试验点的水稻土基础地力极低,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）产量平均只有232.65kg/hm2,与施用氮、磷、钾肥后各处理达到显著差异水平。其基础地力对油菜产量的贡献率极低,2个点均小于10%,表明这2个试验点施用肥料对油菜产量的贡献率大于90%。南阳试验点的基础地力比较高,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的产量达到1 875.90kg/hm2,与施用氮或磷或钾肥的多数处理差异不显著,其基础地力对产量贡献率达63.2%,施肥提升空间为36.8%。

表3   3个试验点不同施肥处理对油菜产量的影响

Table 3  Effects of different N, P and K treatments on yield in Brassica napus

处理
Treatment		潢川1 Huangchuan 1潢川2 Huangchuan 2潢川平均值Average of Huangchuan南阳Nanyang
产量Yield
(kg/hm2)		增产率(%)
Increase rate		产量Yield
(kg/hm2)		增产率(%)
Increase rate		产量Yield
(kg/hm2)		增产率(%)
Increase rate		产量Yield
(kg/hm2)		增产率(%)
Increase rate
N0P0K0265.20d-200.10f-232.65f-1 875.90e-
N0P2K2780.45d194.29690.30e244.98735.38e216.091 951.05e4.01
N1P2K22 646.30abc897.851 975.95d887.482 311.13d893.392 051.10de9.34
N2P0K2825.45d211.26800.40e300.00812.93e249.422 126.10cde13.34
N2P1K22 846.40abc973.302 681.40ab1 240.032 763.90abcd1 088.012 201.10bcde17.34
N2P2K23 156.60ab1 090.272 726.40ab1 262.522 941.50ab1 164.352 701.35abc44.00
N2P3K23 256.65ab1 128.002 816.40ab1 307.503 036.53a1 205.192 976.45a58.67
N2P2K02 521.20bc850.682 436.15cbd1 117.472 478.68bcd965.412 376.15abcde26.67
N2P2K13 081.60ab1 061.992 656.35abc1 227.512 868.98abc1 133.172 451.30abcde30.67
N2P2K33 361.65a1 167.593 046.65a1 422.563 204.15a1 277.242 626.35abcd40.00
N3P2K23 266.70ab1 131.792 776.35ab1 287.483 021.53a1 198.742 701.35abc44.00
N1P1K22 551.35bc862.051 990.95d894.982 271.15d876.212 801.40ab49.34
N1P2K12 731.35abc929.922 151.15cd975.042 441.25cd949.322 401.20abcde28.00
N2P1K12 101.05c692.252 591.25abc1 194.982 346.15d908.452 501.25abcde33.34
平均Average2 385.15-2 110.05-2 247.56-2 410.20-

Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments (P<0.05)

注：不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著（P<0.05）

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从施肥效果来看,潢川试验点油菜产量对肥料的依赖程度较高,各试验处理油菜产量差异达到显著水平。与未施肥处理（N0P0K0）相比,各施肥处理的产量均有显著增加,平均增产率在216.09%~1 277.24%。潢川2个试验点的缺氮处理（N0P2K2）、缺磷处理（N2P0K2）、缺钾处理（N2P2K0）的产量均值分别为735.38、812.93和2 478.68kg/hm2,与不施肥处理（N0P0K0）差异均达到显著水平,缺钾处理（N2P2K0）与缺氮处理（N0P2K2）、缺磷处理（N2P0K2）差异达到显著水平。当潢川2个试验点的施肥处理为N2P2K3时,产量均最高,分别达到3 361.65和3 046.65kg/hm2,均值为3 204.15kg/hm2,是不施肥处理（N0P0K0）产量的13.7倍,与多数处理差异达到显著水平。

而南阳试验点施肥后产量增加不显著,增产率在4.01%~58.67%,除了N2P2K2、N2P3K2、N2P2K3、N3P2K2和N1P1K2,其他处理与不施肥处理（N0P0K0）产量差异不显著。缺氮处理（N0P2K2）、缺磷处理（N2P0K2）和缺钾处理（N2P2K0）的产量分别为1 951.05、2 126.10和2 376.15kg/hm2,彼此之间差异不显著,与不施肥处理（N0P0K0）差异不显著。其中最高产量施肥处理为N2P3K2,产量达到2 976.45kg/hm2,增产率只有58.67%,与N0P2K2、N1P2K2、N2P0K2和N2P1K2差异显著,与其他施肥处理之间差异不显著。

2.2 不同氮磷钾配比对农学利用效率的影响

表4为3个试验点氮、磷、钾肥的农学利用率,即1kg养分增加的油菜子粒产量。在潢川2个试验点,1kg纯N平均能增产15.33kg油菜子,1kg P2O5能增产22.20kg油菜子,1kg K2O能增产22.17kg油菜子。在南阳试验点,1kg纯N平均能增产4.05kg油菜子,1kg P2O5能增产6.07kg油菜子,1kg K2O能增产5.87kg油菜子。当施氮量在90kg/hm2时,1kg纯N生产效率最高,氮肥农学利用率均在22kg/kg以上;施P2O5量和施K2O量均在60kg/hm2时,1kg纯养分生产效率最高,磷、钾肥农学利用率均值均达到33kg/kg以上;表明随着肥料施用量的增加,其肥料农学利用率降低。从3个试验点的数据来看,潢川2个试验点施用氮磷钾肥后的农学利用率均值为13.86~24.18kg/kg,明显高于南阳试验点（均值为4.05~6.07kg/kg）,说明潢川2个试验点基础肥力差,施用氮磷钾肥后,油菜子粒增产效果更明显。

