作为继水稻、玉米和小麦之后的第四大主粮作物,马铃薯在保障我国粮食安全、精准扶贫、种植业结构调整以及农业产业转型升级中发挥着至关重要的作用。我国马铃薯的种植面积和总产量均位居世界首位,但单产水平因病虫害等瓶颈因素的制约低于世界平均水平。在国家重点研发项目的资助下,项目组在马铃薯六大优势产区开展了有害生物疫情监测和农药使用现状普查工作。明确了我国马铃薯生产上的主要病虫害共计27种,提出以晚疫病、早疫病、黑痣病、枯萎病、黑胫病、疮痂病、金针虫、蛴螬、二十八星瓢虫、马铃薯块茎蛾、蚜虫、蓟马等“六病六虫”为重点防控对象,根据各区域情况兼顾青枯病、环腐病、黄萎病、粉痂病等病虫害的防控。探明了我国马铃薯单位面积农药施用次数和施用量分别为17次和40.03 kg·hm ^-2,高于全国平均水平的4.16次和3.49 kg·hm ^-2。马铃薯现有农药登记产品防治对象的覆盖范围严重不足,青枯病、疮痂病、粉痂病等重要病虫害面临无登记农药可用的窘境。在农药减施策略方面,提出践行有害生物综合治理方针。建立马铃薯病虫害监测预警和早期精确诊断技术体系,为制定科学防控策略,适时精准施药奠定基础。选育推广抗病、虫品种,优化品种布局。适时播种、合理间套作,从时空两个维度阻隔规避马铃薯有害生物的侵染。种薯源头管控,完善种薯认证监管体系。扩大合格脱毒种薯的应用面积,大力推广种薯处理技术。研发推广化学农药高效施用技术与绿色防控替代技术是实现马铃薯化学农药减施的核心驱动。

Following the often short-lived protection that major nucleotide binding, leucine-rich-repeat (NB-LRR) resistance genes offer against the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans, field resistance was thought to provide a more durable alternative to prevent late blight disease. We previously identified the QTL dPI09c on potato chromosome 9 as a more durable field resistance source against late blight. Here, the resistance QTL was fine-mapped to a 186 kb region. The interval corresponds to a larger, 389 kb, genomic region in the potato reference genome of Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja doubled monoploid clone DM1-3 (DM) and from which functional NB-LRRs R8, R9a, Rpi-moc1, and Rpi_vnt1 have arisen independently in wild species. dRenSeq analysis of parental clones alongside resistant and susceptible bulks of the segregating population B3C1HP showed full sequence representation of R8. This was independently validated using long-range PCR and screening of a bespoke bacterial artificial chromosome library. The latter enabled a comparative analysis of the sequence variation in this locus in diverse Solanaceae. We reveal for the first time that broad spectrum and durable field resistance against P. infestans is conferred by the NB-LRR gene R8, which is thought to provide narrow spectrum race-specific resistance.

马铃薯是世界第三大粮食作物，马铃薯产业的可持续发展对保障世界和中国的粮食安全具有重要意义。优良品种是支撑马铃薯产业发展的基础。马铃薯经常遭受病虫害的侵袭和非生物胁迫，加工业的迅速发展和人们对食物营养的重视，迫切需要选育出更抗病、更耐逆、更高产、更优质和专用的马铃薯新品种。培育一个优良马铃薯品种，种质资源是基础，重要性状的遗传学是理论指导，先进的育种技术是保障，完善的推广和栽培模式是支撑。世界范围内，保存了大约65 000份马铃薯种质资源，通过对种质资源抗病、抗逆和品质方面的系统评价，并应用多种资源利用技术，将三大类约17个野生种的种质导入到普通栽培种中，应用于育种和遗传学研究。利用纯合双单倍体材料作为测序对象，马铃薯基因组序列已经被揭示，预测出了39 031个蛋白编码基因，目前更多的种质资源正在被重测序以揭示更多的等位变异。马铃薯普通栽培品种是无性繁殖四倍体作物，具有四体遗传特性，尽管如此，许多植株发育和形态、块茎品质和抗病抗逆等重要性状的遗传特性基本明确，并定位和克隆了大量重要性状相关基因。目前，马铃薯育种技术主要涵盖传统育种技术、倍性育种技术、标记辅助选择育种技术、基因工程育种技术和新兴的基因组选择育种技术。中国马铃薯遗传育种研究队伍不断壮大，品种选育取得了重大进展。荷兰马铃薯遗传育种水平居于世界前列，合作育种模式推动了商业化育种。不断完善马铃薯综合育种技术，创新育种模式和机制，充分利用现有种质资源培育突破性、专用型品种将是未来马铃薯遗传育种发展的主要方向。

