水稻（Oryzasativa）-克氏原螯虾（Procambarusclarkii，以下称小龙虾）共作模式作为稻渔综合种养的重要模式，近些年在我国尤其是长江中下游地区发展迅速。综述了近10年来稻虾共作模式相关理论研究进展和产业发展情况。在理论研究方面，从稻田土壤、水质、生物多样性和温室气体排放等方面阐述了稻虾共作对稻田生态的影响；在技术研究方面，稻虾共作模式的推广有利于减少化肥、农药投入，可在稳定水稻播种面积的基础上达到虾稻同步增产、品质同步提升的效果，但稻虾产业的发展壮大还需进行产业结构优化和升级。与此同时，稻虾共作模式的发展还存在入侵风险、种质退化、“重虾轻稻”等问题，制约了稻虾共作模式的可持续发展。为推动稻虾共作模式研究和广泛应用，提出3点建议：建立稻田信息库和农情分析系统，对稻虾共作推广区域进行等级划分；推进产学研一体化，强化基础理论和集成技术模式研究；加强政策支持和技术服务，保障经营主体经济效益。

扼要回顾了国内外水稻超高产栽培的研究进展，总结了扬州大学农学院关于水稻超高产栽培研究得到的水稻超高产形成规律、栽培途径以及关键技术与精确定量栽培技术的因地制宜集成，并对水稻超高产栽培研究进行了展望与探讨。

以3个高产杂交水稻组合中优6号、两优培九、Ⅱ优7954为材料，研究了水稻好气灌溉条件下的生理特性。与传统淹水灌溉相比较，好气灌溉条件下水稻整个生育期田间水位降低，土壤氧化还原电位提高；分蘖早发，前期分蘖和大分蘖比例提高，分蘖成穗数提高7.1%~18.3%，增产8.6%~10.8%。同时，好气灌溉在单丛叶面积没有显著下降的情况下，提高群体各层次的透光率。与传统方式比较，水稻好气灌溉处理在孕穗期和开花期根系单茎伤流量增加，花后叶片光合速率、气孔导度和比叶重提高。

Recently, rice-aquatic animal integrated farming (RAAIF) has grown rapidly in China due to its favorable benefits and the lower application of pesticides and fertilizers. However, rice lodging occurs frequently under RAAIF, which restricts rice yield. We assumed that semi-deep water irrigation may cause weaker rice-lodging resistance since it is the most significant environmental factor for RAAIF that distinguishes it from rice monoculture. To investigate the response of rice stem lodging resistance to semi-deep water irrigation and its mechanism, three irrigation management modes, namely the typical high-yield irrigation model that is mainly based on swallow and wetting (CK), semi-deep water irrigation from the late tillering stage to the jointing stage (SDI1), and semi-deep water irrigation from the jointing stage to the middle grain-filling stage (SDI2), were conducted using three hybrid indica rice varieties: Shenliangyou136 (SLY136), Huiliangyousimiao (HLYSM), and Wanxiangyou982 (WXY982). Mechanics analysis indicated that the bending moment by the whole plant (WP) and the breaking strength (M) were both decreased by semi-deep water irrigation when compared with CK, while M presented a larger decreasing amplitude than WP, which induced the increased lodging index (LI) of rice, for all the tested varieties. SLY136 and HLYSM were affected more strongly by SDI1, whereas WXY982 was affected more strongly by SDI2. Significant weaker breaking force under two semi-deep water irrigation modes contributed to the decreased M relative to CK. Morphology results showed that semi-deep water irrigation reduced the thickness of mechanical tissues, sclerenchyma cells, and parenchyma cells; reduced the number of vascular bundles; and caused a looser arrangement, inducing the lower fullness of the rice basal internode. Decreased accumulation of lignin and cellulose was also linked to the weaker breaking force of the basal internode under semi-deep water irrigation, which was verified by correlation analysis. WXY982 had obvious lower structural carbohydrates content under semi-deep water irrigation than the other two varieties and thus showed worse breaking force and LI. In conclusion, the worse mechanical strength of the rice basal internode under semi-deep water irrigation was closely associated with weaker vascular bundle development and suppressed structural carbohydrate accumulation, and the decreasing degree of lodging resistance varied between rice varieties and semi-deep water irrigation periods.

为了探讨不同类型高产水稻水氮高效利用特性,以大穗型杂交粳稻甬优8号和穗粒兼顾型常规粳稻品种(系)苏10-100为材料,进行实地氮肥管理和全生育期轻干-湿交替灌溉技术联合运用,研究水稻干物质和茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累与运转特性及其与籽粒产量形成的关系。结果表明,与常规水肥管理相比,实地氮肥管理和轻干-湿交替灌溉联合运用显著增加了幼穗分化期至成熟期的干物质积累量和抽穗期茎鞘中NSC含量,提高了茎鞘干物质和NSC运转率和对籽粒的贡献率,大穗型杂交粳稻甬优8号的运转率和贡献率明显大于常规粳稻苏10-100;水氮处理降低了穗数,但显著或极显著地提高了每穗粒数、结实率、充实度和千粒重,苏10-100和甬优8号分别增加了6.21%、2.53%,1.68%、13.63%,3.3%、8.1%和9.06%、10.35%,其中2个弱势籽粒千粒重的增幅分别达到了16.3%和15.9%,显著大于强势粒。因此,采用实地氮肥管理和轻干-湿交替灌溉水稻具有中后期单位面积干物质积累量大,物质运转率高,穗大且多,结实率高、充实度好的特点,有利于促进弱势籽粒灌浆充实,提高籽粒产量。本研究为水稻超高产栽培和不同类型水稻养分水份高效管理提供理论依据和实践指导。