表4   不同施肥处理的肥料农学利用率

Table 4  The agronomic efficiency in different fertilizer treatments kg/kg

处理
Treatment		潢川1 Huangchuan 1潢川2 Huangchuan 2潢川平均值Average of Huangchuan南阳Nanyang
NP2O5K2ONP2O5K2ONP2O5K2ONP2O5K2O
N0P0K0------------
N0P2K2-4.294.29-4.094.09-4.194.19-0.630.63
N1P2K226.4619.8419.8419.7314.8014.8023.0917.3217.321.951.461.46
N2P0K23.11-4.673.34-5.003.22-4.841.39-2.09
N2P1K214.3443.0221.5113.7941.3620.6814.0642.1921.091.815.422.71
N2P2K216.0624.1024.1014.0421.0521.0515.0522.5722.574.596.886.88
N2P3K216.6216.6224.9314.5414.5421.8015.5815.5823.376.116.119.17
N2P2K012.5318.80-12.4218.63-12.4818.72-2.784.17-
N2P2K115.6523.4746.9413.6520.4740.9414.6521.9743.943.204.809.59
N2P2K317.2025.8017.2015.8123.7215.8116.5124.7616.514.176.254.17
N3P2K211.1225.0125.019.5421.4721.4710.3323.2423.243.066.886.88
N1P1K225.4038.1019.0519.9029.8514.9222.6533.9816.9910.2815.437.71
N1P2K127.4020.5541.1016.2616.2632.5224.5418.4136.815.844.388.76
N2P1K110.2030.6030.6013.2839.8539.8511.7435.2335.233.4710.4210.42
平均Average16.3424.1823.2713.8622.1721.0815.3322.2022.174.056.075.87

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2.3 肥料最佳用量及效应方程

2.3.1 氮肥最佳用量及效应方程 在相同施磷量和施钾量（施磷量120kg/hm2,施钾量120kg/hm2）条件下,分析不同施氮量处理（N0P2K2,N1P2K2,N2P2K2,N3P2K2）对油菜产量的影响。随着施氮量的增加,潢川2个试验点的产量均值分别比对照（N0P2K2）增长了1 575.75、630.37和80.00kg/hm2,南阳试验点的产量分别比对照（N0P2K2）增长了100.05、650.25和0kg/hm2,说明在180kg/hm2基础上再增加施氮量,油菜的增产效果不明显。不同施氮量条件下油菜产量效应见图1,均呈二次抛物线且开口向下,达到最大产量时,潢川1试验点的最佳施氮量为216.66kg/hm2,潢川2为237.34kg/hm2,南阳为654.40kg/hm2。由此可以得出潢川2个试验点结果较为一致;南阳试验点的效应曲线较为平缓,因此达到最大产量时氮肥的增产效果不大。

图1

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图1   不同施氮量条件下油菜产量变化

Fig.1   Trends of yield increase with different N treatments in Brassica napus


2.3.2 磷肥最佳用量及效应方程 在施氮量为180kg/hm2,施钾量为120kg/hm2时,分析不同施磷量（N2P0K2,N2P1K2,N2P2K2,N2P3K2）对油菜产量的影响。潢川2个试验点当施磷量为60kg/hm2时比施磷量为0kg/hm2时增产幅度最大,均值差达到1 951kg/hm2,施磷肥效果较为明显（表3）;而南阳试验点增施磷肥增产效果不明显,当施磷量为180kg/hm2时,比不施磷仅增产800kg/hm2。图2可以看出潢川1和2试验点均为二次抛物线,开口向下,油菜产量达到最大值的施磷量分别为137.50和130.80kg/hm2。而南阳试验点的抛物线开口向上,说明施磷效果不明显,南阳试验点的土壤速效磷在试验初期为42.86mg/kg,属于高磷水平,可以满足作物生长需要,当季不需要使用磷肥。

图2

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图2   不同施磷量条件下油菜产量变化

Fig.2   Trends of yield increase with different P treatments in Brassica napus


2.3.3 钾肥最佳用量及效应方程 当施氮量为180kg/hm2,施P2O5量为120kg/hm2时,分析不同施钾量（N2P2K0,N2P2K1,N2P2K2,N2P2K3）对油菜产量的影响。3个试验点施钾量为0kg/hm2时,产量均达到2 300kg/hm2以上,而施钾肥的最高产量分别为3 361.65、3 046.65和2 701.35kg/hm2,说明钾肥的增产效果不明显。其中南阳试验点的产量在施钾量为120kg/hm2达到最高,在此基础上增施钾肥,产量呈下降趋势。图3看出潢川1和南阳2个试验点均为二次抛物线,开口向下,由此得知油菜产量达到最大值的施钾量分别为177.51和170.41kg/hm2,其中南阳试验点的效应方程曲线较为平缓,说明油菜产量随着钾肥用量的增加而缓慢提高,钾肥的增产效果不明显。南阳试验点的土壤速效钾在试验初期为142.23mg/kg,属于高钾水平,可以满足作物生长需要。潢川2试验点的抛物线开口向上,说明施钾效果不明显。

图3

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图3   不同施钾量条件下油菜产量变化

Fig.3   Trends of yield increase with different K treatments in Brassica napus


2.4 不同肥料配比的施肥效应

2.4.1 不同肥料配比的养分生产力分析 从表5可以看出,潢川2个试验点在不施氮和磷肥时养分生产力较低,均值分别只有3.1和2.7kg/kg;且养分生产力随着施肥量的增加,先升高后降低。在施肥处理为N1P2K1时,养分生产力最高,平均为9.0kg/kg,即1kg养分能生产9.0kg的油菜子粒,配施的总养分量为270kg/hm2,N:P2O5:K2O为1:1.33:0.67,配施效果最高。其次是处理N1P1K2,养分生产力平均达到8.4kg/kg,配施的总养分量为270kg/hm2,N:P2O5:K2O为1:0.67:1.33。当施肥处理为N3P2K2时,配施的总养分量达到510kg/hm2,养分生产力平均只有5.9kg/kg。其中南阳试验点在不施氮或磷或钾肥时养分生产力较高,分别为8.1、7.1和7.9kg/kg;随着配施总养分量的增加,养分生产力呈逐渐下降的趋势。当施肥处理为N3P2K2时,生产力最低为5.3kg/kg,配施的总养分量最高为510kg/hm2,即1kg养分能生产5.3kg的油菜子粒,配施效果最差。当施肥处理为N1P1K2时,养分生产力最高为10.4kg/kg,配施的总养分量为270kg/hm2,N:P2O5:K2O为1:0.67:1.33,即1kg养分能生产10.4kg的油菜子粒,配施效果最高。其次是N1P2K1,养分生产力为8.9kg/kg,总养分量为270kg/hm2。

