株行距及穴苗数的配置对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响
黑龙江八一农垦大学农学院,163319,黑龙江大庆
Effects of Row Spacing and Number of Seedling Per Hole on Yield and Quality of Rice in Cold Regions
College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
通讯作者:
收稿日期: 2019-01-2 修回日期: 2019-04-2 网络出版日期: 2019-06-15
基金资助: |
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Received: 2019-01-2 Revised: 2019-04-2 Online: 2019-06-15
作者简介 About authors
曹亮,博士,研究方向为作物栽培生理; 。
为明确垦稻26和龙粳31高产优质栽培的株行距和穴苗数处理,采取裂区设计进行试验研究。结果表明,最优群体因品种而异,垦稻26在株距10cm、行距30cm、5苗/穴产量最佳,龙粳31则以株距13.3cm、行距27cm、9苗/穴产量最佳;垦稻26在5苗/穴、行株距30cm×10cm处理,有利于提高稻米的碾磨品质,不利于改善稻米的外观品质,营养品质较低,利于改善稻米的食味品质,且食味评分值高达86.5,显著高于最低处理;龙粳31在5苗/穴、行株距27cm×13.3cm处理,碾磨品质较高,不利于营养品质和外观品质的改善,食味品质得到明显改善,食味评分值高达86.0,与最低处理差异达显著水平。因此,高产优质栽培要因品种选择适宜的穴苗数和株行距,是实现水稻高产优质最为快捷、最为经济有效的措施。
关键词:
The split-plot design was adopted for the experimental study to determine the configuration of plant spacing, row spacing and seedling number per hole of Kendao 26 and Longjing 31 for high-yield and high-quality cultivation. Results showed that optimal rice population varied with rice variety, the best configuration of Kendao 26 for rice yield was plant spacing of 10cm, row spacing of 30cm and 5 seedlings/hole, while the best configuration of Longjing 31 for rice yield was plant spacing of 13.3cm, row spacing of 27cm and 9 seedlings/hole. Cultivation of rice Kendao 26 in the configuration of plant by row spacing of 10cm×30cm and 5 rice seedlings/hole was conducive to improve the milling quality of rice but had an adverse impact on the improvement of appearance quality. The relatively low nutrition content of rice had helped the improvement of eating quality of rice with the taste score of rice up to 86.5, which was significantly different from that of rice upon minimum processing. Rice Longjing 31 cultivated in the configuration of plant by row spacing of 13.3cm×27cm and 5 seedlings/hole had high milling quality. Cultivation in such configuration was not good for improving nutritional quality or appearance quality, but its eating quality was improved substantially with its taste score reached 86.0, which was significantly different from that of rice upon minimum processing. Therefore, the appropriate configuration of seedling number per hole, plant spacing and row spacing shall be chosen in respect of different rice varieties for high-yield and high-quality cultivation, and it is the fastest and the most economical and effective measure to achieve high-yield and high-quality of rice.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
曹亮, 黄炳林, 王孟雪, 张玉先.
Cao Liang, Huang Binglin, Wang Mengxue, Zhang Yuxian.
