1 磁化水的磁化机理
磁化水处理方法是一种具有经济和环境双重效益的物理方法，磁化水处理器应用了“法拉第”电磁场理论，水作为导体通过磁场时切割磁力线，产生电力势，发生物理变化，进而产生电能，此时水被磁化，称之为磁化水[7]。有研究[8-9]表明，经磁化水处理后，水的物理性质、化学性质以及内部结构都发生了变化，表现为表面张力降低、黏度增加、分子能更少、活化能更高、水更稳定等特点。磁化后的水pH和EC值也有升高或降低的变化，并且氢键发生断裂，密度和吸光度逐渐增加[10]。水体结构的改变是应用了“布朗运动”的分子特性原理，在供水系统加装仪器设备时，高速、持续产生微小高压水柱撞击金属内壁，使通过设备的水分子结构发生链接性的改变，进而大分子团变为小分子团，更有利于植物的吸收[11]。
2 磁化水处理器的不同效应
许多研究者相继开发了高能水或磁化水处理设备装置的专利产品，其中芽期和苗期试验所用的磁化水处理设备简单，易操作，只需将磁化水设备安装于水龙头，便可使普通水流出时产生磁化作用[13]。该设备操作起来简单，但其磁化机理还未定论。因此，研究者们进行大量探索，寻求更多的理论支撑，以获得磁化水对农作物增产增收的效果[11]。目前，有报道磁化水在种子萌发、秧苗生长和大田栽培应用中可起到灭菌杀毒、抗病虫害、提高产量和品质、改良土壤特性的效果，但多数研究结果显示，其作用并无一致性的规律，磁化水处理效果不明显[14]。在小麦[15]、黄瓜[16]和玉米[17]的研究中发现，磁化水处理后种子发芽、幼苗生长与对照相比无显著性差异，总体上影响不大。
3 磁化水对农作物生长发育的影响
磁化水应用于农作物，全生育期包括从种子萌发、秧苗生长、营养生长、生殖生长到成熟收获全过程，通过磁化水处理后，检测土壤理化特性、叶绿素含量、根系性状、产量及品质等一系列性状，比较磁化水处理与对照的差异特征，研究其对农作物和土壤特性的影响。
3.1 对土壤特性的影响
磁化水对土壤特性的影响主要集中于含水量、盐分、结构、重金属离子的含量和微生物菌群等方面[19]。磁化水活化技术对改良土壤理化性质、降低土壤盐渍化、保水保肥及增产增收具有促进作用[20]。有研究[21-22]证明，磁化水产生的磁场梯度比磁场强度本身更重要，其对不同土壤结构的渗透能力影响不同，经过磁化灌溉的累积水渗透率和最终渗透率均比非磁化灌溉高。重金属污染的存在依然是一个严峻的问题，在水稻生长发育过程中，施肥或喷施农药使得铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）等重金属富集于根系，并经过主茎和叶片大量带入植株体内，最终残留于稻米中[4]，严重影响了人们的健康。通过灌溉水净化重金属Cd的研究[23]发现，利用灌溉水工艺处理，对农作物的土壤修复和后期稻米品质发挥了有效协同作用。并且用磁化水滴灌，经过淋洗作用可降低土壤中的盐分，改善植物生长的土壤条件，有效促进水稻对K+、Ca2+和Mg2+等离子的吸收[24-25]。
3.2 对种子萌发的影响
3.3 对生长指标的影响
经过磁化水处理后，植株的形态等各项指标均发生着明显的变化，不同磁化处理对其都有一定的影响，主要表现在株高、根长、茎粗、剑叶面积和干物质重量等的变化上。磁化水处理可有效促进水稻秧苗生长，在营养生长期增加植株干物质积累，促进有效分蘖的发生[45]。不同磁化水的吸水梯度能够明显提高秧苗氮的利用率，结合叶面施肥，水稻的株高、穗长、叶长和鲜重得到了显著提高[46-47]。此外，磁化水可促进黄瓜[48]和棉花[49]的株高、茎粗和叶面积不同程度的增长，可增加豇豆叶片、茎、根鲜、干重和总生物量[50]。有证据[51-52]表明，在磁场和电磁场作用下，磁化水对植物的形态发生、种子萌发以及幼苗生长发育产生积极的影响，而且磁场强弱会影响植物从吸水到初始生长的过程，进而对根系和植株发育产生影响，这或许正是磁化水灌溉对农作物影响的重要机制。
3.4 对叶片叶绿素含量的影响
3.5 对根系性状的影响
3.6 对产量及品质的影响
衡量作物产量的指标为单株产量或单位面积产量，不同作物的产量构成因素不同。从水稻育秧开始使用磁化水，经移栽后再用磁化水灌溉，表现为分蘖能力增强、出穗早、成熟快和产量增加[63]。通过不同阶段磁化水的灌溉，水稻叶片的叶绿素含量提高，从而促进光合产物的积累。田间合理有效施肥配合灌溉磁化水提供了充足的大量和微量营养元素，有效促进分蘖的发生，有助于后期干物质的积累，从而促进籽粒的灌浆和结实[64]。磁化水灌溉提高农作物产量和品质的生物学机制，可能主要是磁化水能使部分水分子氢键断裂，水中极性分子由大分子团变为小分子团，表面张力减小，从而提高了水中溶氧量和其向植株根系运输的能力，有助于维持作物根系和茎的功能，促进其对营养的吸收，最终提高产量和改善稻米品质[65]。不同作物品种、环境因子及地块的试验结果为磁化水灌溉的生物学机制提供了不同程度的参考。在磁化水灌溉处理下，土壤肥料中的养分吸收、利用与转化输送到作物体内，使水稻[66]、玉米[27]、棉花[28]、冬小麦[67]、生菜[68]和甜菜[69]等干物质积累量增多，进而提高了营养品质（表1）。
表1 磁化水灌溉对农作物产量的影响
Table 1
| 序号 Number | 仪器设备 Instrument | 试验地点 Test location | 作物 Crop | 应用面积 Application area | 增产率 Rate of production increase (%) | 参考文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 永磁式磁化器 | 吉林大学作物栽培教研室 | 水稻 | 小区面积30m2，3次重复 | 13~17 | [2] |
| 2 | F型变频磁化水发生仪 | 浙江省富阳市黄田畈中国水稻研究所试验基地 | 水稻 | 磁化水灌溉和普通水灌溉小区面积各35m2，3次重复 | 5.2~9.3 | [5] |
| 黑龙江省五常市农业技术推广中心 | 水稻 | 磁化水灌溉1.2hm2（18亩），普通水灌溉1.07hm2（16亩） | 11.4（亩增产60.1kg） | [53] | ||
| 黑龙江省延寿县农业技术推广中心 | 水稻 | 磁化水灌溉4.67hm2（70亩），普通水灌溉4.67hm2（70亩） | 13（亩增产66.5kg） | |||
| 黑龙江省勃利县水稻协会 | 水稻 | 磁化水灌溉6.67hm2（100亩），普通水灌溉6.67hm2（100亩） | 12.5（亩增产62.5kg） | |||
| 3 | 磁化水活化系统 | 国家水利部重点灌溉试验站 | 棉花 | 面积约533.33（8000亩） | 31.69 | [28] |
| 4 | 变频磁化水发生仪 | 中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所七里营基地 | 冬小麦 | 小区面积20m×9m，3次重复，共9个小区 | 6.14~8.99，5.20~7.24 | [67] |