表5   不同施肥处理产量的养分生产力

Table 5  The nutrient productivity of yields in different fertilizer treatments

处理
Treatment		养分投入量(kg/hm2)
Nutrient input		单位养分生产力Nutrient productivity (kg/kg)N:P2O5:K20
潢川1 Huangchuan 1潢川2 Huangchuan 2潢川平均值Average of Huangchuan南阳Nanyang
N0P0K00-----
N0P2K22403.32.93.18.10:1:1
N1P2K23308.06.07.06.21:1.3:1.3
N2P0K23002.82.72.77.11:0:0.67
N2P1K23607.97.47.76.11:0.3:0.75
N2P2K24207.56.57.06.41:0.67:0.67
N2P3K24806.85.96.36.21:1:0.67
N2P2K03008.48.18.37.91:0.67:0
N2P2K13608.67.48.06.81:0.67:0.33
N2P2K34807.06.36.75.51:0.67:1
N3P2K25106.45.45.95.31:0.44:0.44
N1P1K22709.47.48.410.41:0.67:1.33
N1P2K127010.18.09.08.91:1.33:0.67
N2P1K13007.08.67.88.31:0.33:0.33

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总体可以看出,当总养分投入量越多,单位养分生产力越低。潢川和南阳3个试验点的最高养分生产力,均发生在养分投入量在270kg/hm2时。其中南阳试验点的最低养分生产力为5.3和5.5kg/kg,处理为N3P2K2和N2P2K3,其养分投入量最多,分别为510和480kg/hm2。说明施肥量并不是越多越增产,只有在合理、平衡施肥条件下,才能获得高产。

2.4.2 不同肥料配比的经济效益分析 从表6各施肥处理油菜经济效益可以看出,对潢川2个试验点来说,N2P2K3施肥处理是获得最高经济效益的施肥配方,经济效益分别为14 273.0和12 698.0元/hm2,平均达到13 485.5元/hm2,其次为施肥处理N3P2K2,平均经济效益为12 504.7元/hm2,排在第3位的施肥处理为N2P2K2,平均经济效益为12 452.2元/hm2。根据油菜产量和产值结果排序,前3位的施肥处理分别是N2P2K3>N2P3K2>N3P2K2,这与经济效益结果基本一致,其中N2P2K3施肥处理是获得高产和高经济效益的施肥配方和施肥量。

Table 6   The output value and economic benefit in different fertilizer treatments 元/hm2 yuan/hm2

处理Treatment养分投入Nutrient input油菜产值Output value经济效益Economic benefit
潢川1 Huangchuan 1潢川2 Huangchuan 2潢川平均值
Average of Huangchuan		南阳Nanyang潢川1 Huangchuan 1潢川2 Huangchuan 2潢川平均值
Average of Huangchuan		南阳Nanyang
N0P0K001 326.01 000.51 163.39 379.51 326.01 000.51 163.39 379.5
N0P2K21 560.03 902.33 451.53 676.99 755.32 342.31 891.52 116.98 195.3
N1P2K21 907.613 231.59 879.811 555.710 255.511 323.97 972.19 648.08 347.9
N2P0K21 255.34 127.34 002.04 064.710 630.52 872.02 746.72 809.49 375.2
N2P1K21 755.314 232.013 407.013 819.511 005.512 476.711 651.712 064.29 250.2
N2P2K22 255.315 783.013 632.014 707.513 506.813 527.711 376.712 452.211 251.5
N2P3K22 755.316 283.314 082.015 182.714 882.313 528.011 326.712 427.412 127.0
N2P2K01 695.312 606.012 180.812 393.411 880.810 910.710 485.510 698.110 185.5
N2P2K11 975.315 408.013 281.814 344.912 256.513 432.711 306.512 369.610 281.2
N2P2K32 535.316 808.315 233.316 020.813 131.814 273.012 698.013 485.510 596.5
N3P2K22 602.916 333.513 881.815 107.713 506.813 730.611 278.812 504.710 903.8
N1P1K21 407.612 756.89 954.811 355.814 007.011 349.18 547.19 948.112 599.4
N1P2K11 627.613 656.810 755.812 206.312 006.012 029.19 128.110 578.610 378.4
N2P1K11 475.310 505.312 956.311 730.812 506.39 030.011 481.010 255.511 031.0

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南阳试验点,油菜最高经济效益为12 599.4元/hm2,其对应的施肥处理为N1P1K2;其次为12 127.0元/hm2,对应施肥处理为N2P3K2;排在第3位的是11 251.5元/hm2,对应的施肥处理为N2P2K2。这3个施肥处理在长江流域玉米-油菜轮作区是获得高经济效益的施肥处理。根据油菜产量和产值结果排序,前3位的施肥处理分别是N2P3K2>N1P1K2>N2P2K2。其中N1P1K2施肥处理相比处理N2P3K2,产值减少了875.3元/hm2,但经济效益增长了472.4元/hm2,是获得高产和高经济效益的施肥配方和施肥量。

3 讨论

试验结果表明,氮磷钾肥配合施用能显著提高油菜产量,三因素中,氮肥是控制油菜产量的第一要素,其次是磷,随着氮肥和磷肥的施用,油菜产量显著增加,最后是钾,增产效果不显著,特别是南阳玉米-油菜轮作试验点,这与前人的研究结果[15,16,17]基本一致。其中潢川稻油轮作条件下油菜产量对肥料的依赖程度极高,施肥后油菜产量显著增加。因为潢川2个试验点的基础地力较低,土壤中磷素和钾素属于较低和极低水平,需要大量补充磷钾肥才能实现高产。而南阳玉米-油菜轮作条件下的增产效果比潢川2个试验点要低,主要原因是南阳土壤为黄褐土,前茬是玉米,施肥量较大,土壤养分含量高,特别是磷素和钾素含量属于较高水平,基础地力较高,导致相对肥料的增产率较低。可以看出因潢川和南阳试验点的基础地力不同,导致油菜最高产量的施肥处理也不同。

