黄土高原不同年代旱地冬小麦品种产量及光合特性对密度的响应

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2016.02.006

作物杂志,2016, 第2期: 32–38 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2016.02.006

• 遗传育种·种质资源·生物科技 • 上一篇下一篇

黄土高原不同年代旱地冬小麦品种产量及光合特性对密度的响应

孙婴婴^1,²,燕晓娟²,张岁岐^2,³,王楠²,韩霁昌¹

¹ 陕西地建土地工程技术研究院有限责任公司/国土资源部退化及未利用土地整治工程重点实验室,710075,陕西西安
² 西北农林科技大学黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,712100,陕西杨凌
³ 中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,712100,陕西杨凌

收稿日期:2015-10-19 修回日期:2016-02-18 出版日期:2016-04-15 发布日期:2018-08-26
通讯作者: 张岁岐
作者简介:孙婴婴,博士,主要从事作物水分生理生态研究
基金资助:
国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B01);国土资源部公益性行业科研专项(201411008);国家自然科学基金项目(31500320)

Responses of Yield and Photosynthesis Characteristics to Density of Dryland Winter Wheat Cultivated from Different Decades on the Loess Plateau

Sun Yingying^1,²,Yan Xiaojuan²,Zhang Suiqi^2,³,Wang Nan²,Han Jichang¹

¹ Shaanxi Land Engineering & Technology Institute Company Limited/Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering,Xi’an 710075,Shaanxi,China;
² State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China;
³ Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China

Received:2015-10-19 Revised:2016-02-18 Online:2016-04-15 Published:2018-08-26
Contact: Suiqi Zhang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究旱地冬小麦品种更替过程中产量与光合特征对群体大小的响应,选择1940-2004年先后培育的7个冬小麦品种,于2011-2012年在陕西长武农业生态试验站进行田间试验,并设置3个播种密度（100、250、350粒/m ²）。在所有密度处理中,子粒产量均随着品种的更替而呈线性增长,年均遗传增益在0.65%到1.29%之间。1980年后培育的小麦品种的产量对于播种密度更不敏感,具备更好的群体调节能力。现代品种收获指数和千粒重的提高与其产量的提升呈显著正相关。品种更替过程中花期旗叶净光合速率和叶面积指数持续增长,并提高千粒重,最终增加产量。花期时冠层下可见天空比随着品种更替呈显著下降趋势。在黄土高原的冬小麦育种工作中,应将耐密性、大库容、高光效的理想株型作为重要的筛选指标。

关键词: 旱地小麦, 遗传增益, 群体大小, 光利用能力

Abstract:

An experiment was conducted to verify how the grain yield and associated photosynthesis characteristics of wheat responded to density with cultivar replacement. Seven wheat cultivars released from 1940 to 2004 were once widely grown on the Loess Plateau during the 2011-2012 growing season at the Changwu experimental station in China,using three densities (100,250,and 350 seeds/m ²). The grain yield increased linearly with cultivar development at all densities,with annual genetic gains ranged from 0.65% to 1.29%. The cultivars released after the 1980s were less sensitive to density and had better population regulation. The improvement in the harvest index and thousand-grain weight of the modern cultivars were significantly and positively correlated with the grain yield. The photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf and the leaf area index at anthesis stage consistently increased with cultivar replacement,contributing more to the thousand-grain weight and resulted to the increase of grain yield. One reason to adaptation of modern cultivars for modern cultivation was their lower sensitivity to density. Thus,larger sink for the grains and the optimization of plant types for light interception should be given greater consideration in dryland wheat breeding on the Loess Plateau.

Key words: Dryland wheat, Genetic gain, Planting density, Light interception ability

孙婴婴,燕晓娟,张岁岐,王楠,韩霁昌. 黄土高原不同年代旱地冬小麦品种产量及光合特性对密度的响应[J]. 作物杂志, 2016 (2): 32–38

Yingying Sun,Xiaojuan Yan,Suiqi Zhang,Nan Wang,Jichang Han. Responses of Yield and Photosynthesis Characteristics to Density of Dryland Winter Wheat Cultivated from Different Decades on the Loess Plateau[J]. Crops, 2016(2): 32–38

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品种Cultivar	种植年代 Decade	育成年份 Year	亲本Pedigree	育成地 Breeding site	矮秆基因 Dwarfing gene
蚂蚱麦Mazha	1940s	1940	Landrace	陕西省	none
碧蚂1号Bima 1	1950s	1951	Mazha/Biyu	陕西省	none
丰产3号Fengchan 3	1960s	1964	Danmai 1/Xinong 6028×Bima1	陕西省	none
旱选10号Hanxuan 10	1970s	1966	Nongda 16/Huabei 187	山西省	none
小偃6号Xiaoyan 6	1980s	1981	(ST2422×464)/Xiaoyan96	陕西省	Rht-B1b+Rht8
长武134 Changwu 134	1990s	1997	(Changwu131×Xiaohei96)F1/Changwu131)F₄/(Jinghua3/NS2761)F₁	陕西省	Rht-B1b
长旱58 Changhan 58	2000s	2004	Changwu112/PH82-2	陕西省	Rht-B1b