| 5 | 磁化器 | 新疆奎屯市开干齐乡 | 甜菜 | 试验田20hm2（300亩） | 25.1~36.9（产糖量提高 27.5%~39.1%） | [69] |
| 6 | 活化水装置 | 新疆天业集团化工生态园 | 水稻 | 活化水和未采用活化水种植面积667m2 | 16.9 | [70] |
| 7 | F型变频纳米磁化水发生仪 | 黑龙江省普阳农场科技园区 | 水稻 | 每处理面积1hm2 | 15.1 | [71] |
4 磁化水对农作物生理特性的影响
4.1 对酶活性的影响
磁化水处理明显有助于种子萌发，其可能的原因是由于磁化水处理后刺激了种子中贮藏淀粉的转运，破除种皮的韧性；再者，在同一磁场强度下，同一品种的α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性效果不同；且经磁化水处理后，其水体含有的溶解氧和过氧化物酶促进了种子萌发时的呼吸速率[74-75]。研究[2]还发现，磁化水提高了硝酸还原酶的活性，保持了细胞膜的透性，使得植株肥料吸收与利用率增加，并且对过氧化物酶（同工酶）、淀粉酶和脂肪酶产生了影响，使水稻叶片和茎秆等外观发生变化。适宜的磁场强度和作用时间处理大豆[76]和甜瓜[77]，可刺激植株体内β-淀粉酶、酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶等活性的改变，以及生理生化及代谢作用增强，从而促进种子萌发和幼苗生长。
4.2 对可溶性糖与还原糖的影响
4.3 对抗逆性的影响
4.4 对离子吸收的影响
4.5 对光合生理特性的影响
5 展望
磁化水处理技术在农业生产上的应用在国内外已经有了一定的研究基础，发现磁化水浸种、灌溉和水培幼苗处理对农作物具有一定的生物学效应，在田间大面积试验中也获得不少成效，主要表现为增加水稻分蘖数，提高叶片叶绿素含量，促进籽粒灌浆，增加产量，改善稻米品质，同时起到改良土壤的作用。虽然已有试验表明，磁化水灌溉技术对水稻及其他农作物的生长发育有积极的影响，但在品种大面积推广中仍有许多限制因素，主要原因有3点：（1）在试验过程中使用不同公司生产的仪器设备，磁化水的磁场强弱需要控制在一定范围内才能发挥明显效果，超过一定范围会有抑制作用；（2）磁化水对农作物的作用机理不清晰，磁化参数难以选择，试验操作方法和标准也不统一，试验效果难以保证；（3）在干旱地区，应用磁化水灌溉需配套膜下滴灌和漫灌方式，设备控制的最佳磁化水的流速、处理时间及磁场强度还有待探索。将来磁化水灌溉在农业生产上的操作应着重以下3点：（1）进一步规范、统一标准，提高不同试验的可比性和可信度；（2）深入探究磁化水作用的生理和分子机制，为研究应用磁化水促进水稻及其他农作物大面积增产增收提供更多的科学理论和技术支撑；（3）进一步优化磁化水灌溉技术，提高生物学效应，促进大面积的推广应用。
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Understanding of magnetic field (MF) effects observed during and after its action on water and aqueous solutions is still a controversial issue although the effects have been reported for at least half of century. The purpose of this paper was a brief review of the literature which deals with the magnetic force treatment effects. However, it is especially focused on the latest approaches, published mostly in the last decade which have developed our understanding of the mechanisms accompanying the field action. Generally, the changes in water structure via hydrogen bonding changes, as well as in intraclusters and between interclusters were taken into account, but the most remarkable progress was achieved in 2012 by Coey who applied the non-classical theory of nucleation mechanism of the formation of dynamically ordered liquid like oxyanion polymers (DOLLOP) to explain the magnetic field action. His criterion for the magnetic field effect to occur was experimentally verified. It was also proved that the gradient of the magnetic field is more important than the magnetic field strength itself. Some interesting approaches explaining an enhanced evaporation rate of water by MF are also discussed. More experimental results are needed for further verification of the DOLLOP theory to achieve a more profound understanding of the MF effects.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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为了探究磁化水灌溉对盐渍化土壤生化性质的影响,以黄河三角洲冬枣园的盐渍化土壤为研究对象,对土壤的盐分含量、交换性盐基、养分含量和土壤酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,在3个不同土层深度下,与淡水相比,磁化淡水灌溉的土壤含盐量分别显著降低了17.3%、19.8%和10.5%(P<0.05);在0~20和20~40 cm土层中,与地下浅表层微咸水相比,磁化地下浅表层微咸水灌溉的土壤含盐量分别显著降低5.7%和8.8%(P<0.05)。在3个不同土层深度中,磁化地下浅表层微咸水灌溉与未磁化灌溉相比分别显著降低了土壤中全Na的含量(P<0.05)。磁化水灌溉显著增加了交换性K和Ca的含量,而交换性Na含量显著降低(P<0.05)。不同的土壤深度下,磁化水灌溉可显著提高土壤中P、Ca和Mg的含量(P<0.05)。与未磁化相比,磁化水灌溉的土壤蔗糖酶活性提高11.5%~15.2%,且差异显著(P<0.05)。与未磁化相比,磁化淡水灌溉的脲酶活性提高了10.6%,磁化地下浅表层微咸水的磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性提高了10.0%和7.0%,且差异显著(P<0.05)。由此可知,磁化水灌溉能有效促进沾化冬枣园盐渍化土壤脱盐、维持土壤离子平衡、促进土壤养分有效性及提高土壤酶活性。本研究结果为磁化水灌溉技术在冬枣产业区的广泛应用提供了依据。