农学利用效率反映了单位施肥量增加作物产量的能力,可以用来评价肥料的增产效应[18,19]。本研究结果表明：氮、磷、钾肥施用量越少,农学利用率越高,随着施肥量的增加,农学利用率逐渐降低。其中稻油轮作条件下中低肥力地区,氮、磷、钾肥农学利用效率明显高于玉米-油菜轮作条件下高肥力地区。李慧等[5]分析中国2106个油菜田间试验数据发现,油菜施用氮磷钾肥的农学利用效率平均分别为6.2、7.8和5.4kg/kg。邹娟等[20]在长江流域冬油菜主产区进行的田间试验,发现油菜农学利用效率分别为6.2kg/kg N、6.3kg/kgP2O5和2.6kg/kg K2O。本研究潢川试验点氮磷钾肥的农学利用率明显高于前人的研究结果,南阳试验点与前人的研究结果基本相当。进一步说明土壤肥力水平是影响肥料利用效率高低的主要因素。低肥力土壤施肥增产效果较好,土壤基础地力对产量贡献率较低,主要依靠增施肥料来达到高产,而高肥力土壤由于基础地力对产量贡献率较高,单纯依靠土壤自身养分供给就能满足作物对养分的需求[19,21]。

本试验利用建立的一元二次肥料效应方程,模拟出各试验点的氮、磷、钾肥推荐最佳施肥量。其中潢川2个试验点的最佳施肥量均值分别为N 227kg/hm2、P2O5 134kg/hm2、K2O 174kg/hm2,最优经济产量可达2 828.15~3 422.44kg/hm2。此结果与这2个试验点获得最高产量的施肥处理N2P2K3（施N 180kg/hm2,P2O5 120kg/hm2,K2O180kg/hm2）基本一致,说明此处理N2P2K3的施肥量最接近潢川地区最佳施肥量。而南阳试验点由于土地本身基础肥力较高,效应方程曲线较为平缓,氮、磷、钾肥随着施用量的不断增加产量升高缓慢。因此不能单纯追求高产,更应该注重产投比,实现最大的经济效益。

养分生产力反映的是肥料投入与产出的比例。随着养分投入量的增加,养分生产力逐渐降低,即总养分投入量越多,单位养分生产力越低。在潢川2个试验点,当配施的总养分量在240~300kg/hm2时,如处理N0P2K2和N2P0K2,其养分生产力分别仅有3.1和2.7kg/kg,其主要原因是在潢川低肥力地区,缺氮、缺磷处理导致土壤养分严重不均衡,最终影响产量和养分生产力,说明只有在合理、平衡地施肥条件下,才能获得高产[22,23]。邹娟等[20]认为当施用氮磷钾的产投比>2.0时可以用来评价施肥后经济收益的显著性。本试验施用氮磷钾肥后产投比均大于2.0,在2.7~10.4,表明河南省不同轮作区氮磷钾配合施用可明显提高油菜产值,增加经济收益。

综合而言,施用氮、磷、钾肥均可显著提高油菜产量,其中中低肥力土壤施用氮磷钾肥可以获得高产和高的经济效益,而高肥力土壤由于基础地力已经基本能满足作物生长,施用氮磷钾增产效果不明显,肥料利用效率低,且导致经济效益下降,增加环境污染。对潢川黄淮稻油轮作中低肥力地区,在基追比为7:3的基础上,最佳施肥处理为N2P2K3,属于高投入、高产量、高效益型的施肥方式,这与一元二次效应方程得出的最佳施肥量结果基本一致;对南阳玉米-油菜轮作高肥力地区,最佳施肥处理为N1P1K2,属于低成本、高产量、高效益型的施肥方式。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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河南农业科学, 2016,45(6):34-39.

Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

河南省是全国油菜主产省之一，油菜遗传育种成效显著，全省平均产量居全国先进水平。综述了河南省油菜遗传育种、杂种优势利用等的研究进展及其主要成效，以期为今后的油菜遗传育种工作提供参考。针对近年来油菜产业发展中存在的生产成本偏高、专用型品种缺乏、保健型油脂需求旺盛等问题，及时调整了育种目标，在高产、优质、抗病的基础上，又开辟了高油、高油酸、适应机械化、耐迟播等新的研究方向；在育种技术上加强了游离小孢子培养技术、分子标记辅助选择技术的研究，并建立了相应的高效技术体系；加强了优异种质资源创新研究，创制和建立了稳定的高油、高油酸、低亚麻酸、抗寒、抗旱、抗裂荚、花色变异等各具特色的育种群体和新的种质资源；育成了一批强优势双低（即低芥酸、低硫苷）油菜杂交种和高油双低新品种，其在产量、品质和抗逆性等方面均有显著提高，为油菜新品种的更新换代和增产增收提供了强有力的技术支撑；<span>2003&mdash;2014年，河南省油菜平均产量高于全国平均水平21.84%。最后提出了今后河南省油菜育种的目标，即选育在品质、产量、抗逆性、生产效率（肥料利用率高、适合机械化）和生态安全（少用农药）等方面都得到改善和提高的油菜品种。</span>

邹娟, 鲁剑巍, 陈防 , 等.

氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域油菜产量及经济效益的影响

作物学报, 2009,35(1):87-92.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00087      URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">2006&mdash;2007</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年在长江流域</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">10</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">个冬油菜主产省</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">市</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">布置</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">32</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">个田间试验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">研究氮、磷、钾及硼肥施用对油菜籽产量的影响</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">并对施肥经济效益进行了分析。结果表明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">氮磷钾硼肥配合施用处理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">(NPKB)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">平均产量为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">2 590 kg hm<sup>-2</sup>, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">PKB</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">NKB</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">NPB</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">NPK</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">FFP(</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">农民习惯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">处理相比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">平均每公顷分别增收油菜籽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">1 055</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">727</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">253</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">337</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">639 kg</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">；施用磷、钾及硼肥的增产幅度随土壤有效磷、钾及硼含量的升高呈现下降趋势；按试验年份的物价计算</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">扣除肥料成本后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">施用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">NPKB</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">效益达到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">7 274</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"> hm<sup>-2</sup>, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">PKB</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">NKB</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">NPB</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">NPK</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">处理相比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">每公顷经济效益分别增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">2 868</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">2 139</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">434</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">1 076</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">其中施用氮、磷、钾肥产投比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">&gt;2.0</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">的试验数分别占总数的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">87.5%</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">87.5%</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">50.0%</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">。研究结果显示</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">长江流域冬油菜施用氮磷钾硼肥增产、增收效果显著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">氮磷钾硼配合施用技术可以进行大面积推广应用。</span></p>

杨勇, 刘强, 宋海星 , 等.

