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作物杂志, 2022, 38(5): 62-68 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.05.009

遗传育种·种质资源·生物技术

不同籽粒颜色玉米自交系类胡萝卜素含量分析

朱航,1,2, 崔方庆2,3, 卢传礼2, 陈卫卫2, 李旭辉2, 陆思奇2,3, 张湘博2, 赵华,4, 齐永文,2,3

1长江大学农学院,434025,湖北荆州

2广东省科学院南繁种业研究所,510316,广东广州

3仲恺农业工程学院农业与生物学院,510100,广东广州

4广州国家现代农业产业科技创新中心,510520,广东广州

Analysis of Carotenoid Content in Maize Inbred Lines with Different Color Grains

Zhu Hang,1,2, Cui Fangqing2,3, Lu Chuanli2, Chen Weiwei2, Li Xuhui2, Lu Siqi2,3, Zhang Xiangbo2, Zhao Hua,4, Qi Yongwen,2,3

1College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China

2Institute of Nanfan & Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, Guangdong, China

3College of Agriculture & Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510100, Guangdong, China

4Guangzhou National Modern Agricultural Industry Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510520, Guangdong, China

通讯作者: 齐永文,研究方向为作物分子育种,E-mail： yongwen2001@126.com;赵华为共同通信作者,研究方向为农业育种研究及科技推广,E-mail： 281277430@qq.com

收稿日期: 2022-04-16   修回日期: 2022-06-15   网络出版日期: 2022-07-27

基金资助: 国家甘蔗产业技术体系(CARS201707)
广东省重点领域研发计划(2019B020238001)
国家自然科学基金(32072027)

Received: 2022-04-16   Revised: 2022-06-15   Online: 2022-07-27

作者简介 About authors

朱航,研究方向为作物分子育种,E-mail： 18209219830@163.com

摘要

采用高效液相色谱检测60个不同玉米籽粒颜色自交系中类胡萝卜素（叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素）含量,结果显示,叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素的平均含量分别为56.32、0.85、1.31和5.75mg/kg。按籽粒颜色由浅到深,将60个玉米自交系分为4个等级,颜色越深的品种类胡萝卜素含量越高。对R、G、B、Gray值与类胡萝卜素含量进行相关分析表明,R、G、B和Gray值之间存在极显著正相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.992（G与Gray）和0.939（R与Gray）,4种类胡萝卜素含量间呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.830（β-隐黄质与β-胡萝卜素）和0.815（β-隐黄质与玉米黄质）。根据类胡萝卜素含量对60个玉米自交系进行聚类分析,60个自交系分为5类,其中第1类类胡萝卜素含量最低,第2类属于中富含类胡萝卜素的自交系,第5类属于高维生素A含量的自交系。综上可知,类胡萝卜素的种类及其含量是影响籽粒颜色的重要因素,可为培育高胡萝卜素含量的玉米品种提供依据。

关键词： 玉米; 类胡萝卜素; 高效液相色谱法

Abstract

The contents of four carotenoids including lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene in grains of 60 maize inbred lines were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the average contents of lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were 56.32, 0.85, 1.31 and 5.75mg/kg, respectively. The 60 maize inbred lines could be classified into four grades according to the grain color from light to dark. The darker the grain color, the higher the carotene content. The correlation analysis of carotenoid contents in 60 maize inbred lines showed that there were extremely significant positive correlations between R, G, B and Gray values (P < 0.01), and the correlation coefficients were 0.992 (between G and Gray) and 0.939 (between R and Gray), respectively. There were extremely significant positive correlations among the contents of four carotenoids, and the correlation coefficients were 0.830 (between β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene), 0.815 (between β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin) respectively. Cluster analysis was performed according to carotenoid content and the 60 maize inbred lines were divided into five categories. Among them, the first category had the lowest carotenoid content, the second category riched in carotenoids, and the fifth category riched in vitamin A. It was concluded that the types and contents of carotenoids were important factors affecting the color of maize grains, and the conclusion provided a basis for selecting maize with high nutritional value and rich in cryptoxanthin.

