钾肥不同追施比例对红花大金元和云烟300生长、产量及质量的影响
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Effects of Different Topdressing Ratios of Potassium Fertilizer on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Honghuadajinyuan and Yunyan 300
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收稿日期: 2024-06-4 修回日期: 2024-07-19 网络出版日期: 2024-08-07
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Received: 2024-06-4 Revised: 2024-07-19 Online: 2024-08-07
作者简介 About authors
夏玉兰,主要从事烟草栽培生理研究,E-mail:
为探究烤烟新品种云烟300与红花大金元在生长、产量及质量上的品种差异,并找出适合云烟300的钾肥追施比例,以红花大金元和云烟300为材料,以不追施硫酸钾处理为对照,在团棵后20、40和50 d分别以不同比例(CK=0:0:0,T1=5:4:1,T2=3:4:3,T3=1:4:5)进行根施,共8个处理。结果表明,团棵后20 d随着钾肥追施比例的增加,红花大金元和云烟300的株高、茎围、底叶长、底叶宽、腰叶长、腰叶宽、单叶重、叶质重、还原糖含量、总糖含量、钾含量、钾氯比、产量、产值、均价和中上等烟比例均呈先增加后降低的趋势。在T2处理下,与红花大金元相比,云烟300的株高、顶叶宽、叶质重、还原糖含量、总糖含量、钾氯比和产值分别增加了5.74%、4.24%、3.81%、5.04%、4.05%、4.78%和3.08%,烟碱和氯含量分别降低了11.79%和3.45%。综上,红花大金元和云烟300均以钾肥追施比例3:4:3处理时生长、产量和质量表现最佳。在钾肥相同追施比例处理下,云烟300部分农艺性状、物理特性、化学成分和经济性状表现较好。
关键词:
In order to explore the differences in growth, yield and quality of the new flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 300 with Honghuadajinyuan, and to find out the ratio of potassium fertilizer topdressing suitable for Yunyan 300, Honghuadajinyuan and Yunyan 300 were used as materials, and the treatment without topdressing potassium sulfate was set as the control. Different ratio of potassium were applied to roots at 20, 40 and 50 days after rosette (CK=0:0:0; T1=5:4:1; T2=3:4:3; T3=1:4:5), and a total of eight treatments were set. The results showed that, with the increase of the ratio of potassium fertilizer topdressing 20 days after rosette, the plant height, stem girth, bottom leaf length, bottom leaf width, cutter leaf length, cutter leaf width, single leaf weight, leaf density, reducing sugar content, total sugar content, potassium content, potassium- to-chloride ratio, yield, output value, average price and the proportion of middle and high tobacco of Honghuadajinyuan and Yunyan 300 all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Under T2 treatment, compared with Honghuadajinyuan, the plant height, top leaf width, single leaf weight, reducing sugar content, total sugar content, potassium-to- chloride ratio and output value of Yunyan 300 increased by 5.74%, 4.24%, 3.81%, 5.04%, 4.05%, 4.78% and 3.08%, respectively, and nicotine and chlorine content decreased by 11.79% and 3.45%, respectively. In summary, the growth, yield and quality of Honghuadajinyuan and Yunyan 300 were the best under the treatment of the top dressing of potassium fertilizer=3:4:3 treatment. The part of agronomic traits, physical properties, chemical composition and economic traits of Yunyan 300 were better under the same top dressing ratio of potassium fertilizer.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
夏玉兰, 赵园园, 李娟, 王德勋, 王婷婷, 杨成伟, 史宏志.
Xia Yulan, Zhao Yuanyuan, Li Juan, Wang Dexun, Wang Tingting, Yang Chengwei, Shi Hongzhi.