Potato defends against Phytophthora infestans infection by resistance (R)-gene-based qualitative resistance as well as a quantitative field resistance. R genes are renowned to be rapidly overcome by this oomycete, and potato cultivars with a decent and durable resistance to current P. infestans populations are hardly available. However, potato cultivar Sarpo Mira has retained resistance in the field over several years. We dissected the resistance of 'Sarpo Mira' in a segregating population by matching the responses to P. infestans RXLR effectors with race-specific resistance to differential strains. The resistance is based on the combination of four pyramided qualitative R genes and a quantitative R gene that was associated with field resistance. The qualitative R genes include R3a, R3b, R4, and the newly identified Rpi-Smira1. The qualitative resistances matched responses to avirulence (AVR)3a, AVR3b, AVR4, and AVRSmira1 RXLR effectors and were overcome by particular P. infestans strains. The quantitative resistance was determined to be conferred by a novel gene, Rpi-Smira2. It was only detected under field conditions and was associated with responses to the RXLR effector AvrSmira2. We foresee that effector-based resistance breeding will facilitate selecting and combining qualitative and quantitative resistances that may lead to a more durable resistance to late blight.

Potato genotypes from a breeding population adapted to tropical highlands were analyzed for the stability of late blight resistance and also for marker-phenotype association. We harmonized the historical evaluation data, consisting of observations spanning 6 years from two field sites utilizing a resistance scale constructed by comparing the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values of 172 genotypes with that of susceptible control 'Yungay'. In total, 70 potato genotypes had a coefficient of variability <0.5 and were considered stable across the environments tested. A principal component analysis demonstrated that the ensemble of experiments formed two distinct groups that reflect the stability of genotype resistance to late blight. Phytophthora infestans isolates present in the experimental fields belonged to the EC-1 clonal lineage and showed variation in virulence beyond the concept of the avirulence determined by the conventionally used R1-R11 differential set. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker on chromosome 9 was associated with late blight resistance and linked to instability. Genotypes with either AACC or AAAC combinations for this SNP were highly resistant only in some environments, while the genotypes with the AAAA combination had more moderate levels of resistance but were stable across environments.

马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L.）是云南省的第三大粮食作物，晚疫病严重威胁马铃薯的生产，防治晚疫病最好的策略是种植抗性品种。本研究对255份马铃薯种质检测已报道的6个广谱Rpi基因分子标记，并鉴定田间晚疫病抗性。结果表明，含R8、RB、Rpi-blb2、Rpi-sto1、Rpi-sto1、Rpi-vnt1.1基因的材料分别有69、53、51、12、23、75份；81份材料聚合了多个广谱Rpi基因，其中77份来源于国际马铃薯中心（CIP）。田间抗性鉴定结果表明：255份材料中，高抗、中抗、中感和高感材料分别有67、31、67、90份，高抗与中抗材料分别有58份和29份源于CIP。国内种质与CIP种质相比，缺乏抗病与聚合多个广谱Rpi基因的种质。结果还表明，R8基因在晚疫病田间抗性中起主要贡献，R8分子标记田间抗性符合程度较高，并在聚合其他广谱Rpi基因时，符合程度与抗性会随之提高。本研究检测了255份材料的6个广谱Rpi基因分子标记组成，筛选出一批抗性材料，证明了R8分子标记具有较高的晚疫病田间抗性符合程度，可用于选择抗性材料或单株，能为抗病育种与分子标记辅助选择育种提供科学依据。