Keywords： Maize; Carotenoid; High performance liquid chromatography

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本文引用格式

朱航, 崔方庆, 卢传礼, 陈卫卫, 李旭辉, 陆思奇, 张湘博, 赵华, 齐永文. 不同籽粒颜色玉米自交系类胡萝卜素含量分析. 作物杂志, 2022, 38(5): 62-68 doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.05.009

Zhu Hang, Cui Fangqing, Lu Chuanli, Chen Weiwei, Li Xuhui, Lu Siqi, Zhang Xiangbo, Zhao Hua, Qi Yongwen. Analysis of Carotenoid Content in Maize Inbred Lines with Different Color Grains. Crops, 2022, 38(5): 62-68 doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.05.009

玉米作为主要粮食作物之一,含有对人体有益的核黄素、多种微量元素和维生素A（VA）等化学物质[1]。目前,自然界中已有750余种类胡萝卜素被研究[2]。近年来,在玉米VA源物质类胡萝卜素的合成分子机制方面的研究取得了重要进展,鉴定了一些与类胡萝卜素合成的关键QTL位点。开展了lcyE、crtRB、PSY1和crtRB3等类胡萝卜素合成关键基因的多态性对玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量的影响,开发了功能位点的分子标记,为实施利用分子标记加快高VA品种的选育提供了重要的方法[3]。对玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素研究鉴定出叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素4种主要的类胡萝卜素[4-5]。类胡萝卜素最主要的分离方法有高效液相色谱法[6⇓-8]、超高效液相色谱法[9]、分光光度法[10]、超临界流体色谱法[11]、拉曼光谱法[12]和液相色谱―串联质谱法[13]等。类胡萝卜素是一种对身体有益的健康天然食用色素,以黄色、橙色或红色表现出来,不仅具有为食品添色的功效,还含有较高的保健价值[14]。因其具有抗氧化和抗衰老等特点,被视为一类抗氧化剂。类胡萝卜素含有对人体有益的叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质、α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素等[15-16],其中叶黄素和玉米黄质对缓解癌症和降低心血管疾病等方面具有较好的效果[17]。类胡萝卜素对人体健康有十分重要的作用,可在食品和医药等行业大规模应用[18-19]。

陈洁琼等[20]对5种鲜食甜、糯玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量进行分析,发现不同种类玉米籽粒中的类胡萝卜素含量差别较大,甜玉米籽粒（39.68mg/kg）比糯玉米（2.10~3.69mg/kg）高出十几倍。章园等[21]对黄玉米不同时期籽粒类胡萝卜素含量进行分析,发现玉米黄质、叶黄素和β-隐黄质含量水平随着籽粒成熟度的提高总体呈上升态势,β-胡萝卜素含量无明显变化。严华等[22]使用高效液相色谱分析法对沙棘中4种类胡萝卜素进行检测,发现不同品种沙棘中类胡萝卜素含量具有较大差异。郭艳等[23]采用液相色谱法对甘蓝不同颜色花的类胡萝卜素含量进行检测,发现玉米黄质、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素等是导致花瓣颜色变化的主要原因。

本试验用高效液相色谱技术测定不同籽粒颜色玉米自交系叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素4种类胡萝卜素含量,探究玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量与籽粒颜色间的关系,为优质玉米品种培育提供技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

依据颜色等级挑选60个自交系组成的自然群体作为试验材料（表1）,所有材料均来自中国农业大学赖锦盛教授实验室[24]。试验材料于2020年下半年种植于广东省韶关市翁源县（114°7′48″ E,24°21′0″ N）。