水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,为近30亿人提供了35%~60%的膳食热量[1]。随着我国经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的提高,发展优质与高产并重的水稻生产模式是我国粮食生产的重要走向[2,3]。在水稻高产栽培研究中,植株的合理搭配和株行距的处理对产量提高起重要作用,行株距的变化不仅影响水稻的栽插密度,而且影响微环境的变化,从而保证产量的提高[4]。群体产量构成因素因品种而异[5,6],多方面因素影响水稻产量构成因素,不同品种和栽培措施对产量构成因素影响不同,同时也不可忽略重要的生态因子,生态因子中的温、光、水、气等多因素影响群体产量。水稻超高产栽培最直接的影响因素是群体密度[7,8,9],水稻合理的栽插密度利于光合物质生产,确保个体和群体的协调发展,除了千粒重,使其他产量构成因素得到统一,进而获得高产[10]。在宽窄行的栽培模式中,行株距的增加有利于单位面积穗数、穗粒数、结实率的提高,从而提高产量[11]。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验田基本情况
试验于2017年在黑龙江省建三江管局创业农场科技园区进行,供试土壤是草甸白浆土,土壤耕层深度在20cm,土壤碱解氮含量158.5mg/kg,有效磷含量44.4mg/kg,速效钾含量163.7mg/kg,有效镁含量28.9mg/kg,有效锌含量0.1μg/kg,有机质含量35.8g/kg,土壤pH 6.4,有效硅含量346.0mg/kg,前茬为水稻,秋翻。
1.2 供试品种
供试水稻品种为垦稻26和龙粳31。垦稻26主茎11片叶,抗倒性中等,分蘖力较强;龙粳31主茎11片叶,抗倒性和分蘖力一般。
1.3 供试肥料和试验设计
试验采用裂区设计,主处理A为不同穴苗数的3个水平,分别为A1=5苗/穴、A2=7苗/穴、A3=9苗/穴;副处理B为不同种植密度的6个水平,分别为B1=24cm×10cm、B2=24cm×13.3cm、B3=27cm×10cm、B4=27cm×13.3cm、B5=30cm×10cm、B6=30cm×13.3cm,共18个处理(表1),每小区插10行,行长10m。同一重复均放在同一池子中进行,靠近池子边的小区设保护行。试验育秧采用钢骨架大棚,按照水稻旱育稀植“三化二管”栽培技术进行栽培管理。水稻2017年4月10日播种,5月10日移栽,于10月4日成熟期收获。当地常规施肥总量420kg/hm2,其中尿素(N46%)为187.5kg/hm2,硫酸钾(K2O50%)为112.5kg/hm2,磷酸二铵(N18%、P46%)为120kg/hm2。施肥时期、灌溉、防虫、除草等农事活动均按叶龄跟踪和生产现状进行,播种、插秧、取样、收获均在同一天内完成,调查取样时,各小区同法、同时进行。
表1 裂区设计处理
Table 1
主处理Main treatment | 副处理Ub-treatment | 重复区组Repeat groups | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | B1 | A1B1至A1B6 6个小区 | A1B1至A1B6 6个小区 | A1B1至A1B6 6个小区 |
B2 | ||||
B3 | ||||
B4 | ||||
B5 | ||||
B6 | ||||
A2 | B1 | A2B1至A2B6 6个小区 | A2B1至A2B6 6个小区 | A2B1至A2B6 6个小区 |
B2 | ||||
B3 | ||||
B4 | ||||
B5 | ||||
B6 | ||||
A3 | B1 | A3B1至A3B6 6个小区 | A3B1至A3B6 6个小区 | A3B1至A3B6 6个小区 |
B2 | ||||
B3 | ||||
B4 | ||||
B5 | ||||
B6 |
1.4 产量及产量因素构成调查
水稻收获前,每小区选取长势均匀的3点,每点连续选择10株,求算单株的茎数,并据此测算单位面积穗数,风干后考种。考种项目:穗长、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重,并据此计算出单位面积理论产量。
1.5 寒地水稻品质的测定
稻谷收获风干后存放2~3个月,按《中国农业标准汇编—粮油作物卷》的标准进行品质分析。
1.6 数据处理
相关系数采用Microsoft Excel 2013计算,并作图;利用唐启义[22]DPS数据处理系统分析数据。
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同处理对垦稻26和龙粳31产量及产量构成的影响
如表2所示,垦稻26穴苗数和行株距间互作效应显著(P=0.0001<0.05),以A1B5为最佳处理,产量高达11 239.5kg/hm2,较最低处理A2B4产量提高了36.2%,二者间的差异达极显著水平,与最高产量相对应的穗数为420.7穗/m2、穗粒数113.5粒/穗、结实率88.2%、千粒重26.0g;其次是A2B6,产量达11 049.0kg/hm2,较最低处理产量提高33.9%,二者间的差异达极显著水平。产量构成因素的变异系数表现为单位面积穗数>穗粒数>结实率>千粒重,即单位面积穗数最易受到穴苗数和行株距的影响,其次是穗粒数。