不同氮磷钾配比对冬油菜生长和产量的影响

西北农业学报, 2011,20(4):70-75.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1389.2011.04.015      URL     [本文引用: 1]

采用田间小区试验,研究不同氮磷钾配比对湘杂油763生长和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,较高的施氮比例(磷钾施用量一致)和较高的施磷比例(氮钾施用量一致)处理油菜长势较好,表现为干物质积累量、株高、分枝数、根冠比和叶绿素含量都较高,并且每角果粒数和千粒质量也较高,最终产量增加;而施钾比例对产量的影响没有一致的规律;供试12种氮磷钾配比处理中,以m(N)∶m(P2O5)∶m(K2O)=1∶0.5∶0.58处理的籽粒产量最高,为1 830 kg/hm2,其次是m(N)∶m(P2O5)∶m(K2O)=1∶0.5∶0.88处理,籽粒产量为1 800 kg/hm2,m(N)∶m(P2O5)∶m(K2O)=1∶0.4∶1.4处理的籽粒产量最低,为1 350 kg/hm2。产量构成因素中单株有效角果数对产量影响最大,其次是千粒质量,每角粒数对产量影响较小。

彭建伟, 田昌, 宋海星 , 等.

氮磷钾配比与用量对湘杂油763产量和经济效益的影响

生态学杂志, 2012,31(4):856-861.

URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

为了筛选出冬油菜新品种“湘杂油763”在湖南油菜主产区推广的 适宜氮磷钾配比及用量,于2008-2010年连续进行了2次该品种的氮磷钾配比及用量的大田小区试验,研究了不同氮磷钾配比及用量对其生物产量、籽粒产 量、油分产量和经济效益的影响.结果表明:氮磷钾配比(N∶P2O5∶K2O)为1∶0.50∶0.50(处理B)和氮磷钾配比(N∶P2O5∶K2O) 为1∶0.43∶0.57(处理G)的处理籽粒产量较高,分别达到2231和2065 kg·hm-2,处理B显著高于除G外的其他处理；氮磷钾3种养分中,以氮肥对提高油菜籽粒产量的作用最大,其次为磷肥,作用最小者为钾肥；油分产量及植 株生物产量变化规律与籽粒产量基本一致；按照处理B配比,籽粒产值为9816.97元·hm-2、施肥仅1641.23元·hm-2、施肥效益为 6741.34元·hm-2,产投比达4.11;研究区域内N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.50∶0.50,用量分别180(N)、90( P2O5)和90 kg·hm-2(K2O)为较适宜施肥比例及用量.

李慧, 马常宝, 鲁剑魏 , 等.

中国不同区域油菜氮磷钾肥增产效果

中国农业科学, 2013,46(9):1837-1847.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.09.011      URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 2]

【目的】研究中国油菜氮、磷、钾肥增产效果，明确不同区域油菜施肥效果概况和区域特点，为区域推荐施肥提供理论基础。【方法】总结2005&mdash;2010年中国2 106个油菜田间试验数据，通过计算获得最高产量时氮、磷、钾肥的增产量、增产率和农学利用率，分析各油菜区域施用化肥的增产效果。【结果】中国油菜施用氮肥增产量和增产率均值分别为1 044 kg&bull;hm-2和87.4%，主要分布在500&mdash;1 500 kg&bull;hm-2和5%&mdash;100%范围内，99%的试验有增产效果；磷肥增产量和增产率均值分别为634 kg&bull;hm-2和39.9%，主要分布在200&mdash;1 000 kg&bull;hm-2和5%&mdash;40%范围内，94%的试验有增产效果；钾肥增产量和增产率均值分别为420 kg&bull;hm-2和22.9%，主要分布在100&mdash;600 kg&bull;hm-2和10%&mdash;40%范围内，88%的试验有增产效果。每千克氮肥（N）、磷肥（P2O5）、钾肥（K2O）平均增收油菜籽6.2、7.8和5.4 kg。长江下游冬油菜区氮、磷肥的增产效果最好，增产率均值分别为128.8%和51.3%，长江中游冬油菜区钾肥增产效果最好，增产率均值为24.6%，春油菜区氮磷钾肥施用增产效果较低，增产率均值分别为42.6%、31.6%和21.3%。【结论】中国油菜施用化肥增产效果显著，具体表现为氮肥＞磷肥＞钾肥，氮素是影响油菜产量的主要养分因素。春油菜区氮磷钾肥增产效果较差，长江下游冬油菜区氮、磷肥增产效果最好，长江中游冬油菜区钾肥增产效果最好。部分试验施用肥料不增产或肥料用量不合理，需要进一步改进施肥量，实现油菜施肥高产高效。

李银水, 鲁剑巍, 邹娟 , 等.

湖北省油菜氮肥效应及推荐用量研究

中国油料作物学报, 2008,30(2):218-223.

Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

通过15个田间试验研究湖北省油菜主产区氮肥效应和适宜用量。结果表明适量施用氮肥对油菜具有明显的增产增收效果，施氮比不施氮对照增收油菜籽402~2759kg/hm2，平均增产1270kg/hm2，平均增产率达133.0%；施氮纯利润平均为3403元/hm2，产投比平均达6.00；氮肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为17.6kg/kg N和8.0kg/kg N。根据肥料效应方程，在当前生产条件下，油菜生产的氮肥最佳经济用量为120.1~325.4kg N/hm2，平均用量为199.6kg N /hm2。土壤碱解氮含量与油菜氮肥最佳经济推荐用量呈极显著负相关性（r﹦﹣0.7734**，n﹦12），根据土壤碱解氮含量（x，单位为mg/kg）水平，湖北省目前油菜生产适宜用氮量（y，单位为kg/hm2）可通过公式y﹦553.72﹣74.699Ln（x）求得。 <BR><BR>

李银水, 鲁剑巍, 邹娟 , 等.