钾作为重要的植物营养元素,被认为是影响烟叶质量的重要因素之一[1],它不仅对植物的光合作用和渗透调节等具有重要的调控作用,还能改善烟叶颜色、燃烧性和吸湿性,并促进特定香味成分的合成与积累[2-
云南作为全国重要的战略性优质烟叶生产基地,当地主栽烤烟品种红花大金元清香型风格突出,工业需求量较大,但与云南其他主栽品种相比,红花大金元对黑胫病的抗性较差,种植规模难以扩大[14]。因此,云南省烟草农业科学研究院以红花大金元为受体,以抗黑胫病种质RBST为供体,运用分子标记选择技术,选育出云烟300(抗黑胫病红花大金元)品种[15],其作为新品种,与红花大金元在生长、化学成分、产量及质量等方面的差异需要进一步研究。并且云烟300对钾的吸收利用特性尚不明晰,生产中缺乏与其相配套的钾肥施用技术,在钾肥追施比例等方面存在一定的盲目性。基于此,本研究在云南大理弥渡县密祉镇以红花大金元和云烟300品种为材料,以不追施硫酸钾处理为对照,在团棵后20、40和50 d分别进行不同比例钾肥融水根施,开展田间小区试验,研究相同处理下2个品种在生长、化学成分、产量及质量等方面的差异,并探究适宜云烟300的钾肥追施比例,为优质烟叶生产提供技术支撑。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
以红花大金元和云烟300作为试验材料,于2023年4月28日在云南省大理白族自治州弥渡县密祉镇(99°19′ E,26°22′ N)进行移栽。土壤基本理化性质为pH 5.37、全氮2.21 g/kg、全磷0.88 g/kg、全钾10.69 g/kg、速效钾237.00 mg/kg、有效磷36.94 mg/kg、碱解氮189.36 mg/kg、有机质36.41 g/kg。
1.2 试验设计
大田选择油枯型有机肥(有机质≥45.00%,N+P2O5+K2O≥5.00%)按1500 kg/hm2进行基施,复合肥料(N-P2O5-K2O=10-10-24)施肥量为750 kg/hm2;在烤烟后期选择硫酸钾(K2O≥52.00%)对烟株进行追施钾肥,根据当地常规施肥量,将硫酸钾追肥量设为375 kg/hm2,分别在团棵后20、40和50 d以不同比例进行根施(每1 kg硫酸钾兑水75 L,待硫酸钾完全溶解后,浇于烟株根部),以不追施硫酸钾处理为对照,每个品种设4个处理,共8个处理(表1),每个处理3次重复,其他栽培管理措施及采收烘烤按照当地优质烟叶生产技术规范进行。
表1 试验设计
Table 1
| 品种 Variety | 处理 Treatment | 追肥比例Topdressing ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 团棵后20 d 20 days after rosette | 团棵后40 d 40 days after rosette | 团棵后50 d 50 days after rosette | ||
| 红花大金元 Honghuadajinyuan | HCK | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| H1 | 50 | 40 | 10 | |
| H2 | 30 | 40 | 30 | |
| H3 | 10 | 40 | 50 | |
| 云烟300 Yunyan 300 | YCK | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Y1 | 50 | 40 | 10 | |
| Y2 | 30 | 40 | 30 | |
| Y3 | 10 | 40 | 50 | |
1.3 测定项目与方法
1.3.1 农艺性状
参照YC/T 142-2010[16],各小区选取6株代表性烟株进行标记,从追施钾肥开始,每追施钾肥后1周进行1次农艺性状测定。
1.3.2 叶绿素含量
烟株每次追施钾肥后1周,每小区选择代表性烟株3株,选由上而下第11片叶测定叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值),使用SPAD仪(山东方科仪器有限公司)在叶片的对称位置叶基、叶中和叶尖处各选取一个点,共6个点进行测定,取平均值即为该叶片SPAD值。
1.3.3 经济性状
根据GB 2635-1992[17]对烤后烟叶进行分级,并计算产量和产值等经济性状指标。
1.3.4 物理性状
分别取各处理中部具有代表性烤后烟叶各1 kg,测定叶长和叶宽,并计算最大叶面积(最大叶长×最大叶宽×0.6345,其中0.6345为叶面积系数)。采用称重法测定单叶重和含梗率,用打孔铝盒称重法测定叶质重。
1.3.5 化学成分
分别取各处理中部具有代表性的烤后烟叶各1 kg作为分析样,采用AAⅢ型连续流动化学分析仪(德国BRAN+LUEBBE公司),按照YC/Z 240-2008[18]测定化学成分。
1.3.6 感官质量
将烤后烟切丝,卷成单料烟,由湖南中烟工业有限责任公司、山东中烟工业有限责任公司和河南农业大学国家栽培生理生化研究基地评吸专家进行评吸打分。
1.4 数据处理
采用Microsoft Excel 2019进行数据统计,用Origin 2021作图,通过DPS用LSD进行多重比较和单因素随机区组显著性检验。
2 结果与分析
2.1 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟农艺性状的影响