表2 垦稻26不同群体产量、产量构成及变异系数的比较
Table 2
处理 Treatment | 单位面积穗数 Panicles per m2 | 穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle | 结实率(%) Setting percentage | 千粒重(g) 1000-grain weight | 产量(kg/hm2) Yield | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | B1 | 479.0aAB | 97.0ijHI | 92.4aA | 25.4efEF | 9 895.5ghFGH |
B2 | 344.3jJ | 110.8bcBC | 86.5hiHI | 26.3aAB | 9 154.5jI | |
B3 | 391.7gH | 108.5cdCD | 86.1iIJ | 26.0abcABCD | 10 111.5fgEFG | |
B4 | 467.3bBC | 102.8efgEFG | 88.3fgEFGHI | 25.2efF | 10 888.5bcABC | |
B5 | 420.7eF | 113.5bB | 88.2fghFGHI | 26.0abABC | 11 239.5aA | |
B6 | 466.7bBC | 105.4deDE | 91.6abAB | 25.5defCDEF | 10 803.0bcBCD | |
A2 | B1 | 407.0fG | 101.5fghEFGH | 84.1jJ | 25.8bcdBCDE | 9 847.5ghFGH |
B2 | 449.7cD | 96.2jIJ | 90.0bcdeBCDEF | 25.5defDEF | 9 732.0hiGH | |
B3 | 422.7eEF | 98.5hijGHI | 89.3defCDEF | 25.6cdeCDEF | 9 510.0iHI | |
B4 | 348.3ijIJ | 104.3efDEF | 89.0defDEFG | 25.3efEF | 8 250.0kJ | |
B5 | 449.7cD | 102.8efgEFG | 89.6cdefBCDEF | 25.6cdeCDEF | 10 473.0deDE | |
B6 | 485.3aA | 101.3fghEFGH | 89.5cdefBCDEF | 25.2fF | 11 049.0abAB | |
A3 | B1 | 435.3dE | 100.1ghiFGHI | 91.0abcABCD | 25.2efF | 9 547.5iHI |
B2 | 357.0hiIJ | 108.2cdCD | 91.4abABC | 25.1fF | 8 395.5kJ | |
B3 | 360.3hI | 113.8bB | 88.7efEFGH | 26.4aA | 9 691.5hiH | |
B4 | 433.7dEF | 92.3kJ | 87.0ghiGHI | 25.2efF | 9 190.5jI | |
B5 | 385.7gH | 119.4aA | 90.5bcdABCDE | 25.2fF | 10 198.5efEF | |
B6 | 462.3bCD | 98.8hijGHI | 89.6cdefBCDEF | 26.1abAB | 10 621.5cdCD | |
变异系数Coefficient of variation (%) | 11.1 | 7.2 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 15.6 |
Note: Different capital, lowercase letters after the same column data indicate extremely significant difference (P<0.01), significant difference (P<0.05), respectively, the same below
注:同列数据后不同大、小写字母分别表示差异极显著(P<0.01)、显著(P<0.05),下同
如表3所示,龙粳31穴苗数和株行距间互作效应显著(P=0.0001<0.05),以9苗/穴、行株距27cm×13.3cm为最佳处理,产量高达9 556.5kg/hm2,较最低处理5苗/穴、行株距30cm×10cm产量提高了32.9%,二者间的差异达极显著水平,与最高产量相对应的穗数为478.3穗/m2、穗粒数90.8粒/穗、结实率86.8%、千粒重25.4g,处理9苗/穴、行株距30cm×10cm的产量处于第二位,产量较最低处理提高29.0%,处理9苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm产量处于第三位,产量较最低处理提高了27.4%。表明,对于分蘖能力较差的龙粳31较多的穴苗数,配合适宜的生长空间有利于单位面积穗数和穗粒数的提高,从而达到增产目的。产量构成因素的变异系数表现为单位面积穗数>穗粒数>千粒重>结实率,即单位面积穗数最易受到穴苗数和行株距的影响,其次是穗粒数。