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PMID:25952081
[本文引用: 1]
This review provides detailed insight on the effects of magnetic fields on germination, growth, development, and yield of plants focusing on ex vitro growth and development and discussing the possible physiological and biochemical responses. The MFs considered in this review range from the nanoTesla (nT) to geomagnetic levels, up to very strong MFs greater than 15 Tesla (T) and also super-weak MFs (near 0 T). The theoretical bases of the action of MFs on plant growth, which are complex, are not discussed here and thus far, there is limited mathematical background about the action of MFs on plant growth. MFs can positively influence the morphogenesis of several plants which allows them to be used in practical situations. MFs have thus far been shown to modify seed germination and affect seedling growth and development in a wide range of plants, including field, fodder, and industrial crops; cereals and pseudo-cereals; grasses; herbs and medicinal plants; horticultural crops (vegetables, fruits, ornamentals); trees; and model crops. This is important since MFs may constitute a non-residual and non-toxic stimulus. In addition to presenting and summarizing the effects of MFs on plant growth and development, we also provide possible physiological and biochemical explanations for these responses including stress-related responses of plants, explanations based on dia-, para-, and ferromagnetism, oriented movements of substances, and cellular and molecular changes.
Initial growth processes in seeds in magnetic fields,strengthened or weakened in relation to the geomagnetic field
DOI:10.1134/S1062359010010073 URL [本文引用: 1]
Pepermint (Mentha piperita L.) growth and biochemical properties affected by magnetized saline water
DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110775 URL [本文引用: 1]
Extremely low frequency non-uniform magnetic fields induce changes in water relations,photosynthesis and tomato plant growth
DOI:10.1080/09553002.2020.1748912
PMID:32369405
[本文引用: 1]
To elucidate the effects during the vegetative growth of pre-sowing magnetic treatments on water relations, photosynthesis and plant growth in tomato (Vyta) plants under greenhouse conditions. Tomato seeds were exposed to full-wave rectified sinusoidal non-uniform magnetic fields (MFs) induced by an electromagnet at 120 mT (rms) for 10 min and at 80 mT (rms) for 5 min. Non-treated seeds were used as controls. Plants were grown in polystyrene trays and water relations, photosynthesis and plant growth were measured. Plants from magnetically treated seeds maintained better leaf water status