由表2可知,在钾肥追施后1周,即团棵后57 d对烟株进行农艺性状测定,结果表明后期追施钾肥能明显改善烟株农艺性状。对于红花大金元,与HCK处理相比,H1处理顶叶长最长,显著增加了13.55%,顶叶宽最宽,显著增加了13.15%;H2处理株高、茎围、底叶长、底叶宽、腰叶长和腰叶宽均最高,分别增加了7.36%、9.24%、8.55%、13.34%、7.64%和21.98%。对于云烟300,与YCK处理相比,Y1处理顶叶长较长,显著增加了10.39%;其余农艺性状均以Y2处理最高,株高、茎围、底叶长、底叶宽、腰叶长、腰叶宽和顶叶宽分别增加了12.37%、11.96%、6.60%、12.36%、7.91%、26.92%和19.35%;与H2处理相比,Y2处理株高增加了5.74%,顶叶宽增加了4.24%。表明随着团棵后20 d追肥比例的增加,除顶叶长、顶叶宽和叶片数外,其余农艺性状均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,其中以Y2处理最佳;在相同钾肥处理下,2个品种间除株高和顶叶宽外,其余农艺性状差异较小。
表2 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟农艺性状的影响
Table 2
| 处理 Treatment | 株高 Plant height (cm) | 茎围 Stem girth (cm) | 底叶长 Bottom leaf length (cm) | 底叶宽 Bottom leaf width (cm) | 腰叶长 Cutter leaf length (cm) | 腰叶宽 Cutter leaf width (cm) | 顶叶长 Top leaf length (cm) | 顶叶宽 Top leaf width (cm) | 叶片数 Number of leaves |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCK | 125.90±1.10d | 10.07±0.35c | 69.83±0.81c | 32.00±0.65c | 74.57±1.20d | 30.07±0.13c | 60.83±1.19d | 20.83±0.40c | 19.00±0.65b |
| H1 | 129.37±1.01b | 10.63±0.25b | 73.76±1.00b | 34.53±0.24b | 78.13±1.17b | 35.27±1.43a | 69.07±0.92a | 23.57±0.50a | 20.00±0.36ab |
| H2 | 135.17±1.68a | 11.00±0.34a | 75.80±0.68a | 36.27±0.87a | 80.27±0.32a | 36.68±1.20a | 65.63±0.95b | 22.90±0.86b | 20.00±0.82a |
| H3 | 127.73±1.67c | 10.33±0.05bc | 74.03±1.13b | 35.47±1.42ab | 76.20±1.39c | 32.37±0.49b | 64.27±0.94c | 21.13±0.52c | 20.00±0.08a |
| YCK | 127.20±0.62d | 10.03±0.10c | 72.30±0.54c | 32.70±1.19c | 74.63±0.33d | 29.23±0.15c | 63.17±0.28d | 20.00±0.64d | 19.00±0.32c |
| Y1 | 129.70±0.94c | 10.93±0.30a | 75.30±0.78b | 34.80±0.95b | 78.70±1.44b | 35.50±0.06a | 69.73±1.04a | 22.37±0.28b | 20.00±0.33b |
| Y2 | 142.93±1.26a | 11.23±0.33a | 77.07±0.55a | 36.74±1.40a | 80.53±0.98a | 37.10±1.49a | 66.73±1.05b | 23.87±0.77a | 21.00±0.37a |
| Y3 | 133.53±1.16b | 10.33±0.11b | 75.57±1.06b | 35.63±0.30ab | 76.40±0.54c | 32.63±0.78b | 65.53±0.14c | 21.33±0.72c | 20.00±0.14b |
同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。下同。
Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference at P < 0.05 level. The same below.
2.2 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟SPAD值的影响
如图1所示,每次追施钾肥后1周分别对不同品种中部叶片进行SPAD值测定,结果表明,与对照相比,2个品种追施钾肥能促进烤烟旺长期叶片叶绿素的合成。而随着生育期的延迟,烟叶进入成熟期,叶绿素合成能力降低,且分解过程继续进行,烤烟叶片的SPAD值逐渐下降,其中H3和Y3处理的叶绿素下降较为显著,表明团棵后50 d追施钾肥促进了叶绿素降解,但在钾肥相同追施比例处理下,2个品种间SPAD值差异较小。
图1
图1
钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟SPAD值的影响
不同处理间不同小写字母表示在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Fig.1
Effect of different topdressing ratios of potassium fertilizer on SPAD values of flue-cured tobacco
Different lowercase letters among different treatments indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 level.
