Inceptisols have enormous potential for cultivating lowland rice because of their wide distribution in Indonesia, but low fertility is one of the problems with Inceptisols. The experiment aims to determine the effect of a combination of N, P, K, and biochar-silica fertilizers on CEC, C-organic, N, P, K content of plant, and rice yields and to obtain a treatment combination that gives the best lowland rice yields on Inceptisols.  The experiment was carried out from August to November 2024 using experimental plots as experimental units and arranged in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) consisting of 10 treatments and three replications, namely 3 treatments with a combination dose of 0% N, P, K and biochar-silica, 3 treatment with a dose of 50% N, P, K and biochar-silica, 3 treatments with a dose of 100% N, P, K and biochar-silica, and 1 control treatment. The experimental results showed that the combination of N, P, K, and biochar-silica fertilizers could influence CEC, organic C, P, K element content in plants, and rice yield, but did not have a significant effect on plant N content.   Treatment N, P, K (175 kg ha-1 Urea, 25 kg ha-1 SP-36, and 25 kg ha-1 KCl) and dose of biochar (2.5 ton ha-1) + silica 320 kg ha-1 is the treatment with the best dose in increasing the yield of harvested dry grain (GKP) for lowland rice, namely 3.37 kg plot-1.

The regulatory mechanisms underlying the ‘source–sink’ relationship in Tartary buckwheat remain largely unexplored. This study selected an early-maturing, high-yield variety, ‘Zhukuzao1’ (ZKZ1), to delve into the ‘source–sink’ relationship and the regulatory mechanisms of phosphorus utilization. Compared with Jinqiao2 (JQ2), ZKZ1 matured approximately 10 days earlier, with significantly reduced chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and down-regulated PSI-III and GBSSI, indicating a reduced ‘source’. However, ZKZ1 maintained soluble sugar levels in upper leaves and increased sugar transport to seeds, promoting plant growth and yield formation. Under varying phosphorus conditions, ZKZ1 exhibited significantly higher total phosphorus content in lower (3.9~4.5-fold) and upper (1.4~1.6-fold) leaves of seedlings, along with increased phosphorus transport to upper leaves and seeds, and up-regulated PHO1 (2.4~3.0-fold), SPX3 (1.8~2.8-fold), PAP2 (2.8~7.7-fold), and 5PTase2 (1.4~3.5-fold) in leaves, indicating improved phosphorus absorption, transport, and remobilization. At maturity, ZKZ1 achieved yields comparable to JQ2, with superior quality traits, including significantly increased contents of protein (glutenin, prolamin, and globulin) and flavonoids under normal phosphorus conditions. Notably, the efficient phosphorus-regulated sugar metabolism in ZKZ1 maintains yield via enhanced ‘flow’ despite photosynthesis decrease. This study highlights the potential of optimizing the ‘source–sink’ relationship and phosphorus utilization in early-maturing, high-yield Tartary buckwheat breeding.

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can solubilize insoluble phosphate compounds and improve phosphate availability in soil. Road verges are important in urban landscaping, but the population structure of PSB and their ecological functions in the road verge soil is still unclear.Twenty-one mineral PSB strains and 14 organic PSB strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of poplar on urban road verge. All the mineral PSB strains showed better solubilization to Ca(PO) than FePO or AlPO. Among them, 7 strains showed high phosphate-solubilizing (PS) activities to Ca(PO) (150-453 mg/L). All the organic PSB strains displayed weak solubilization to lecithin. 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis showed good species diversity of the PSB strains, which belongs to 12 genera: Bacillus, Cedecea, Cellulosimicrobium, Delftia, Ensifer, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Phyllobacterium, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Staphylococcus. Moreover, 8 PSB strains showed various degrees of growth inhibition against 4 plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum S1, F. oxysporum S2, Pythium deliense Meurs Z4, Phomopsis sp. AC1 and a plant pathogenic bacterium, Pectobacterium carotovorum TP1.The results indicated that these PSB strains could perform multiple ecological functions on road verge. The development and application of bio-agents based on the strains would provide a new strategy for maintaining and improving the ecosystem stability of road verges.© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