湖北省油菜钾肥效应及推荐用量研究

中国油料作物学报, 2008,30(4):469-475.

Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

通过22个田间试验研究湖北省油菜主产区钾肥效应和适宜用量。结果表明适量施用钾肥对油菜具有明显的增产增收效果，21个试验施钾比不施钾对照增收油菜籽70~1091kg/hm2，平均增产337kg/hm2，增产幅度在2.5%~68.6%之间，平均增产率为18.6%；纯利润平均为871元/hm2，产投比平均达3.91；钾肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为34.8kg/kg K2O和4.2kg/kg K2O。根据肥料效应方程，在当前生产条件下，油菜生产的钾肥最佳经济用量平均为82.7kg K2O/hm2，推荐幅度为0~150.2kg K2O/hm2。土壤速效钾含量与油菜钾肥最佳推荐用量呈极显著负相关性（r﹦﹣0.7896**，n﹦20），根据土壤速效钾含量（x，单位为mg/kg）水平，湖北省目前油菜生产适宜用钾量（y，单位为kg/hm2）可通过公式y﹦366.28﹣62.646Ln(x)求得。 <BR>

李银水, 鲁剑巍, 邹娟 , 等.

湖北省油菜磷肥效应及推荐用量研究

中国油料作物学报, 2009,31(1):44-50.

Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

：通过20个田间试验研究湖北省油菜主产区磷肥效应和适宜用量。结果表明，适量施用磷肥对油菜具有明显的增产增收效果，19个试验施磷比不施磷对照增收油菜籽75~1117kg/hm2，平均增产489kg/hm2；施磷增产4.3%~62.6%，平均增产率为26.4%；施磷纯利润平均为1417元/hm2，产投比平均达6.08；磷肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为41.2kg/kg P2O5和7.3kg/kg P2O5。根据肥料效应方程，在当前生产条件下，油菜生产的磷肥最佳经济用量平均为67.8kg P2O5/hm2，推荐幅度为0~114.3kg P2O5/hm2。土壤有效磷含量与油菜磷肥最佳推荐用量呈极显著负相关性（r﹦﹣0.7586**，n﹦18），根据土壤有效磷含量（x，单位为mg/kg）水平，湖北省目前油菜生产适宜用磷量（y，单位为kg/hm2）可通过公式y﹦161.43﹣36.436Ln(x)求得。 <BR>

邹小云, 陈伦林, 李书宇 , 等.

氮、磷、钾、硼肥施用对甘蓝型杂交油菜产量及经济效益的影响

中国农业科学, 2011,44(5):917-924.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.05.007      URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

<P><FONT face=Verdana>【目的】指导当前生产条件下江西油菜测土配方施肥技术的推广。【方法】2008—2009年在江西省设置12个田间试验,研究氮、磷、钾和硼肥施用对甘蓝型杂交油菜产量及其相关性状的影响,并对施肥经济效益进行分析。【结果】氮磷钾硼肥配施处理(NPKB)平均产量为2 015 kg?hm-2,与不施肥相比,NPKB、缺B(NPK)、缺P(NKB)、缺K(NPB)和缺N(PKB)分别增产1 121、839、758、746和249 kg?hm-2;NPKB配施处理下各主要经济性状表现较好,有利于对N、P、K、B素的吸收利用;效益分析表明,NPKB配施效益达到5 449.5元/hm2,比不施肥增收2 231.1元/hm2,其次是缺B(NPK)、缺P(NKB)、缺K(NPB),分别比不施肥增收1 298.4、1 280.7和1 541.1元/hm2,而不施氮肥的处理减收206.1元/hm2。【结论】NPKB配施对甘蓝型杂交油菜增产、增收效果显著,是保证高效生产的技术关键。<BR></FONT></P>

王圣瑞, 陈新平, 高祥照 , 等.

“3414”肥料试验模型拟合的探讨

植物营养与肥料学报, 2002,8(4):409-413.

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1008-505X.2002.04.006      URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

以UNDP95-98年在河北唐山进行的27个"3414"冬小麦试验为例,研究了三元二次施肥模型与一元施肥模型对"3414"肥料试验结果的拟合情况。结果表明,三元二次施肥模型进行拟合试验成功率仅为56%,而采用一元施肥模型可以对全部试验进行数据处理。在同一试验中,与一元施肥模型相比,采用三元二次施肥模型计算的推荐施肥量偏高;根据一元施肥模型拟合计算分别有15%、44%、67%的点不需要施用N、P、K肥,而采用三元二次施肥模型则无法获得这一信息。因此,在"3414"试验中,一元施肥模型是三元二次施肥模型拟合的一种很好补充和优化手段。

陈新平, 张福锁 .

通过“3414”试验建立测土配方施肥技术指标体系

中国农技推广, 2006,22(4):36-39.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-381X.2006.04.026      URL     [本文引用: 1]

自2005年起,国家在全国范围内广泛开展测土配方施肥工作,以推动粮食增产、农民增收和保护生态环境。2006年中央1号文件《中共中央国务院关于推进社会主义新农村建设的若干意见》将测土配方施肥工作列为推进新农村建设的一项重要举措。从各地近期反馈的情况来看,测土配方施肥

章明清, 李娟, 孔庆波 , 等.

作物肥料效应函数模型研究进展与展望

土壤学报, 2016,53(6):1343-1356.

[本文引用: 1]

孙义祥, 郭跃升, 于舜帐 , 等.

应用“3414”试验建立冬小麦测土配方施肥指标体系

植物营养与肥料学报, 2009,15(1):197-203.