表1   60份供试材料

Table 1  60 tested materials

编号
Number		材料名称
Material name		编号
Number		材料名称
Material name		编号
Number		材料名称
Material name		编号
Number		材料名称
Material name		编号
Number		材料名称
Material name
C1CAU404C13CAU204C25CAU532C37IL18C49CAU206
C2CAU322C14CAU366C26B73C38CAU319C50CAU393
C3CAU440C15CAU55C27CAU489C39CAU75C51CAU149
C4IL23C16CAU281C28CAU482C40CAU146C52CAU129
C5CAU252C17CAU219C29IL5C41CAU164C53CAU479
C6CAU268C18CAU140C30CAU167C42CAU274C54CAU261
C7IL52C19CAU597C31CAU208C43CAU269C55IL51
C8CAU501C20CAU338C32CAU14C44CAU565C56IL27
C9CAU263C21CAU513C33CAU342C45IL86C57IL65
C10CAU159C22CAU640C34CAU93C46CAU502C58CAU18
C11CAU297C23CAU525C35CAU365C47CAU539C59CAU160
C12CAU144C24CAU504C36CAU416C48CAU154C60CAU225

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1.2 仪器与设备

仪器为高效液相色谱仪、6530 Q-TOF精确质量级四极杆―飞行时间质谱仪（atmosphericpressure chemical ionization,APCI）、精宏水浴锅、真空离心浓缩仪Eppendorf concentrator 5301和扫描仪（Imagescanner Ⅲ）。试验用的叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-胡萝卜素和β-隐黄质的标准品来自美国Sigma公司。甲基叔丁基醚（methyl tert-butyl ether,MTBE）和甲醇均为色谱级,环己烷、乙醇、无水硫酸钠和氢氧化钾等均为分析纯。

1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 玉米籽粒颜色鉴定

每个自交系挑选外观一致的种子约30粒,使用EPSON EU-88扫描设备和EPSON Scan软件进行图像数据采集,获得初始图片进行提取和计算,得到60份材料籽粒颜色的R（红色）、G（绿色）、B（蓝色）和Gray（灰度）值数据。并将60份玉米自交系籽粒色泽分为4个等级（图1）,等级1为白色,等级2为黄色,等级3为橙黄色,等级4为紫黑色,以此为籽粒颜色的视觉分级表型数据。

图1

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图1   玉米籽粒颜色分级

Fig.1   The color grades of maize kernels


1.3.2 玉米中类胡萝卜素的提取

成熟的玉米籽粒经磨样机粉碎研磨后,称量3.0g置于50.0mL离心管中,加入乙醇30mL（含0.1% BHT）,密封摇匀,85℃水浴加热孵育20min,加入80% KOH 0.6mL溶液,水浴60min进行皂化后冰水冷却,将皂化溶剂放入分液漏斗中,加入环己烷30.0mL和去离子水15.0mL振荡摇匀,重复2次。加入无水硫酸钠5.0g过滤,收集分液漏斗中上层溶液,减压浓缩至干燥,用乙腈―甲醇（75:25,V/V）溶液溶解,将溶液过0.22μL有机系滤膜后进行高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）测定,整个前处理过程注意避光[25]。

1.3.3 高效液相色谱分析

色谱柱：YMC carotenoid（250×4.6mm,5μm）色谱柱;柱温：30℃;检测器波长为325和450nm;流动相：A为甲醇-MTBE-水（81:15:4,V/V）,B为甲醇-MTBE-水（6:90:4,V/V）,进样20μL;线性梯度洗脱,流速为1mL/min。洗脱程序：0~12.5min（100% B）,12.5~25min（0%B）。DAD检测器测定波长为450nm。