表3 龙粳31不同群体产量、产量构成及变异系数的比较
Table 3
处理 Treatment | 单位面积穗数 Panicles per m2 | 穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle | 结实率(%) Setting percentage | 千粒重(g) 1000-grain weight | 产量(kg/hm2) Yield | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | B1 | 488.7dCD | 69.9jI | 87.9cdeABCDE | 24.5gFG | 7 365.0iIJ |
B2 | 457.7hH | 78.3ghFG | 84.8gG | 25.1cdeCDE | 7 629.0hHI | |
B3 | 483.3eDE | 73.5iH | 87.8cdeBCDEF | 25.8aA | 8 052.0fgFG | |
B4 | 428.3jJ | 92.7bAB | 89.9aA | 25.6abAB | 9 118.5bBC | |
B5 | 394.3mM | 84.8dC | 86.efEFG | 24.8fEF | 7 191.0iJ | |
B6 | 493.0cBC | 80.3fEF | 88.8abcABCD | 24.0hH | 8 439.0dE | |
A2 | B1 | 408.3lL | 83.6deCD | 88.1bcdeABCDE | 25.2cdBCDE | 7 581.0hI |
B2 | 475.0fF | 78.9fghFG | 87.0defCDEF | 25.4bcBCD | 8 262.0deEF | |
B3 | 452.3iHI | 84.0dCD | 85.9fgFG | 25.4bcBC | 8 289.0deEF | |
B4 | 497.3bB | 79.4fgFG | 88.3bcdABCDE | 25.3bcBCD | 8 829.0cD | |
B5 | 534.7aA | 70.9jI | 88.7abcABCDE | 24.4gG | 8 205.0efEF | |
B6 | 419.0kK | 94.9aA | 89.5abAB | 25.6abAB | 9 094.5bBC | |
A3 | B1 | 466.0gG | 77.3hG | 87.1defCDEF | 25.0defDE | 7 857.0gGH |
B2 | 486.7deD | 82.2eDE | 88.9abcABC | 24.9defE | 8 863.5cCD | |
B3 | 474.3fF | 83.2deCD | 89.0abcABC | 24.9efEF | 8 719.5cD | |
B4 | 478.3fEF | 90.8cB | 86.8defDEF | 25.4bcBCD | 9 556.5aA | |
B5 | 483.7eDE | 83.7deCD | 89.6abAB | 25.6abAB | 9 277.5bB | |
B6 | 449.0iI | 91.5bcB | 88.1bcdeABCDE | 25.3bcBCD | 9 159.0bB | |
变异系数Coefficient of variation (%) | 9.5 | 8.7 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 8.4 |
如表4所示,垦稻26单位面积穗数与其他产量构成因素各指标均呈负相关,其中穗粒数与单位面积穗数的相关性达显著水平,产量构成因素各指标与产量均呈正相关,单位面积穗数与产量呈极显著正相关;龙粳31的穗粒数与单位面积穗数、产量均呈极显著负相关,结实率与产量呈显著正相关。说明要因品种选择适宜的穴苗数和行株距来协调产量构成因素各指标,垦稻26可通过提高单位面积穗数提高产量,龙粳31可通过提高结实率或适当降低穗粒数达到增产、增收的目的。
表4 垦稻26和龙粳31产量构成因素与产量的相关系数
Table 4
品种 Variety | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient | 穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle | 结实率 Setting percentage | 千粒重 1000-grain weight | 单位面积穗数 Panicles per m2 | 产量 Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