为了探讨生物有机肥对菜地土壤质量及蔬菜产量的影响,采用田间小区试验,以华南地区代表性瓜类蔬菜白瓜（Cucurbita pepo L.）为试验作物,配施生物有机肥研究了白瓜不同生育期土壤肥力、酶活性、微生物生物量及产量。结果表明,（1）施用生物有机肥能够提高土壤的pH值、碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷的含量。在白瓜清藤期,配施生物有机肥的土壤其pH值、碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷的含量均比农户习惯施肥和无机肥处理均增加10%以上。（2）施用生物有机肥对土壤的酶活性和微生物生物量的含量影响不同。在白瓜苗期,生物有机肥可提高土壤微生物生物量碳含量,与农户习惯施肥和无机肥处理相比分别增加了67.0%和91.8%;在白瓜伸蔓期,生物有机肥可提高微生物量碳含量、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,与农户习惯施肥和无机肥处理相比分别增加了11.8%—33.2%和13.1%—37.4%;在白瓜盛瓜期,生物有机肥可提高微生物生物量碳含量、过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,与农户习惯施肥和无机肥处理相比,分别增加了12.1%—22.7%和19.3%—28.4%;在白瓜清藤期,生物有机肥可增强过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,与农户习惯施肥和无机肥处理相比,分别增加了8.02%—33.5%和20.1%—27.7%。因此,配施生物有机肥对白瓜不同生育期的微生物活性影响不同。（3）生物有机肥对白瓜的增产作用发生在盛瓜期前期,对盛瓜期后期影响很小。综上所述,生物有机肥可提高土壤肥力,增强微生物生物量和酶活性,改良土壤环境,提高白瓜产量。

Bio-fertilizers are the most important and effective method used to reduce the quantities of chemical fertilizers consumed and reduce dependence on them in agricultural production to avoid their harmful effects on the environment and public health as well as reduce the cost of agricultural production in light of increasing pollution and under adverse conditions for production and climate change. A bio-fertilizer depends primarily on the use of beneficial microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to improve the uptake of nutrients, improve plant growth, productivity, and grain yield. Crop production faces many challenges, and drought is one of the majority of the significant factors limiting crop production worldwide, especially in semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), plus three rates of the recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) fertilizer on yield, yield components, and nutrients uptake, in addition to evaluating the beneficial effects of these combinations to develop Phosphorus (P) management under three levels of irrigation water, i.e., three irrigations (normal or well-watered), two irrigations (moderate drought), and one irrigation (severe drought) on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The results showed that the treatment with AMF bio-fertilizer yielded the highest values of plant height, spike length, spike weight, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Moreover, the grain and straw uptake of nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) (kg ha−1) in the two seasons under the three levels of irrigation, respectively, were superior followed by the inoculation by PSB. While the treatment without bio-fertilizer yielded the lowest values of these traits of barley, the treatment with bio-fertilizer yielded the increased percentage of the grain yield by 17.27%, 17.33% with applying AMF, and 10.31%, 10.40% with treatment by PSB. Treatment with AMF or PSB (Phosphorien), plus rates of phosphorus fertilizer under conditions of irrigation water shortage, whether irrigation was performed once or twice, led to an increase in grain yield and other characteristics compared to the same fertilization rates without inoculation. The results of this study showed that the use of bio-fertilizers led to an increase in plant tolerance to drought stress, and this was demonstrated by an increase in various traits with the use of treatments that include bio-fertilizers. Therefore, it is suggested to inoculate the seeds with AMF or PSB plus adding phosphate fertilizers at the recommended dose under drought conditions.

Bio-N® fertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. This study was conducted to determine the effects of Bio-N® and different levels of inorganic fertilizers on the growth, yield and postharvest quality of sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa). The experiment was conducted using a 5m x 4m plot size and arranged as a 2x3 factorial experiment within a Randomized Complete Block Design. Bio-N application (with and without) was designated as Factor A, while the varying levels of inorganic NPK fertilizer (100%, 75%, 50%) were assigned as Factor B. This resulted in six treatment combinations, with each plot containing 108 sweetcorn plants, replicated three times.\r\nSweetcorn plants applied with Bio-N® fertilizer gave a significant growth and yield compared to those plants without fertilizer (Bio-N®) applied. The highest net income and return of investment were obtained from plants applied with Bio-N® with 100% RR of inorganic fertilizer at 284,866.00 and 316.05% respectively.

Cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition containing superoxide dismutase (SOD) was usually used in topical administration, particularly, in fighting against skin ageing and in the protection of the skin against radiation exposure. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is a halophyte plant widely used in the traditional medicine, characterized by the presence of anti-oxidants enzymes in responses to abiotic stresses. In the present study, we prepared a formulation with M. crystallinum extract characterized by naturally occurring SOD and catalase in association with other anti-oxidants molecules. The SOD activity was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide/riboflavin method, catalase by colorimetric method and the total anti-radical activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) method. Formulations contain a significant SOD activity (8.33 U mg(-1)), a catalase activity (0.5 x 10(7) UC) and an anti-radical activity (30% of DPPH inhibition). The formulation storage (15 days at 4 degrees C) showed a marked loss of total anti-oxidant capacity. The addition of the M. crystallinum extract induced also a reduction in formulation viscosity and pH.

Metabonomic studies use complex biological samples (blood plasma/serum, tissues, etc.) that when analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) generate profiles that may contain many thousands of features. These profiles can be difficult to interpret with the majority of the features contributing little to the study. As such there is an argument for the development of techniques that can simplify the problem by targeting particular classes of compounds.In this study ultra-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (UPLC/ICP-MS) was used to profile tumour tissue and plasma samples for phosphorus- and sulfur-containing metabolites. These samples were xenograft tumours (derived from breast, lung and colon cell lines) and plasma obtained from nude mice. Plasma was also obtained from non-tumour-bearing mice as a control. Due to isobaric interferences this method took advantage of the dynamic reaction cell within the ICP-MS system to react the phosphorus and sulfur ions with oxygen. The PO and SO ions were then monitored free of interferences. The total phosphorus and sulfur within each sample was also recorded using flow injection ICP-MS. A robust quality control system based on pooled sample replicate analysis was used throughout the study.Determination of the total phosphorus and sulfur content of each sample was sufficient in itself for statistical differentiation between the majority of the cell lines analysed. Subsequent reversed-phase chromatographic profiling of the organic tumour and plasma extracts revealed the presence of a number of well-retained phosphorus-containing compounds that showed tumour-specific profiles. Reversed-phase profiling was not suitable for the sulfur-containing compounds which eluted with the solvent front.This study has shown the potential use of UPLC/ICP-MS to differentiate between tumour cell lines, using both plasma and tumour tissue samples, based solely on metabolites that contain phosphorus or sulfur. Whilst further work is required to identify these compounds this methodology shows the ability of the described methods to provide targets for future biomarker discovery studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Currently, large quantities of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) are produced annually. Because SMS has high water retention and nutrients, it has great potential to replace traditional topsoil for raising seedlings in agricultural production. However, few studies have examined the effects of substituting SMS for paddy soil on rice seedling growth and soil nutrients. SMS was mixed with rice soil in different proportions (20%, 50%, and 80%), and chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and peat substrate were added in addition to equivalent nitrogen as a traditional seedling nursery method for comparison. Compared to traditional paddy soil (CK), the seedling qualities of the three SMS ratio treatments were all higher. Adding SMS at different ratios promoted rice seedling root growth, elevated the soluble protein concentration, and amplified the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic action in rice seedlings. Total porosity and aeration porosity of the soil increased by 17.40% and 32.90%, respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) increased by 21.26-118.48%, 50.44-71.68%, and 23.08-80.17%, respectively. Besides, the relative abundance of Bacillus, Bacteroidetes, and other bacteria as well as the abundance of Ascomycota were all significantly increased. Adding 50% SMS increased the abundance of Pseudomonas by 8.42 times. The seedling quality of the 50% SMS treatment was even higher than chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer treatments, only second to the peat substrate treatment. In summary, partial substitution of paddy soil with SMS can ameliorate substrate properties, improve seedling quality, and increase microbial diversity, indicating the suitability of SMS as a replacement for rice soil in seedling substrates. The 50% SMS ratio is the best. This study provides a basis for SMS to replace traditional rice soil in seedling cultivation.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.