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1008-505X.2009.01.029      URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以山东省冬小麦为例，对应用</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">3414</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">完全或部分实施试验结果建立磷、钾施肥技术指标体系的技术环节进行探讨，并就当前建立指标体系中遇到的问题进行解析。本研究以<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">相对产量</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">75%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">90%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">95%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为标准将山东省土壤有效磷、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">速效<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">钾划分为低、中、高和极高</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级；并</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分别用三元二次、一元二次和线性加平台模型对不同土壤养分分级范围内施肥量与产量关系进行模拟，计算最佳肥料用量。结果表明，当山东省土壤有效磷、速效钾含量处于低等级（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Olsen-P&lt;10 mg/kg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">NH<SUB>4</SUB>OAc-K&lt;50 mg/kg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）时，磷、钾肥（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">P<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">K<SUB>2</SUB>O</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）用量分别应为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">130</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">120</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">150 kg/hm<SUP>2</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；中等级（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Olsen-P, 10~30 mg/kg; NH<SUB>4</SUB>OAc-K, 50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">100 mg/kg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）时，磷、钾肥用量为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">80</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">120 kg/hm<SUP>2</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；高等级（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Olsen-P, 30</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">50 mg/kg; NH<SUB>4</SUB>OAc-K, 100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">140 mg/kg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）时，磷、钾肥用量为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">60</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">80</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">60</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">80 kg/hm<SUP>2</SUP></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；当土壤有效磷高于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">50 mg/kg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，速效钾高于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">140 mg/kg </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时，无需磷钾肥施用。</SPAN>

朱桂玉, 区惠平, 何佳 , 等.

免耕水稻在“3414”试验方案中氮磷钾配施的肥料效应研究

中国土壤与肥料, 2011(5):48-52.

DOI:10.11838/sfsc.20110509      URL     [本文引用: 1]

在免耕抛秧种植模式下进行“3414”肥料效应试验，通过建立氮、磷、钾施肥量与产量的回归模型，探索当地水稻的最佳施肥量。结果表明，氮磷钾施用量均为中等水平时，产量和经济效益达到最佳；各类型函数所获得的最佳经济产量表现为一元函数>二元函数>三元函数。结合一元、二元、三元肥料效应函数及实际生产而获得的推荐施肥指标：最高产量施肥量为每公顷施N 197.70 kg，P2O5 73.05 kg，K2O 180.00 kg；最佳产量施肥量为每公顷施N 194.10 kg，P2O5 65.55 kg，K2O 170.10 kg。

王寅, 汪洋, 鲁剑巍 , 等.

直播和移栽冬油菜生长和产量形成对氮磷钾肥的响应差异

植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(1):132-142.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.14430      URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

<p>【目的】直播和移栽是目前长江流域冬油菜的两种主要种植方式,其发展状况对我国油菜产业发展和油料供应安全具有重要意义。直播和移栽冬油菜的栽培过程和植株密度存在显著差异,因此两者的个体形态、 生长发育及产量形成有所差异,对养分的施用响应也可能不同。本研究利用大田试验研究施肥和种植方式对冬油菜生长发育和产量形成的影响,比较不同种植方式下冬油菜的生长特点及其差异。【方法】采用大田试验,研究氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、 不施氮(-N)、 不施磷(-P)和不施钾(-K)处理下直播和移栽冬油菜各生育期的株高、 根颈粗和叶片数。越冬期低温和干旱逆境发生时测定顶四叶的生理生化指标,包括硝酸还原酶活性、 过氧化物酶活性、 过氧化氢酶活性、 可溶性蛋白含量、 可溶性糖含量、 游离脯氨酸含量和丙二醛含量。角果期调查菌核病的发病率。成熟期调查产量构成因素,包括密度、 分枝数、 单株角果数、 主序角果数、 角粒数和千粒重,最后进行实产统计。【结果】直播冬油菜前期株高相比移栽冬油菜增长较快,薹期后则明显降低,根颈粗和叶片数在各生育时期均显著较低。直播冬油菜越冬期叶片生理生化水平较移栽冬油菜偏低,丙二醛含量显著较高。直播冬油菜角果期菌核病的发病率平均为21.8%,远高于移栽冬油菜的8.5%。两种种植方式冬油菜成熟期表现出显著不同的产量构成,相比移栽冬油菜,直播冬油菜的植株密度显著较高,而个体分枝数、 角果数和角粒数则显著较少,而且主序角果的比例明显较高。最终,直播和移栽冬油菜在NPK处理的产量非常接近,分别为2019和2081 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>,但直播冬油菜在缺素条件下的产量较移栽冬油菜均显著偏低。相比NPK处理,任一养分缺乏均显著阻碍直播和移栽冬油菜的生长发育和产量形成,其中氮素影响最为显著和全面,其次是磷素,钾素影响相对较小。与移栽冬油菜不同,直播冬油菜成熟期的植株密度在缺素时出现下降,氮、 磷缺乏导致直播冬油菜密度分别降低53.6%和18.7%。养分缺乏条件下较差的个体生长和降低的植株密度是导致直播冬油菜产量降幅偏高的主要原因。【结论】当前栽培方式下,直播冬油菜起始阶段个体发育较差,导致生育期内生长表现和产量形成对养分缺乏更为敏感。相比移栽冬油菜,直播冬油菜应更重视氮磷钾养分的平衡施用,以促进个体健壮和群体稳定而获得高产。直播冬油菜的养分管理研究需进一步加强,尤其是应对逆境发生的施肥调控技术与措施。</p>

邹敏 .

不同配比氮磷钾对油菜产量的影响

农技服务, 2013,30(10):1059-1060,1062.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-8421.2013.10.014      URL     [本文引用: 1]

为了解不同配比对油菜产量的影 响,采用"3414"试验对油菜进行了不同氮磷钾配比试验,结果表明:空白区产量缺氮区产量缺磷区产量缺钾区产量全肥区。N、P、K互作效应最高,其次为 NP、NK,PK互作效应较差。通过回归模型分析最佳施肥量分别为N11.47 kg,P2O57.22 kg,K2O 8.45 kg,理论上可获得油菜产量173.8 kg/667 m2。

邹娟, 朱建强, 吴启侠 , 等.

氮磷钾施用对薹花期受渍油菜产量及养分吸收的影响

湖北农业科学, 2015,54(20):4956-4959.

DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.20.009      URL     [本文引用: 1]

盆栽条件下模拟油菜(Brassica napusL.)蕾薹-花期渍水,研究氮磷钾肥施用对渍水油菜产量和养分吸收的影响.结果表明,氮磷钾配施有利于增强油菜抗渍能力,促进油菜对养分的吸收,增加各器官干物质重,并提高了油菜收获指数和子粒中养分累积的比例,进而减轻了渍水带来的产量损失.氮磷钾三要素中对薹花期渍水油菜产量和养分吸收的作用效应为氮＞磷＞钾.