in terms of increases in leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf turgor potential and relative water content, and decreases in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Net photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and total chlorophyll contents increase in plants from magnetically exposed seeds compared to controls. The MF treatments lead to a notable increase in root length, plant height, root and shoot dry mass, leaf area per plant, and root and shoot relative growth rates. Application of full-wave rectified sinusoidal non-uniform MF as a pre-sowing treatment has the potential to improve tomato plant vegetative growth through the enhancement of water relations and photosynthesis.
Impact of the static magnetic field on growth,pigments,osmolytes,nitric oxide,hydrogen sulfide,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity,antioxidant defense system,and yield in lettuce
DOI:10.3390/biology9070172 URL [本文引用: 1]
Influence of near null magnetic field on in vitro growth of potato and wild Solanum species
The influence of near null magnetic field on in vitro growth of different cultures of potato and related Solanum species was investigated for various exposure times and dates. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Désirée) in vitro cultures of shoot tips or nodal segments were used. Three different exposure periods revealed either stimulation or inhibition of root, stem, or leaf in vitro growth after 14 or 28 days of exposure. In one experiment the significant stimulation of leaf growth was also demonstrated at biochemical level, the quantity of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids increasing more than two-fold. For the wild species Solanum chacoense, S. microdontum, and S. verrucosum, standardized in vitro cultures of nodal stem segments were used. Root and stem growth was either stimulated or slightly inhibited after 9 days exposure to near null magnetic field. Callus cultures obtained from potato dihaploid line 120/19 were maintained in near null magnetic field in 2 different months. For these experiments as well as for Solanum verrucosum, callus cultures recorded either slight inhibition or no effect on fresh weight. For all experiments significant growth variation was brought about only when geomagnetic activity (AP index) showed variations at the beginning of in vitro growth and when the explant had at least one meristematic tissue. Moreover longer maintenance in near null magnetic field, 28 days as compared to 14 days or the controls, can also make a difference in plant growth in response to geomagnetic field variations when static component was reduced to zero value. These results of in vitro plant growth stimulation by variable component of geomagnetic field also sustain the so-called seasonal "window" effect.(c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pre-treatment of seeds with static magnetic field ameliorates soil water stress in seedlings of maize (Zea mays L.)