2.3 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟经济性状的影响
如表3所示,从产量、产值、均价和中上等烟比例来看,红花大金元品种经济性状表现为H2>H1>H3>HCK,云烟300表现为Y2>Y1>Y3>YCK。与HCK处理相比,H2处理产量、产值、均价和中上等烟比例分别增加25.18%、45.89%、16.55%和10.00%;与YCK处理相比,Y2处理分别增加22.67%、42.98%、16.54%和10.06%;在钾肥相同追施比例下,云烟300经济性状略高于红花大金元,与H2处理相比,Y2处理产值增加了3.08%,表明随着团棵后20 d追肥比例增加,烤烟产量、产值、均价和中上等烟比例呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,其中以Y2处理最佳。
表3 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟经济性状的影响
Table 3
| 处理 Treatment | 产量 Yield (kg/hm2) | 产值(元/hm2) Output value (yuan/hm2) | 均价(元/kg) Mean price (yuan/kg) | 中上等烟比例 Proportion of medium and high quality tobacco (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCK | 2225.96±42.35d | 65 238.57±479.43d | 29.31±0.34d | 78.50±1.18d |
| H1 | 2601.30±51.01b | 86 370.37±654.94b | 33.21±0.40b | 85.28±0.59b |
| H2 | 2786.49±37.61a | 95 174.77±498.29a | 34.16±0.28a | 86.35±1.19a |
| H3 | 2564.01±26.40c | 82 994.02±625.24c | 32.37±0.09c | 83.13±0.45c |
| YCK | 2317.18±55.01d | 68 612.82±412.61d | 29.62±0.53d | 79.89±0.36d |
| Y1 | 2636.10±40.08b | 88 327.50±611.53b | 33.51±0.28b | 86.37±0.04b |
| Y2 | 2842.41±51.17a | 98 101.57±628.05a | 34.52±0.40a | 87.93±1.06a |
| Y3 | 2578.93±30.77c | 84 596.56±507.42c | 32.81±0.19c | 84.39±0.66c |
2.4 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟物理特性的影响
如表4所示,红花大金元含梗率表现为HCK>H3>H1>H2,其余指标均表现为H2>H1>H3>HCK;与HCK处理相比,H2处理叶长、叶宽、叶面积、单叶重和叶质重分别增加10.03%、21.77%、33.95%、25.13%和12.62%,含梗率降低9.23%。云烟300叶长、单叶重和叶质重均表现为Y2>Y1>Y3>YCK,叶宽和叶面积表现为Y1>Y2>Y3>YCK,含梗率表现为YCK>Y3>Y1>Y2。与YCK处理相比,Y1处理叶宽增加17.38%,叶面积增加21.86%,Y2处理叶长、单叶重和叶质重分别增加7.24%、14.84%、10.91%,含梗率降低16.04%。与H2处理相比,Y2处理叶质重增加了3.81%,含梗率降低了2.47%。表明红花大金元随着团棵后20 d追肥比例的增加,除含梗率外,其余物理特性均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,而云烟300在团棵后20 d适当增加钾肥追施比例能增加烟株中部叶叶宽和叶面积;在相同处理下,2个品种间叶质重和含梗率存在差异,其余物理特性差异不大。
表4 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟中部叶物理特性的影响
Table 4
| 处理 Treatment | 叶长 Leaf length (cm) | 叶宽 Leaf width (cm) | 叶面积 Leaf area (cm2) | 单叶重 Single leaf weight (g) | 叶质重 Leaf density (g/m2) | 含梗率 Midrib ratio (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCK | 66.60±0.57d | 23.70±0.88d | 1001.83±45.71d | 11.66±0.27d | 84.95±0.60d | 29.91±0.24a |
| H1 | 71.24±0.44b | 26.62±0.38b | 1203.38±24.81b | 13.28±0.17b | 91.39±0.44b | 28.24±0.23c |
| H2 | 73.28±0.48a | 28.86±0.30a | 1341.97±22.88a | 14.59±0.28a | 95.67±0.27a | 27.15±0.25d |
| H3 | 70.12±0.45c | 25.62±0.89c | 1140.12±47.07c | 12.82±0.10c | 88.65±0.64c | 29.24±0.27b |
| YCK | 68.62±0.43c | 24.22±0.78d | 1054.56±35.80d | 12.87±0.27d | 89.54±0.48d | 31.54±0.16a |
| Y1 | 71.24±0.18b | 28.43±0.26a | 1285.12±15.16a | 13.61±0.31b | 94.01±0.73b | 27.92±0.20c |
| Y2 | 73.59±0.51a | 26.58±0.37b | 1241.22±25.98b | 14.78±0.27a | 99.31±0.42a | 26.48±0.28d |