1.3.4 类胡萝卜素组分定性定量分析

对于有标样的部分加以比较,利用保留时间的统一性加以测定,并利用外标定量法建立回归方程,对玉米类胡萝卜素各组分含量作出量化分析（表2）。

表2   混合标准液浓度

Table 2  Concentration of mixed standard solution mg/kg

标准样品
Standard sample		水平1
Level 1		水平2
Level 2		水平3
Level 3		水平4
Level 4		水平5
Level 5		水平6
Level 6
叶黄素Lutein200.00100.0050.0025.0012.506.25
玉米黄质Zeaxanthin200.0050.0012.503.130.780.20
β-隐黄质 β-cryptoxanthin100.0020.004.000.800.160.03
β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene72.5036.2518.139.064.532.27

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1.4 数据处理

利用SPSS 19.0软件进行单因素方差分析及组间差异的Duncan’s多重比较,采用SPSS分析变量间的Pearson相关系数进行相关性分析,用GraphPad Prism 5作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 玉米类胡萝卜素含量统计的回归方程

采用外标定量法进行试样中各组分峰的定量。配制标准溶液样品,按上述色谱要求计算标准试样的相对峰面积,由相对峰面积―进样量关系,按线性回归方式得出其中4种主要类胡萝卜素线性回归方程、相关系数值与线性范围,结果见表3。试样中各组分的含量使用的标准曲线数据,3次重复,取平均值。

表3   4种类胡萝卜素的线性范围及相关系数

Table 3  Linear range and correlation coefficients of the four carotenoid groups

标准样品Standard sample线性范围Linear range (mg/kg)线性方程Linear equation相关系数Correlation coefficent (r2)
叶黄素Lutein6.0~200Y1=0.015X10.9905
玉米黄质Zeaxanthin0.0~200Y2=0.3023X2+0.11710.9958
β-隐黄质 β-cryptoxanthin0.0~100Y3=0.1119X3-0.10480.9976
β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene2.0~75Y4=0.0023X4+0.00220.9988

Y1、Y2、Y3和Y4分别为叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素的峰面积,X1、X2、X3和X4分别为其对应的进样量（ng）

Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 are the peak areas of lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene, the peak areas of X1, X2, X3 and X4 are their corresponding injection volumes (ng), respectively

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2.2 不同自交系中类胡萝卜素含量分布

60份玉米自交系籽粒类胡萝卜素检测（表4）表明,玉米籽粒中含有丰富的类胡萝卜素,且变化范围在1.49~119.31mg/kg。其中,总类胡萝卜素含量占比最低的是自交系C1,仅有1.49mg/kg,最高的自交系为C47,可达119.31mg/kg,最高与最低含量之间相差近80倍。60份玉米自交系叶黄素平均含量为56.32mg/kg,其中C27含量最高,达99.98mg/kg,C1含量最低,为0.56mg/kg;玉米黄质平均含量为0.85mg/kg,其中C35含量最高,达2.91mg/kg,C14含量最低,为0.02mg/kg;β-隐黄质平均含量为1.31mg/kg,其中C27含量最高,达2.20mg/kg,C1含量最低,为0.94mg/kg;β-胡萝卜素平均含量为5.75mg/kg,其中C52号含量最高,达26.61mg/kg,C19含量最低,为0.61mg/kg。

表4   玉米自交系的类胡萝卜素含量统计分析

Table 4  Statistical analysis of carotenoid content of maize inbred lines mg/kg

标准样品
Standard sample		最大值
Maximum		最小值
Minimum		平均值
Average		方差
Variance
叶黄素Lutein99.980.5656.32776.29
玉米黄质Zeaxanthin2.910.020.850.54
β-隐黄质 β-cryptoxanthin2.200.941.310.11
β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene26.610.615.7535.57

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2.3 不同颜色等级籽粒中类胡萝卜素的含量

图2和表5表明,叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素含量在4个籽粒颜色等级中表现出显著的遗传多样性,不同颜色等级间具有较大差别。

图2

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图2   不同籽粒颜色等级中4种类胡萝卜素含量

Fig.2   Carotenoid content of four groups in different seed color grades


表5   不同颜色等级中叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素的含量分析

Table 5  Analysis of lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene contents in different color grades mg/kg