施氮条件下磁化水灌溉对葡萄生长和光合特性的影响
DOI:10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.04.0849
[本文引用: 2]
为研究施氮条件下磁化水灌溉对葡萄生长发育及光合特性的影响,以夏黑葡萄(Vitis vinifera×V. labrusca cv. Summer Black)为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,设置磁化水灌溉处理(M0)、非磁化水灌溉处理(NM0)、磁化施氮处理(MN)、非磁化施氮处理(NMN)4个处理,测定生长参数、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数以及荧光参数等指标。结果表明,与NMN相比,施氮条件下,MN对葡萄生长有明显促进作用,叶片、根系和全株生物量显著提高80.58%~163.35%(P<0.05),茎生物量无明显变化,根冠比提高26.43%。与NMN相比,MN葡萄叶片叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素含量提高8.58%~23.78%,净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)提高6.06%~8.14%,而胞间CO<sub>2</sub>浓度(Ci)显著降低(P<0.05)。与NMN相比,MN处理中实际光化学效率(Φ<sub>PSⅡ</sub>)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)提高7.97%~9.78%,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)、非光化学耗散(NPQ)和激发能压力(1-qP)降低了12.51%~22.94%。综上所述,施氮条件下,磁化水灌溉可以提高葡萄叶片的光合生产力,维持叶片较好的光合性能,以提高葡萄生物量累积、优化生物量分配格局,促进葡萄的生长。因此,磁化水灌溉技术可投入葡萄生产中。本研究结果为葡萄优质生产及氮肥施用提供了理论依据。
Response of some varieties of rice to growth and yield for magnetic technology
活化水对膜下滴灌水稻农艺性状的影响
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2018.06.016
[本文引用: 1]
为揭示活化水对水稻主要农艺性状的影响，提升膜下滴灌水稻的栽培水平，以主栽水稻品种T-43为材料，设置活化水与普通水灌溉2个处理，分阶段调查和测定了株高、分蘖数以及生育期，并对产量构成因子进行测定。结果表明，活化水有助于提高膜下滴灌水稻的株高、分蘖数、有效穗数、结实率、穗粒数、产量等指标，缩短水稻生育期，但对水稻千粒重影响不显著。
Pulsed magnetic field: a contemporary approach offers to enhance plant growth and yield of soybean
DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.10.017
PMID:22153250
[本文引用: 1]
The possible involvement of pulsed magnetic field (PMF) pretreatment in development and yield of soybean was investigated. Seeds were subjected to 20 days with 1500 nT at 10.0 Hz of PMF for 5 h per day. PMF pretreatment increased the plant height, fresh and dry weight, and protein content with the changes of protein profile in 8 days old seedlings. In addition, activity of enzymes such as β-amylase, acid phosphatase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase was enhanced while α-amylase, alkaline phosphatase, protease and nitrate reductase activities declined due to PMF exposure. However, a considerable increment of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg, K and Na contents with reduced level of Ca was found in PMF treated seedlings. The number of leaves, pods, seeds and length of pods, and weight of seeds were also remarkably higher in PMF treatment in contrast to controls. The results suggest that pretreatment of PMF plays important roles in improvement of crop productivity of soybean through the enhancement of protein, mineral accumulation and enzyme activities which leads to increase the growth and yield.Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Pre-sowing seed magnetic field treatment influence on germination,seedling growth and enzymatic activities of melon (Cucumis melo L.)
DOI:10.1016/j.bcab.2016.04.001 URL [本文引用: 1]
Study of effect of magnetized water on growth of wheat (Triticum vulgare Linn.)
Effects of magnetized water on seed germination of welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
Physiological and anatomical studies of two wheat cultivars irrigated with magnetic water under drought stress conditions
DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.012 URL [本文引用: 1]
Physio-anatomical responses of drought stressed tomato plants to magnetic field
DOI:10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.05.025 URL [本文引用: 1]