垦稻26 Kendao 26 | 穗粒数Spikelets per panicle | -1 | ||||
结实率Setting percentage | -0.1491 | -1 | ||||
千粒重1000-grain weight | -0.3440 | -0.3901 | -1 | |||
单位面积穗数Panicles per m2 | -0.5002* | -0.3439 | -0.3324 | 1 | ||
产量Yield | -0.2823 | -0.0554 | -0.1556 | 0.6335** | 1 | |
龙粳31 Longjing 31 | 穗粒数Spikelets per panicle | -1 | ||||
结实率Setting percentage | -0.2557 | -1 | ||||
千粒重1000-grain weight | -0.4424 | -0.0223 | -1 | |||
单位面积穗数Panicles per m2 | -0.5834** | -0.1405 | -0.3517 | 1 | ||
产量Yield | -0.6633** | -0.5132* | -0.3734 | 0.1951 | 1 |
注:* P<0.05,** P<0.01 Note: * P<0.05, ** P<0.01
2.2 不同处理对垦稻26和龙粳31品质的影响
如表5所示,垦稻26穴苗数和行株距间互作效应显著(P=0.0001<0.05),以处理9苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm的糙米率最高,精米率以9苗/穴、行株距30cm×10cm和9苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm最高,整精米率以9苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm最高,处理7苗/穴、行株距27cm×10cm整精米率最低,二者间的差异达极显著水平。结果表明,垦稻26在9苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm处理利于稻谷碾磨品质的提高,经济价值提高,商品价值变大。龙粳31穴苗数和株行距间互作效应显著(P=0.02<0.05),说明各处理的效应不是各单因素效应的简单相加,以5苗/穴、行株距27cm×13.3cm为最佳处理,碾磨品质各指标均最高,精米率达到了76.8%,整精米率达到73%,与最低处理碾磨品质各指标间的差异均达到了极显著水平,有效改善了稻谷的碾磨品质。
表5 不同处理对垦稻26和龙粳31碾磨品质的影响
Table 5
处理 Treatment | 垦稻26 Kendao 26 | 龙粳31 Longjing 31 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
糙米率 Brown rice percentage | 精米率 Milled rice percentage | 整精米率 Head rice percentage | 糙米率 Brown rice percentage | 精米率 Milled rice percentage | 整精米率 Head rice percentage | |||
A1 | B1 | 80.4cDEF | 73.7abcAB | 69.9abcABC | 81.6eC | 75.3fC | 71.7bcdAB | |
B2 | 79.9deEFG | 70.5dC | 66.4efDE | 82.7abcAB | 76.3abcdeAB | 72.8aA | ||
B3 | 80.5cCDE | 73.5bcAB | 70.1abcABC | 82.4bcABC | 76.2abcdeAB | 70.7defBCD | ||
B4 | 79.7eG | 73.0cB | 69.4cdABC | 83.1aA | 76.8aA | 73.0aA | ||
B5 | 80.3cdDEF | 73.8abcAB | 70.1abcABC | 82.1cdeBC | 76.6abAB | 72.6abA | ||
B6 | 80.5cCD | 74.1abAB | 70.2abcABC | 82.2bcdeABC | 75.8cdefBC | 71.6bcdAB | ||
A2 | B1 | 80.4cDEF | 73.8abcAB | 69.2cdBCD | 82.3bcdABC | 76.1bcdeABC | 71.6bcdAB | |
B2 | 79.9deFG | 66.4fD | 62.7ghFG | 82.3bcdABC | 75.6efBC | 70.9deBCD | ||
B3 | 80.3cdDEF | 66.9efD | 60.9hG | 82.4abcABC | 76.3abcdeAB | 71.8abcdAB | ||
B4 | 80.4cDEF | 67.1efD | 68.2ghFG | 82.2bcdeABC | 76.1abcdeABC | 72.7abA | ||