等级Level叶黄素Lutein玉米黄质Zeaxanthinβ-隐黄质β-cryptoxanthinβ-胡萝卜素β-carotene
11.69±0.76and0.94±0.00and
250.53±5.44b0.37±0.08a1.10±0.03a2.12±0.40a
371.05±3.62b1.31±0.12b1.51±0.06b8.71±1.24b
454.76±9.02b1.35±0.32b1.56±0.11b10.89±0.77b
平均值Average56.320.851.315.75
变异系数Coefficient of variation (%)49.4687.0625.19103.65
F值F-value12.29117.66217.23812.767
标准差Standard deviation27.860.740.335.96

nd表示未检出。玉米自交系不同等级类胡萝卜素成分含量间标有不同小写字母表示差异显著（P < 0.05）,下同

nd means not detected. Different levels of carotenoid content in maize inbred lines with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05), the same below

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玉米自交系中的叶黄素平均含量远大于玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素的平均含量,其在等级3的含量最高,为71.05mg/kg,依次是等级4和等级2,分别为54.76和50.53mg/kg,含量最低的是等级1,为1.69mg/kg。玉米黄质中等级4的含量最高,为1.35 mg/kg,其次为等级3（1.31mg/kg）和等级2（0.37mg/kg）,等级1未检出。β-隐黄质中等级1、等级2与等级3、等级4间有显著差异（表5）,等级4和等级3中β-隐黄质含量较高,等级1和等级2含量较低,等级4（1.56mg/kg）中β-隐黄质含量大约是等级1（0.94mg/kg）的1.7倍。另外玉米籽粒中β-胡萝卜素含量较高的是等级4（10.89mg/kg）,而在等级1中没有检测到β-胡萝卜素（表4）。

2.4 R、G、B和Gray值与类胡萝卜素含量的相关性分析

对60份玉米自交系中R、G、B、Gray值与类胡萝卜素含量进行相关性分析,如表6所示,R、G、B、Gray值间和类胡萝卜素之间均具有极显著正相关性;R、G、B、Gray值与叶黄素、玉米黄素、β-隐黄质、β-胡萝卜素间具有极显著负相关性,即类胡萝卜素含量越高,红度、绿度、蓝度和灰度值越低。总体而言,R、G、B和Gray值之间,G与Gray值的正相关性最高,达0.992,其次是R值与Gray和G值,正相关性分别达到0.939和0.912,R与B值正相关性较低,为0.408;类胡萝卜素含量之间,β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素相关性较高,达0.830,其次是玉米黄质和β-隐黄质,达0.815,而叶黄素与β-胡萝卜素关联性较低,为0.343;叶黄素与B值负相关性较高,达-0.619,而叶黄素与R值负相关性则较低,为-0.593。

表6   R、G、B和Gray值与类胡萝卜素含量间的相关性分析

Table 6  Correlation analysis between R, G, B, and Gray values and carotenoid content

项目
Item		RGBGray叶黄素
Lutein		玉米黄质
Zeaxanthin		β-隐黄质
β-cryptoxanthin		β-胡萝卜素
β-carotene
R1.000
G0.912**1.000
B0.408**0.596**1.000
Gray0.939**0.992**0.632**1.000
叶黄素Lutein-0.256**-0.385**-0.619**-0.402**1.000
玉米黄质Zeaxanthin-0.370**-0.520**-0.416**-0.498**0.505**1.000
β-隐黄质 β-cryptoxanthin-0.506**-0.598**-0.421**-0.589**0.452**0.815**1.000
β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene-0.455**-0.532**-0.331**-0.520**0.343**0.582**0.830**1.000

“**”表示极显著相关（P < 0.01）

“**”indicates extremely significant correlation (P < 0.01)