| Y3 | 70.60±0.56b | 25.78±0.75c | 1155.10±42.87c | 13.18±0.18c | 91.44±0.36c | 29.01±0.30b |
2.5 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟化学成分的影响
烟叶化学成分是决定烟叶品质的内在因素。如表5所示,从还原糖含量、总糖含量、钾含量和钾氯比来看,红花大金元表现为H2>H1>H3>HCK,云烟300表现为Y2>Y1>Y3>YCK。H2与HCK处理相比,其中部叶还原糖、总糖和钾含量分别增加了20.20%、24.90%和30.25%。烟碱、总氮和氯含量分别降低了25.41%、23.53%和27.50%;Y2与YCK处理相比,其中部叶还原糖、总糖和钾含量分别增加了28.21%、30.47%和28.74%,烟碱、总氮和氯含量分别降低了35.67%、30.59%和26.32%;Y2与H2处理相比,还原糖含量、总糖含量和钾氯比分别增加了5.04%、4.05%和4.78%,烟碱和氯含量分别降低了11.79%、3.45%。说明在钾肥相同追施比例处理下,云烟300品种中部叶钾利用效率较高,并且2个品种均表现为适当增加烤烟团棵后20 d的追肥比例,能使烟株中部叶的化学成分更为协调,提高烤后烟叶品质,其中以Y2处理最优。
表5 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟中部叶化学成分的影响
Table 5
| 处理 Treatment | 烟碱含量 Nicotine content (%) | 还原糖含量 Reducing sugar content (%) | 总糖含量 Total sugar content (%) | 总氮含量 Total nitrogen content (%) | 钾含量 Potassium content (%) | 氯含量 Chlorine content (%) | 钾氯比 Potassium-to- chloride ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCK | 3.07±0.07a | 19.80±0.52d | 25.70±0.28d | 2.04±0.04a | 1.62±0.03c | 0.40±0.08a | 4.23±0.87c |
| H1 | 2.52±0.02b | 22.80±0.17b | 31.20±0.34b | 1.63±0.01b | 1.98±0.06b | 0.32±0.02ab | 6.20±0.28b |
| H2 | 2.29±0.01c | 23.80±0.15a | 32.10±0.27a | 1.56±0.04c | 2.11±0.02a | 0.29±0.03b | 7.33±0.62a |
| H3 | 2.63±0.10b | 21.70±0.46c | 30.00±0.53c | 1.69±0.01b | 1.96±0.07b | 0.34±0.01ab | 5.76±0.00b |
| YCK | 3.14±0.01a | 19.50±0.31d | 25.60±0.57c | 2.19±0.08a | 1.67±0.04d | 0.38±0.01a | 4.39±0.04d |
| Y1 | 2.17±0.07c | 24.40±0.26b | 32.80±0.25a | 1.60±0.04c | 2.07±0.06b | 0.31±0.01c | 6.75±0.15b |
| Y2 | 2.02±0.02d | 25.00±0.08a | 33.40±0.52a | 1.52±0.01d | 2.15±0.04a | 0.28±0.01d | 7.68±0.07a |
| Y3 | 2.55±0.05b | 23.90±0.12c | 31.30±0.22b | 1.68±0.06b | 2.00±0.08c | 0.33±0.02b | 6.06±0.06c |
2.6 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟感官质量的影响
由表6可知,红花大金元总分表现为H2>H1>H3>HCK,与HCK处理相比,H2处理的香气质、香气量、浓度、燃烧性和总分分别增加8.96%、6.45%、6.25%、16.67%和6.74%;云烟300总分表现为Y2>Y1>Y3>YCK,与YCK处理相比,Y2处理的香气质、香气量、浓度、燃烧性和总分分别增加10.29%、9.68%、7.94%、12.50%和7.43%;Y2与H2处理相比,感官质量评分差异较小。
表6 钾肥不同追施比例对烤烟中部叶感官质量的影响
Table 6
| 处理 Treatment | 香气质 Aroma quality (9-0) | 香气量 Aroma quantity (9-0) | 浓度 Concentration (9-0) | 杂气 Offensive odor (9-0) | 劲头 Stiffness (9-0) | 刺激性 Irritancy (9-0) | 余味 Aftertaste (9-0) | 甜度 Sweetness (9-0) | 燃烧性 Flammability (4-0) | 总分 Total point |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCK | 6.70±0.25c | 6.20±0.14b | 6.40±0.26c | 6.30±0.12c | 5.40±0.14c | 6.50±0.23b | 6.30±0.04c | 6.60±0.01b | 3.00±0.05d | 53.40±1.22d |
| H1 | 7.10±0.16ab | 6.50±0.02a | 6.70±0.20ab | 6.50±0.17ab | 5.60±0.09b | 6.70±0.09ab | 6.50±0.04ab | 6.90±0.01ab | 3.30±0.12b | 55.80±0.90b |
| H2 | 7.30±0.10a | 6.60±0.23a | 6.80±0.07a | 6.60±0.03a | 5.80±0.00a | 6.80±0.06a | 6.60±0.09a | 7.00±0.23a | 3.50±0.05a | 57.00±0.86a |