B5 | 80.4cDEF | 67.5eD | 64.4fgEF | 82.7abcAB | 76.4abcAB | 70.0efCD | ||
B6 | 80.2cdDEFG | 73.8abcAB | 70.0abcABC | 82.8abAB | 76.4abcdAB | 72.2abcAB | ||
A3 | B1 | 81.4abAB | 73.8abcAB | 69.2cdBCD | 82.4abcABC | 76.2abcdeABC | 70.7defBCD | |
B2 | 81.2bAB | 73.4bcAB | 67.4deCD | 82.2bcdeABC | 75.8cdefBC | 71.1cdeBCD | ||
B3 | 81.4abAB | 74.3abA | 69.6bcABC | 82.2bcdeBC | 75.8cdefBC | 69.8fD | ||
B4 | 81.3abAB | 73.9abcAB | 69.5bcdABC | 82.5abcABC | 76.2abcdeABC | 71.5cdABC | ||
B5 | 81.0bBC | 74.4aA | 71.5abAB | 82.4bcABC | 76.0bcdeABC | 71.0cdeBCD | ||
B6 | 81.7aA | 74.4aA | 72.0aA | 81.7deC | 75.7defBC | 71.6bcdAB |
如表6所示,垦稻26穴苗数和株行距间互作效应显著(P=0.0001<0.05),说明各处理的效应不是各单因素效应的简单相加,并以7苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm为最佳处理,外观品质得到明显改善,垩白率和垩白度分别为5.4%和2.9%,极显著低于最高处理。结果表明,垦稻26在穴苗数7苗/穴时,行株距增加利于外观品质的改善。龙粳31穴苗数和株行距间不存在互作效应(P=0.13>0.05),说明各处理的效应是各单因素效应的简单相加,以9苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm为最佳处理,垩白率和垩白度分别为3.4%和1.7%,外观品质较好,结果表明,在穴苗数多的条件下,适宜增加行株距利于改善稻米的外观品质,即表明通风透光好利于改善稻米的外观品质。
表6 不同处理对垦稻26和龙粳31外观品质的影响
Table 6
处理 Treatment | 垦稻26 Kendao 26 | 龙粳31 Longjing 31 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
垩白率 Chalk percentage | 垩白度 Chalkiness degree | 垩白率 Chalk percentage | 垩白度 Chalkiness degree | |||
A1 | B1 | 9.4cdeBCDE | 5.2cdefBCDE | 4.1abcAB | 1.7cA | |
B2 | 13.0aA | 7.4aA | 4.5abcAB | 2.3abcA | ||
B3 | 9.1cdefCDEF | 5.7cdefCDE | 4.1abcAB | 2.0abcA | ||
B4 | 10.3bcdBCD | 5.7bcdeBCD | 3.9abcAB | 2.0abcA | ||
B5 | 11.3bAB | 6.2bB | 4.4abcAB | 2.3abcA | ||
B6 | 7.2ghFGH | 3.8hijFGH | 3.4cAB | 1.8cA | ||
A2 | B1 | 9.1defCDEF | 5.0efgCDE | 5.2aA | 2.6aA | |
B2 | 10.6bcBC | 5.8bcdBC | 5.0abAB | 2.6aA | ||
B3 | 10.5bcdBC | 5.9bcBC | 3.8abcAB | 1.9abcA | ||
B4 | 6.0hiGH | 3.1jkGH | 5.0abAB | 2.5abA | ||
B5 | 6.2hiGH | 3.5ijkGH | 4.2abcAB | 2.1abcA | ||
B6 | 5.4iH | 2.9kH | 4.0abcAB | 2.0abcA | ||
A3 | B1 | 9.1defCDEF | 5.0defgCDE | 3.8abcAB | 1.9abcA | |
B2 | 10.2bcdBCD | 5.7bcdeBCD | 3.7bcAB | 2.0abcA | ||
B3 | 8.4efgDEF | 4.6fgDEF | 4.2abcAB | 2.1abcA | ||
B4 | 10.3bcdBC | 5.9bcBC | 3.7bcAB | 1.8bcA | ||
B5 | 7.7fgEFG | 4.2ghiEFG | 4.0abcAB | 2.0abcA | ||
B6 | 9.9bcdBCD | 5.7bcdeBCD | 3.4cAB | 1.7cA |