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2.5 玉米自交系类胡萝卜素含量的聚类分析

根据类胡萝卜素含量,采用系统聚类法,用欧式距离可变类平均法对60个品种进行聚类分析,60份玉米自交系按籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量差异可分为5大类,其中编号C1~C8聚为一类;C9~C34、C36~C46、C48、C49、C52~54、C56、C58和C60聚为一类;C59单独聚为一类;C50、C51和C57聚为一类;C35、C55和C47聚为一类。

在5个类群中,第5类的叶黄素、玉米黄质和β-隐黄质含量都是最高的,属于高VA的自交系,第1类叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素的含量都最低,β-隐黄质和玉米黄质含量在5个类群中的平均值较低。第2类包含了多个自交系,属于中富含类胡萝卜素的自交系（表7）。

表7   不同类群间类胡萝卜素含量的分析

Table 7  Analysis between carotenoid contents among different groups

类群Group叶黄素Lutein玉米黄质Zeaxanthinβ-隐黄质 β-cryptoxanthinβ-胡萝卜素 β-carotene
13.94±1.30nd0.94±0.00nd
263.68±2.940.83±0.081.28±0.034.76±0.46
324.50±0.000.68±0.001.32±0.0015.04±0.00
475.44±6.061.62±0.221.76±0.1612.41±5.30
585.93±4.762.82±0.042.02±0.0614.96±3.22
平均值Average56.760.861.305.19
变异系数Coefficient of variation (%)49.5286.0523.0894.03
F值F-value22.8719.2820.0516.29
标准差Standard deviation28.110.740.304.88

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3 讨论

筛选高含量类胡萝卜素玉米是十分关键的,但这需要一种快速、准确、操作简便的分析测定方法。与其他检测方法相比,高效液相色谱法具有高效性、精确性和显著性等优势,已成为化学分析中主要分离方法[26]。本试验采用高效液相色谱法测定玉米类胡萝卜素中的叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素的浓度,结果发现玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素各组分间含量差异显著,与Baseggio等[27]和周毅等[28]研究结果一致。Hwang等[29]采用紫外分光光度计法检测白色和橙色玉米类胡萝卜素含量,结果表明类胡萝卜素的组成及其浓度是影响籽粒色泽的主要原因。Hu等[30]通过高效液相色谱法测定不同玉米籽粒颜色,结果表明,黄色、橙黄色和黑色玉米中有相对高含量的类胡萝卜素,而白色玉米最低。类胡萝卜素组成成分分析表明,叶黄素被确定是玉米中主要的类胡萝卜素,并且紫黑色玉米类胡萝卜素含量总体最高,这与Hu等[31]和OʼHare等[32]的研究结果类似。本试验以60份玉米自交系为材料,运用高效液相色谱技术对各种玉米自交系的类胡萝卜素组成成分进行分析测定,探究玉米籽粒颜色与类胡萝卜素含量的关系,结果显示,类胡萝卜素含量占比最高的是叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素和玉米黄质,其次是β-隐黄质。同时发现类胡萝卜素各组分间含量差异影响籽粒颜色。

4 结论

采用高效液相色谱检测法,对60份玉米自交系籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量进行测定,结果显示各自交系中叶黄素含量最高,是类胡萝卜素的主要成分,其次是β-胡萝卜素、玉米黄质和β-隐黄质。其中,4种类胡萝卜素含量间均有显著性差异,玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素含量随着籽粒颜色等级的增加而增加,叶黄素含量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势。籽粒中类胡萝卜素含量与籽粒颜色相关指标相关性分析显示,4种主要类胡萝卜素含量与R、G、B、Gray值均呈极显著负相关,而4种主要类胡萝卜素组分间呈极显著正相关,R、G、B和Gray值间也呈极显著正相关。本研究结果表明,随着颜色等级的增长,类胡萝卜素含量也随之增长,且在等级3时达最高,其次是等级4,因此籽粒颜色可用作判断总类胡萝卜素含量的依据,可为培育高富集营养玉米品种提供直观有效的方法。

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