| H3 | 6.90±0.04bc | 6.40±0.25ab | 6.50±0.04bc | 6.40±0.18bc | 5.50±0.05bc | 6.60±0.24ab | 6.40±0.14bc | 6.80±0.22ab | 3.20±0.07c | 54.70±1.22c |
| YCK | 6.80±0.17c | 6.20±0.19d | 6.30±0.10b | 6.30±0.01c | 5.40±0.20c | 6.60±0.00b | 6.30±0.22b | 6.70±0.21c | 3.20±0.07d | 53.80±1.17d |
| Y1 | 7.30±0.29b | 6.40±0.11b | 6.50±0.23b | 6.50±0.16ab | 5.60±0.07ab | 6.90±0.10a | 6.50±0.02ab | 7.00±0.12b | 3.50±0.05b | 56.20±1.14b |
| Y2 | 7.50±0.29a | 6.80±0.15a | 6.80±0.01a | 6.60±0.12a | 5.70±0.12a | 7.00±0.27a | 6.60±0.08a | 7.20±0.15a | 3.60±0.08a | 57.80±1.27a |
| Y3 | 7.20±0.19b | 6.30±0.18c | 6.40±0.04b | 6.40±0.14bc | 5.50±0.15bc | 6.80±0.12ab | 6.40±0.18ab | 6.90±0.10b | 3.40±0.13c | 55.30±1.23c |
3 讨论
研究[19]表明,追施钾肥能使烤烟的株高、叶长和叶宽等农艺性状指标均有不同程度的提高。本试验发现,随着团棵后20 d钾肥追施比例增加,红花大金元和云烟300的株高、茎围、底叶长、底叶宽、腰叶长、腰叶宽、单叶重和叶质重均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,并且差异显著。这可能是因为团棵后20 d适当增加追施钾肥量可以增强烟株后期的根系活力,有利于烟株均衡地利用土壤养分,提高光合速率,增加干物质积累,从而改善烤烟农艺性状和物理特性[20]。代晓燕等[21]研究表明,采用基肥和分次追肥相结合的施钾技术,对提高烟叶产量、增加烟叶含钾量、提高烟株对钾素的吸收利用率有明显效果;且相同的钾肥用量,通过增加施用次数,适当延长施用期,可提高中上等烟的比例,进而增加产值[22]。研究[23-24]发现,烟叶含钾量突变发生于打顶期,成熟期钾积累减缓的原因之一是烟株打顶后体内的钾素存在根系外排的现象。为减少打顶后烟株钾素的外溢,目前已报道[25-
在钾肥相同追施比例处理下,与红花大金元相比,云烟300部分农艺性状、物理特性、常规化学成分、感官质量以及经济性状表现较好,这可能是因为云烟300在获得抗黑胫病改良基因的同时,其他性状也得到了改善,具体原因还需要进一步研究。
4 结论
随着团棵后20 d钾肥追肥比例的增加,红花大金元和云烟300的株高、茎围、底叶长、底叶宽、腰叶长、腰叶宽、单叶重、叶质重、还原糖含量、总糖含量、钾含量、钾氯比、产量、产值、均价和中上等烟比例均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,均以钾肥追施比例3:4:3处理下生长、产量和质量表现最好,并且在钾肥相同追施比例处理下,云烟300部分农艺性状、物理特性、常规化学成分、感官质量及经济性状表现更好。
参考文献
Regulation of potassium transport and signaling in plants
DOI:S1369-5266(17)30031-6
PMID:28710919
[本文引用: 1]
As an essential macronutrient, potassium (K) plays crucial roles in diverse physiological processes during plant growth and development. The K concentration in soils is relatively low and fluctuating. Plants are able to perceive external K changes and generate chemical and physical signals in plant cells. The signals can be transducted across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol, and eventually regulates the downstream targets, particularly K channels and transporters. As a result, K homeostasis in plant cells is modulated, which facilitates plant adaptation to K deficient conditions. This minireview focuses on the latest research progress in the diverse functions of K channels and transporters as well as their regulatory mechanisms in plant response to low-K stress.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
低钾胁迫对烟草幼苗叶中基因表达的影响
DOI:10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.07.1273