如表7所示,垦稻26穴苗数和株行距间互作效应显著(P=0.008<0.05),说明各处理的效应不是各单因素效应的简单相加,蛋白质含量以5苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm最高,直链淀粉含量以9苗/穴、行株距27cm×10cm最高。龙粳31穴苗数和株行距间互作效应显著(P=0.002<0.05),说明各处理的效应不是各单因素效应的简单相加,蛋白质含量以7苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm含量最高,直链淀粉含量以9苗/穴、行株距24cm×13.3cm最高。
表7 不同处理对垦稻26和龙粳31营养品质的影响
Table 7
处理 Treatment | 垦稻26 Kendao 26 | 龙粳31 Longjing 31 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蛋白质 Protein | 直链淀粉 Amylose | 蛋白质 Protein | 直链淀粉 Amylose | |||
A1 | B1 | 7.5efgCDE | 17.9bcdBCD | 8.0bABC | 16.4fgE | |
B2 | 7.4fgDE | 17.5eD | 8.0abAB | 16.5efgDE | ||
B3 | 7.6cdeBCD | 17.7deCD | 7.8bcdeBCDE | 17.1abAB | ||
B4 | 7.4fgDE | 17.6deCD | 7.9bcdBCDE | 16.9abcABCD | ||
B5 | 7.4fgDE | 17.8cdeBCD | 8.0abAB | 16.4gE | ||
B6 | 7.9aA | 17.6deCD | 7.7deCDE | 16.7cdefBCDE | ||
A2 | B1 | 7.4efgDE | 18.1bcABC | 7.8cdeBCDE | 16.5defgCDE | |
B2 | 7.4fgDE | 18.3abAB | 7.6eE | 16.9abcABCD | ||
B3 | 7.3gE | 18.1bcABC | 7.8bcdeBCDE | 17.1aAB | ||
B4 | 7.7bcdABC | 17.6deD | 8.0bcABCD | 17.1aAB | ||
B5 | 7.8abAB | 17.7deCD | 7.9bcdBCDE | 16.8bcdABCDE | ||
B6 | 7.7abcABC | 18.2abAB | 8.2aA | 16.8bcdeABCDE | ||
A3 | B1 | 7.5efCDE | 18.1bcABC | 7.6eE | 17.0abcABC | |
B2 | 7.4fgDE | 17.7deCD | 7.7eE | 17.2aA | ||
B3 | 7.5defCDE | 18.5aA | 7.7deDE | 16.8bcdeABCDE | ||
B4 | 7.5efgCDE | 17.7deCD | 7.7deCDE | 16.9abcABC | ||
B5 | 7.5efCDE | 17.7deCD | 7.7deDE | 17.1aAB | ||
B6 | 7.4efgDE | 17.8cdeBCD | 7.7deDE | 16.9abcABCD |
如表8所示,垦稻26穴苗数和行株距间互作效应显著(P=0.0001<0.05),说明各处理的效应不是各单因素效应的简单相加,以5苗/穴、行株距30cm×10cm为最佳处理,食味评分值高达86.5,较5苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm的食味评分提高了17.8%,二者间的差异达到了极显著水平,其次是5苗/穴、行株距24cm×13.3cm和7苗/穴、行株距27cm×10cm,食味评分值均为85.8。龙粳31穴苗数和株行距间互作效应显著(P=0.0018<0.05),说明各处理的效应不是各单因素效应的简单相加,食味品质以5苗/穴、行株距27cm×13.3cm为最佳处理,食味评分值高达86.0,较5苗/穴、行株距30cm×10cm的食味评分提高了4.8%,二者间的差异达到了极显著水平。适宜的行距配比可有效提高稻米的食味评分,改善稻米的食味品质。
表8 不同处理对垦稻26和龙粳31食味品质的影响
Table 8
处理 Treatment | 垦稻26 Kendao 26 | 龙粳31 Longjing 31 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
食味评分 Taste score | 5%显著水平 Sig. at 5% level | 1%极显著水平 Sig. at 1% level | 食味评分 Taste score | 5%显著水平 Sig. at 5% level | 1%极显著水平 Sig. at 1% level | |||
A1 | B1 | 85.7 | abc | ABC | 85.6 | abc | AB | |