年份Year	低密度LD	中密度MD	高密度HD	变异系数CV(%)
1940	4 043b	5 210a	3 533b	20
1951	4 413b	6 023a	4 270b	20
1964	6 590a	5 593ab	4 970b	14
1966	4 160b	5 243a	3 873b	16
1981	5 833b	6 690a	5 093b	14
1997	6 860ab	7 250a	6 320b	7
2004	7 166c	8 183b	9 496a	14
遗传增益Genetic gain(%)	0.65	1.29	0.93	-1.15
R²	0.7920^*	0.8149^**	0.8327^*	0.5558^*
SE	511	422	771	0.137

育成年份Year	地上部生物量 Aboveground biomass(kg/hm²)			收获指数 Harvest index (%)			千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)
育成年份Year	低密度LD	中密度MD	高密度HD	低密度LD	中密度MD	高密度HD	低密度LD	中密度MD	高密度HD
1940	12 093	16 567	13 710	29.5	32.2	27.0	37.2	35.4	35.3
1951	13 933	12 733	13 760	31.8	39.9	31.2	41.7	40.1	39.9
1964	13 763	15 527	11 253	43.3	33.3	31.5	42.1	41.7	40.5
1966	12 807	15 443	11 980	32.5	37.5	31.8	35.8	35.1	34.2
1981	13 200	17 577	13 683	41.1	40.6	36.4	42.5	41.7	40.5
1997	15 387	18 340	14 063	44.0	43.7	41.9	48.3	46.6	45.8
2004	15 037	16 820	18 343	44.2	48.4	50.8	45.4	44.7	42.4
遗传增益Genetic gain(%)	0.29	0.30	0.37	0.64	0.52	0.88	0.34	0.37	0.31
R²	0.6304^*	0.3549	0.3191	0.7116^*	0.7245^*	0.9275^**	0.5658^*	0.6334^*	0.5172
SE	444.7	690.4	852.5	2.5	2.1^*	3.1	1.6	1.6	1.5
育成年份Year	单位面积穗数 Spike number(10⁴/hm²)			穗粒数 grain number per spike			单位面积子粒数 Grain number(10⁶/hm²)
育成年份Year	低密度LD	中密度MD	高密度HD	低密度LD	中密度MD	高密度HD	低密度LD	中密度MD	高密度HD
1940	450.7	739.3	686.3	37.1	31.8	27.4	168.0	235.5	187.6
1951	516.7	659.3	594.3	30.5	25.9	22.2	145.2	171.3	131.9
1964	539.0	638.7	536.3	32.1	25.8	23.4	173.8	164.1	125.5
1966	576.7	742.0	688.3	31.8	21.8	19.5	183.3	162.0	134.2
1981	554.7	847.0	753.0	31.3	27.0	29.8	181.7	231.1	225.2
1997	561.7	748.3	617.3	35.0	24.5	26.1	196.5	183.8	158.8
2004	484.0	604.3	726.0	40.4	34.8	31.6	194.5	210.7	228.0
遗传增益Genetic gain(%)	0.12	0.04	0.15	0.18	0.09	0.36	0.35	0.05	0.49
R²	0.1041	0.0076	0.0837	0.1607	0.0179	0.2403	0.6415^*	0.0056	0.2063
SE	17.2	31.2	29.2	1.4	1.7	1.6	6.6	11.9	16.6

项目Item	低密度 LD	中密度 MD	高密度 HD
单位面积子粒数Grain number	0.650	0.248	0.548
千粒重1000-grain weight	0.858^**	0.850^*	0.666
地上部生物量Aboveground biomass	0.804^**	0.456	0.832^*
收获指数Harvest index	0.982^**	0.933^**	0.970^**

密度Density	项目Item	旗叶光合速率P_n	叶面积指数LAI	平均叶倾角MTA	冠层下可见天空比DIFN
低密度LD	产量Yield	0.832^*	0.663	-0.173	-0.523
	千粒重1000-grain weight	0.844	0.830^*	0.286	-0.595
	单位面积子粒数Grain number per unit area	0.688	0.135	-0.333	-0.167
	地上部生物量Aboveground biomass	0.801	0.788^*	0.315	-0.719
	收获指数Harvest index	0.754	0.536	-0.263	-0.385
中密度MD	产量Yield	0.610	0.847^*	0.215	-0.827^*
	千粒重1000-grain weight	0.600	0.598^*	0.299	-0.919^**
	单位面积子粒数Spike number per unit area	0.634	0.396	0.542	-0.318
	地上部生物量Aboveground biomass	0.377	0.548	0.032	-0.540
	收获指数Harvest index	0.338	0.625	0.054	-0.603
高密度HD	产量Yield	0.799^*	0.721	0.378	-0.678
	千粒重1000-grain weight	0.862^*	0.919^**	0.683	-0.937^**
	单位面积子粒数Spike number per unit area	0.525	0.392	0.329	-0.393
	地上部生物量Aboveground biomass	0.689	0.400	0.306	-0.419
	收获指数Harvest index	0.742	0.773	0.395	-0.662

黄土高原不同年代旱地冬小麦品种产量及光合特性对密度的响应

Responses of Yield and Photosynthesis Characteristics to Density of Dryland Winter Wheat Cultivated from Different Decades on the Loess Plateau

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