为探明硅对高温逆境下水稻产量形成的调控效应,以圣稻19为试验材料,通过大田增温试验研究了孕穗期叶面施硅对高温下扬花灌浆期水稻干物质转运与产量的影响。结果表明,与不施硅相比,施硅显著提高了高温逆境下水稻叶片干物质输出量、输出率、转化率,对茎鞘干物质的输出转化无显著影响;减弱了自然温度下水稻叶片干物质的转化率。高温或自然温度下,施硅均显著提高了水稻库容量;高温逆境下,施硅显著增加了水稻结实率与产量,但显著降低了千粒重;自然温度下,显著提高了水稻结实率、千粒重与产量。施硅后叶片输出转化效率与结实率的增加是弥补高温下水稻产量损失的主要因素。本研究结果为完善水稻耐热栽培调控技术提供了有益参考。

The mobilization and translocation of carbohydrates and mineral nutrients from vegetative plant parts to grains are pivotal for grain filling, often involving a whole plant senescence process. Loss of greenness is a hallmark of leaf senescence. However, the relationship between crop yield and senescence has been controversial for many years. Here, in this study, the overexpression and RNA interference lines of gene of OsNYC3 (Non-Yellow Coloring 3), a chlorophyll catabolism gene, were investigated. Furthermore, exogenous phytohormones were applied, and a treatment of alternate wetting and moderate drying (AWMD) was introduced to regulate the processes of leaf senescence. The results indicated that the delayed senescence of the “STAY-GREEN” trait of rice is undesirable for the process of grain filling, and it would cause a lower ratio of grain filling and lower grain weight of inferior grains, because of unused assimilates in the stems and leaves. Through the overexpression of OsNYC3, application of exogenous chemicals of abscisic acid (ABA), and water management of AWMD, leaf photosynthesis was less influenced, a high ratio of carbohydrate assimilates was partitioned to grains other than leaves and stems as labeled by 13C, grain filling was improved, especially for inferior spikelets, and activities of starch-synthesizing enzymes were enhanced. However, application of ethephon not only accelerated leaf senescence, but also caused seed abortion and grain weight reduction. Thus, plant senescence needs to be finely adjusted in order to make a contribution to crop productivity.

Drought stress at jointing–booting directly affects plant growth and productivity in rice. Limited by natural factors, the jointing and booting stages of short-growth-period rice varieties are highly overlapped in high-latitude areas, which are more sensitive to water deficit. However, little is known about the dry matter translocation in rice and the strategies of starch synthesis and filling of superior and inferior grains under different drought stress was unclear. In this study, the rice plants were subjected to three degrees of drought stress (−10 kPa, −25 kPa, −40 kPa) for 15 days during the jointing–booting stage; we investigated dry matter accumulation and translocation, grain filling and enzyme activities to starch synthesis of superior and inferior grains in rice with overlapping growth stages from 2016 to 2017. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced dry matter accumulation in the stems and leaves. Mild and moderate drought increased dry matter translocation efficiency. However, severe drought stress largely limited the dry matter accumulation and translocation. A large amount of dry matter remains in vegetative organs under severe drought stress. The high content in NSC in stem and sheath plays a key role in resisting drought stress. The drought stress at jointing–booting directly caused a change in the grain filling strategy. Under moderate and severe drought, the grain-filling active period of the superior grains was shortened to complete the necessary reproductive growth. The grain-filling active period of the inferior grains was significantly prolonged to avoid a decrease in grain yield. The significant decrease in the grain-filling rate of the superior and inferior grains caused a reduction in the thousand-grain weight. In particular, the influence of the grain-filling rate of inferior grains on the thousand-grain weight was more significant. Drought stress changed the starch synthesis strategies of the superior and inferior grains. Soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzyme activities of inferior grains increased significantly under drought stress. GBSS activity was not sensitive to drought stress. Therefore, amylose content was decreased and amylopectin synthesis was enhanced under drought stress, especially in inferior grains.

氧是水稻生命活动过程中重要的营养因子。水稻利用通气组织将大气中的氧从地上部分转运到根部，同时也能通过根系从生长介质中吸收一部分氧。良好的氧营养状况下水稻才能正常生长，不仅如此，氧营养还参与了水稻土壤环境系统的作用过程，具有重要的生态效应。从氧营养的水稻生物学响应和根际生态效应两个方面综述了近年来稻田氧营养相关研究状况，重点总结了目前国内外有关水稻需氧性，氧营养对水稻形态学、解剖学特征的影响，相应的生理、生态机制以及环境效应的研究成果，同时比较了水稻生产上所采用的氧营养调控途径，并对水稻氧营养研究作了展望。