为探索在低钾胁迫下烟草幼苗基因表达谱的变化,对烟草幼苗进行了0、6、12、24 h低钾胁迫,并利用基因芯片技术分析了烟草幼苗基因表达谱的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,处理组基因表达量变化在2倍以上的差异表达基因共有3 790个。这些差异表达基因所行使的功能多达18种,包括抗氧化活性、催化活性、酶调活性,并参与应激反应、发育过程以及代谢过程等。在差异表达基因中,涉及到响应非生物刺激相关差异表达基因有417个(281个上调、136个下调)、光合作用基因有21个(10个上调、11个下调)、光合色素合成相关基因9个(6个上调、3个下调)以及植物激素代谢相关基因6个(5个上调、1个下调)。研究结果可为烟草钾营养的分子机制研究提供借鉴。
钾肥运筹对烤烟钾吸收利用的影响
Effects of top excision on the potassium accumulation and expression of potassium channel genes in tobacco
DOI:10.1093/jxb/ern285
PMID:19112172
[本文引用: 1]
The effects of the removal of the shoot apex of tobacco on the relative transcript levels of potassium channel genes, determined by real-time PCR, and on the relationship between the expression of genes encoding potassium channels and potassium concentration, were studied. The results from the study indicated that comparatively more assimilates of photosynthesis were allocated to the apex in control plants than in both decapitated and IAA-treated decapitated plants. By contrast, dry matter in the upper leaves, roots, and stems in both decapitated and IAA-treated plants was significantly increased relative to control plants. The potassium level in whole plants decreased post-decapitation compared with control plants, and so did the potassium concentration in middle and upper leaves, stem, and roots. Expression of NKT1, NtKC1, NTORK1, and NKT2 was inhibited by decapitation in tobacco leaves with a gradual reduction after decapitation, but was induced in roots. The relative expression of NKT1, NTORK1, and NKT2 in tobacco leaves was higher than that in roots, whereas the expression of NtKC1 was higher in roots. The levels of inhibition and induction of NKT1, NtKC1, NTORK1, and NKT2 in leaves and roots, respectively, associated with decapitation were reduced by the application of IAA on the cut surface of the decapitated stem. Further results showed that the level of endogenous auxin IAA in decapitated plants, which dropped in leaves and increased in roots by 140.7% at 14 d compared with the control plant, might be attributed to the change in the expression of potassium channel genes. The results suggest that there is a reciprocal relationship among endogenous auxin IAA, expression of potassium channel genes and potassium accumulation. They further imply that the endogenous IAA probably plays a role in regulating the expression of potassium channel genes, and that variations in expression of these genes affected the accumulation and distribution of potassium in tobacco.
打顶对烟草生长、钾素吸收及其分配的影响
与不打顶相比,打顶并未增加烟株最终的干物质及K累积量,但由于消除了顶端对有机物质及K的强烈竞争,使无谓消耗于顶中约1/3的同化物及K运向其它器官,从而使叶片中累积的同化物及K由不打顶时的1/3左右提高到1/2左右,有利于同化产物及K在叶内的累积;此外打顶还提高了根对同化产物的竞争能力,因而根系发达、烟叶产量及其含K量显著增加.打顶后用NAA处理茎断口并不能提高烟叶产量,但烟株及烟叶内K的最终累积量增加,因此与仅打顶相比可明显提高生育后期叶片K含量.
断根、环割对烟草体内钾、钙、镁循环和积累的影响
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