B2 | 85.8 | ab | AB | 85.9 | a | A | ||
B3 | 84.2 | cdef | BCDE | 85.2 | abcd | ABC | ||
B4 | 85.5 | abcd | ABC | 86.0 | a | A | ||
B5 | 86.5 | a | A | 82.0 | i | F | ||
B6 | 81.9 | h | F | 85.7 | ab | AB | ||
A2 | B1 | 84.0 | def | BCDE | 85.0 | abcde | ABC | |
B2 | 83.7 | efg | CDEF | 83.7 | efgh | CDEF | ||
B3 | 85.8 | ab | AB | 85.1 | abcd | ABC | ||
B4 | 84.3 | bcdef | BCDE | 84.4 | bcdef | ABCD | ||
B5 | 82.3 | gh | EF | 82.6 | hi | EF | ||
B6 | 83.2 | fgh | DEF | 82.6 | hi | EF | ||
A3 | B1 | 84.1 | def | BCDE | 84.8 | abcde | ABCD | |
B2 | 85.4 | abcd | ABC | 84.0 | defg | BCDE | ||
B3 | 84.1 | def | BCDE | 85.6 | abc | AB | ||
B4 | 84.7 | bcdef | ABCD | 83.4 | fgh | CDEF | ||
B5 | 85.1 | abcde | ABCD | 83.0 | ghi | DEF | ||
B6 | 84.2 | cdef | BCDE | 84.4 | cdef | ABCD |
3 讨论
3.1 穴苗数和行株距对产量及产量构成的影响
合理密植既能充分发挥水稻较强的分蘖与群体自身的调节能力,减少群体内行间、株间竞争,同时又能保证稻田能充分利用光能,积累较多的有机物,从而实现增产、增收的目的。林洪鑫等[23]研究指出,在等密度条件下,株行距处理能调节水稻群体的微环境,协调群体与个体的关系。本试验通过对2个品种的群体产量优化,表明寒地水稻高产群体因品种而异,对于分蘖力较强的垦稻26以行距30cm、株距10cm、5苗/穴的处理产量为最优处理,与凌启鸿等[24]研究在保证总密度不变的条件下,合理扩大行距、缩小株距有利于获得高产的研究结果一致,这与郑桂萍等[25]通过“缩株距、增穴数、减穴苗”能够实现大幅度增产的研究结果不完全一致;对于分蘖力较差的龙粳31,以行距27cm、株距13.3cm、9苗/穴的处理有效提高了单位面积穗数,增产效果显著,这与江海等[26]研究结论一致。因此,寒地水稻高产栽培要因地区和品种进行穴苗数和行株距的设计。
3.2 穴苗数和行株距对稻米品质的影响
本研究结果表明,不同群体对稻米品质的影响因品种而异,垦稻26在9苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm处理精米率和整精米率为最高;龙粳31在5苗/穴、行株距27cm×13.3cm处理精米率和整精米率为最高,在9苗/穴、行株距30cm×13.3cm处理外观品质较好。唐亮等[27]、江思民等[28]研究结果表明,在适宜的范围内,适当扩大栽插行距和减少栽插穴苗数,有利于提高稻米的外观品质、蒸煮品质和营养品质,与本研究结果不完全一致。杨国才等[15]研究表明栽插密度对糙米率、精米率和直链淀粉含量影响较小,对整精米率、垩白率、垩白度和胶稠度影响较大,整精米率随栽插密度的增加而提高,而外观品质下降,对稻米食味品质各项指标无明显影响与本研究结果不一致。因此,要因品种选择适宜的穴苗数和株行距,垦稻26适当降低插秧密度,提高稻米的碾磨品质;龙粳31可通过稀植,改善稻米的外观品质。如何协调群体各构成因素来实现不同品种各品质指标较优,最终达到食味最好,是较难、也是应努力开展的研究工作。
4 结论
因品种选择适宜的穴苗数和行株距来协调产量构成因素指标,对于垦稻26可通过提高单位面积穗数提高产量,龙粳31可通过提高结实率或适当降低穗粒数达到增产、增收的目的。垦稻26适当降低栽插基本苗数,降低行株距来提高稻米的碾磨品质和食味评分;龙粳31可通过降低穴苗数、减行距来改善稻米的外观品质,降低蛋白质含量,从而提高食味品质。因此,高产优质栽培要因品种选择适宜的穴苗数和株行距,是实现水稻高产优质最为快捷、最为经济有效的措施。
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施氮水平和栽插密度对粳稻淀粉RVA谱特性的影响
,以杂交粳稻常优1号和常规粳稻武运粳7号为材料,研究了不同施氮量和栽插密度对粳稻稻米淀粉RVA谱特性的影响。结果表明:(1)两供试品种的RVA谱特性存在品种间差异,常优1号的峰值黏度和崩解值较大,冷胶黏度、消减值、回复值和糊化起始温度较低。(2)施氮量和栽插密度对RVA谱特性均有不同程度的影响,而施氮量的影响更大。(3)
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