马铃薯是重庆优势特色作物之一，但其安全生产受到晚疫病的严重威胁。马铃薯生产中种植抗病品种是防控马铃薯晚疫病最为经济有效和环境友好的途径。为了了解来自国内外不同种质的晚疫病抗性基因组成以及确定在重庆市具有晚疫病抗性的马铃薯品种（系），本研究以218份来自国内外的品种（系）为材料，进行了6个晚疫病抗性（R）基因分子标记检测，同时进行了田间晚疫病抗性评价及室内接种鉴定和筛选。研究结果显示，6个R基因的分子标记在供试材料中均有分布，但分子标记的组成不尽相同，主要分为4大类。第I类含有具有广谱抗性基因的RB，晚疫病抗性评价表现为中抗以上；第III类缺R2 family基因标记，绝大部分表现为晚疫病敏感型；第II类和第IV类中分别主要含有3个R基因（R2 Family +R3a+R3b）标记类型和4个R基因（R1+ R2 Family+R3a+R3b）标记类型，这两类材料中表现出一定比例的晚疫病抗性水平，但第IV中出现抗性表现的比例高于第II类。结果说明含有RB基因标记贡献了较高的晚疫病抗性，缺失R2 famlily 基因标记的材料可能不利于晚疫病抗性，利用这些基因标记辅助筛选有助于提高重庆地区晚疫病抗性育种效率。本研究评价了218个马铃薯材料6个重要R基因组成，并筛选出重庆地区表现抗性的多个材料，为新品种（系）的推广应用以及抗病育种选育提供了科学依据，同时为发掘新的抗病基因提供了遗传资源。

为了评价抗茎腐病基因分子标记在辅助育种中的实用性，对159份玉米自交系进行了茎腐病田间抗性鉴定，并检测了与4个茎腐病抗性QTL (qRfg1、qRfg2、RpiQI319-1和RpiQI319-2)连锁的11个分子标记在上述材料中的扩增情况。结果表明：供试玉米自交系的平均发病率为26.30%，发病率低于30%的材料占67.92%，抗病资源丰富。与东北和西南地区种质相比，黄淮海地区抗性种质相对缺乏。通过比较标记扩增与田间表型的结果，发现分子标记STS01（qRfg1）、STSZ479（qRfg2）、bnlg1866（RpiQI319-1）和bnlg1716（RpiQI319-2）的阳性检测结果与田间表型符合度较高，分别为76.79%、78.95%、91.67%、73.33%，具有上述特异扩增多态性的材料平均发病率分别为22.06%、19.01%、10.65%、19.63% ，可做为抗茎腐病分子检测的有效标记。本研究为开展玉米抗茎腐病分子育种提供了重要参考。

稻瘟病是危害水稻产量的重要生物胁迫之一。实践证明，解决这一问题的最有效方法是培育具广谱、持久稻瘟病抗性的品种并推广种植。本研究以优质、高产、感稻瘟病的京粳1号为轮回亲本，与稻瘟病抗性基因Pi9、Pigm 和pi21的供体材料进行杂交、回交和复交，结合分子标记辅助选择和农艺性状筛选，培育不同的单基因导入系和聚合系。苗期人工接种多个稻瘟病菌的结果显示，Pi9抗性改良系的抗性频率达到100%，Pigm抗性改良系平均为90%，均极显著高于轮回亲本京粳1号的抗性频率，且农艺性状与京粳1号基本一致。pi21抗性改良系的抗性水平与京粳1号没有明显差异，单株产量极显著低于京粳1号。与轮回亲本相比，Pi9和pi21聚合系的抗性频率极显著提高，达到93.33%，但单株产量明显降低。研究结果证实了Pi9和Pigm基因在大幅度提高抗瘟性的同时对主要农艺性状影响小，都具有较大的育种利用价值。基因pi21抗谱较窄，抗性不强，且可能存在对产量的负效应，不宜单独用来改良水稻品种的稻瘟病抗性，需要与抗性强的主基因聚合，通过多次回交和自交打破该基因与产量的不利连锁累赘。