张福锁, 王激清, 张卫峰 , 等.

中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径

土壤学报, 2008,45(5):915-924.

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2008.05.018      URL     [本文引用: 1]

总结了近年来在全国粮食主产区进行的1 333个田间试验结果,分析了目前条件下中国主要粮食作物水稻、小麦和玉米氮磷钾肥的偏生产力、农学效率、肥料利用率和生理利用率等,发现水稻、小麦和玉米的氮肥农学效率分别为10.4 kg kg-1、8.0 kg kg-1和9.8 kg kg-1,氮肥利用率分别为28.3%、28.2%和26.1%,远低于国际水平,与20世纪80年代相比呈下降趋势。造成肥料利用率低的主要原因包括高产农田过量施肥,忽视土壤和环境养分的利用,作物产量潜力未得到充分发挥以及养分损失未能得到有效阻控等。要大幅度提高肥料利用率就必须从植物营养学、土壤学、农学等多学科联合攻关入手,充分利用来自土壤和环境的养分资源,实现根层养分供应与高产作物需求在数量上匹配、时间上同步、空间上一致,同时提高作物产量和养分利用效率,协调作物高产与环境保护。

刘芬, 同延安, 王小英 , 等.

渭北旱塬小麦施肥效果及肥料利用效率研究

植物营养与肥料学报, 2013,19(3):552-558.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2013.0304      URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 2]

<p>总结2006~2009年陕西省渭北旱塬测土配方施肥项目180个&ldquo;3414&rdquo;试验数据，分析当前生产条件下旱作区小麦施肥效果以及施肥量、 土壤肥力水平对小麦产量、 经济效益、 肥料利用效率等的影响，为提高旱作小麦产量和肥料高效利用提供依据。结果表明， 施用氮（N）、 磷（P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>）、 钾肥（K<sub>2</sub>O）小麦分别增产986、 679和405&nbsp; kg/hm<sup>2</sup>，增产率为30.0%、 18.9%和9.5%，增收1098、 810和392 Yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>，对小麦产量的贡献率分别为21.5%、 14.8%和8.8%，农学效率分别为6.4、 7.1和7.1&nbsp; kg/kg; 施肥增产、 增收效果以及肥料贡献率均表现为N＞P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>＞K<sub>2</sub>O，农学效率表现为P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>＝K<sub>2</sub>O＞N; 与不施肥相比，平衡施用氮、 磷、 钾肥（N+P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>+K<sub>2</sub>O）小麦增产73.0%，增收1923 Yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>，对产量的贡献率为40.0%，农学效率为5.8&nbsp; kg/kg; 过量施用氮、 磷、 钾肥均无显著减产效应，推荐施肥处理化肥的增产、 增收效果， 对产量的贡献率以及农学效率均最高。土壤肥力对化肥肥效有显著影响，投肥于中、 低肥力土壤既能实现养分高效利用又能获得较大经济效益。与20世纪80年代相比，氮肥利用效率明显降低，磷肥肥效基本不变，而钾肥肥效在快速提升。合理施肥与耕作、 栽培等多种措施相结合是旱区作物增产、 增收的有效途径。</p>

邹娟, 鲁剑巍, 陈防 , 等.

长江流域油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率现状研究

作物学报, 2011,37(4):729-734.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.00723      URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 2]

总结近年来在长江流域冬油菜主产区进行的74个田间试验结果，分析目前条件下油菜氮磷钾肥的偏生产力、农学效率、肥料表观利用率、生理效率及肥料对油菜产量的贡献率。结果表明，油菜农学效率分别为6.2 kg kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> N、6.3 kg kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>和2.6 kg kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O；表观利用率为N 34.0%、P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5 </sub>17.4%和K<sub>2</sub>O 36.9%，生理利用率为18.5 kg kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> N、35.5 kg kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>和9.1 kg kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> K<sub>2</sub>O，氮磷钾肥对油菜籽产量的贡献率分别为41.9%、21.4%和11.5%。研究结果显示，试验条件下长江流域油菜的肥料利用率较低，生产上需同时解决油菜高产及肥料利用效率提高的问题。

介晓磊, 韩燕来, 谭金芳 , 等.

不同肥力和土壤质地条件下麦田氮肥利用率的研究

作物学报, 1998,24(6):884-888.

URL     Magsci     [本文引用: 1]

在不同肥力和质地的土壤上,采用田间小区及水泥池栽培试验进行了麦田氮肥利用率的研究。结果表明,高肥力麦田小麦对土壤氮素的依存率很高,氮肥的利用率较低,在设计施氮量范围内,仅为19.0％～7.4％;在中高肥力麦田,小麦对土壤氮素的依存率低,氮肥的利用率较高,达58.8％～36.9％。在供氮水平相近的不同质地土壤中,小麦对氮肥的依存率是以重壤中壤轻壤;氮肥利用率在氮肥用量低时相差不大(38.3％～39.3％),随着施氮量的提高,氮肥利用率下降;相同施氮量下,氮肥利用率大小为重壤中壤轻壤。

白苇, 杨素梅, 尹海峰 , 等.

冀西北地区施用氮磷钾肥对食葵产量和经济效益的影响

作物杂志, 2016(5):131-134.

DOI:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2016.05.022      URL     [本文引用: 1]

为明确施用氮、磷、钾肥对食葵产量的影响,以及食葵对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收规律和利用效率,进行两年的肥料效应试验,结果表明:施用氮、磷、钾肥对食葵均有增产效果,其中钾肥增产最高,其次是氮肥,磷肥增产最少,与不施肥对照相比增产幅度分别为11.26%、8.45%、7.24%,氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率分别为2.49、5.10、4.49kg/kg,施用氮、磷、钾肥的养分利用率分别为19.65%、9.40%、35.22%,生产100kg食葵子实需要吸收氮、磷、钾肥分别为5.04、1.89、10.05kg。在种植食葵时要重施钾肥,提高氮肥用量,适量施用磷肥。

代小冬, 徐心志, 朱灿灿 , 等.

谷子氮、磷、钾肥的效应研究

作物杂志, 2016(5):147-151.

[本文引用: 1]

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