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作物杂志,2020, 第4期: 127–134 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2020.04.018

• 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 • 上一篇    下一篇

简化施肥夏直播棉对密度和氮肥的响应

秦鸿德1(), 荣义华2, 黄晓莉3, 胡爱兵4, 周家华5, 闫显会2, 李蔚3, 张贤红4, 李洪菊5, 杨国正6()   

  1. 1湖北省农业科学院经济作物研究所,430070,湖北武汉
    2襄阳市农业科学院,441057,湖北襄阳
    3黄冈市农业科学院,438000,湖北黄冈
    4荆州农业科学院,434000,湖北荆州
    5荆门（中国农谷）农业科学研究院,448000,湖北荆门
    6华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,430070,湖北武汉
  • 收稿日期:2019-10-22 修回日期:2020-03-04 出版日期:2020-08-15 发布日期:2020-08-11
  • 通讯作者: 杨国正
  • 作者简介:秦鸿德,研究方向为棉花高效生产技术,E-mail： qinhongde2002@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(31771708)

Responses of Cotton to Planting Densities and Nitrogen Rates under Direct Seeding in Summer with Simplified Fertilization

Qin Hongde1(), Rong Yihua2, Huang Xiaoli3, Hu Aibing4, Zhou Jiahua5, Yan Xianhui2, Li Wei3, Zhang Xianhong4, Li Hongju5, Yang Guozheng6()   

  1. 1Cash Crop Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441057, Hubei, China
    3Huanggang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanggang 438000, Hubei, China
    4Jingzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China
    5Jingmen (China Agricultural Valley) Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jingmen 448000, Hubei, China
    6College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China;
  • Received:2019-10-22 Revised:2020-03-04 Online:2020-08-15 Published:2020-08-11
  • Contact: Yang Guozheng

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摘要：

为研究夏直播棉花在增密、减氮和简化施肥（见花一次性施用）等措施下增密、减氮的适宜范围,2016-2017年在湖北省3个棉花主产区采用裂区设计研究了高密度和低氮肥对棉花生长发育、产量以及纤维品质等的影响。结果显示,种植密度从7.5万株/hm 2提高至9.0万株/hm 2时,棉株中上部果枝长度在2年中分别变短1.3和1.8cm,中部果枝第一果节长度分别变短0.5和0.6cm,单位面积成铃数增加9.0万/hm 2,生育进程、实收皮棉产量和纤维品质均无显著差异;氮肥用量在135~255kg/hm 2范围内,棉花理论产量、实收产量、纤维品质和农艺性状均无显著差异。在本试验设置的高密度和低氮肥范围内,简化施肥夏直播棉可获得比较稳定的产量和品质。具体而言,湖北省棉花主产区实施这一种植模式时,密度可增至9.0万株/hm 2,氮肥用量可降至135kg/hm 2。

关键词: 棉花, 夏直播, 产量, 品质, 种植密度, 氮肥

Abstract:

In order to explore the suitable planting density and nitrogen rate of direct seeding cotton in summer under the measures of increasing density, reducing nitrogen and simplifying fertilization (One-time fertilization at first flowering), split plot design trail was conducted to explore the effects of planting density (75 000 and 90 000 plant/ha), nitrogen rate (135, 195 and 255kg/ha) and their interaction on agronomic traits, yield and fiber quality in three major cotton production areas of Hubei province in 2016 and 2017. The results showed that when the planting density was increased from 75 000 to 90 000 plant/ha, the length of middle-top fruiting branches decreased by 1.3 and 1.8cm respectively, the length of first fruit internode of fruiting branch decreased by 0.5 and 0.6cm respectively in two years; the number of bolls per unit area increased by 90 000 plant/ha; but there was no significant difference in agronomic traits, harvest lint yield and fiber quality. There was also no significant difference in theoretical lint yield, harvest lint yield, fiber quality and agronomic traits across nitrogen fertilizer from 135kg/ha to 255kg/ha. Under the pattern of the cotton direct seeding in summer with simplified fertilization, cotton could achieve a relatively stable yield within the range of high density and low nitrogen fertilizer set up in this study. When this planting pattern was implemented in the main cotton producing areas of Hubei province, the density can be increased to 90 000 plant/ha and the nitrogen fertilizer reduced to 135kg/ha.

Key words: Cotton, Direct seeding in summer, Yield, Quality, Planting density, Nitrogen

表1

夏直播棉花生长期间主要气象条件

月份
Month		 平均温度
Average temperature (℃)		 平均湿度
Average humidity (%)		 降水量
Precipitation (mm)		 雨日
Days of raining (d)
2016 2017 历年平均
Average from
1951 to 2015		 2016 2017 历年平均
Average from
1951 to 2015		 2016 2017 历年平均
Average from
1951 to 2015		 2016 2017 历年平均
Average from
1951 to 2015
6 25.6 25.9 26.9 82.0 82.6 78.4 358.5 68.9 165.7 15 12 11.5
7 29.7 31.2 29.8 82.2 74.6 77.7 582.8 48.7 252.2 13 2 9.5
8 30.3 29.1 29.2 74.9 85.3 77.8 68.0 123.6 112.2 10 11 8.5
9 26.3 24.7 24.8 66.5 84.7 75.9 23.7 75.3 53.5 6 16 7.5
10 20.9 18.4 19.4 81.1 90.7 75.4 113.3 21.3 50.2 16 16 8.4

表2

种植密度与氮肥用量对棉花生育进程的影响

因子Factor 处理
Treatment		 苗期
Seedling		 蕾期
Squaring		 花铃期
Boll
setting		 生育期
Growth
period
种植密度
Planting density (D)		 D1 34.9a 19.8a 47.8a 102.5a
D2 35.0a 19.5a 47.2a 101.7a
氮肥
Nitrogen (N)		 N1 34.6a 20.2a 47.9a 102.7a
N2 35.1a 19.8a 47.0a 101.9a
N3 35.1a 19.1a 47.6a 101.8a
年份Year(Y) 2016 37.0a 21.3a 44.5b 102.8a
2017 32.8b 18.1b 50.5a 101.4a
互作方差来源
Source of interaction
variation		 D×N 00.963 00.767 00.082 000.140
D×Y 00.718 00.951 00.432 000.673
N×Y 00.980 00.419 00.795 000.869
D×N×Y 00.915 00.849 00.530 000.801

表3

夏直播棉花生长发育性状对种植密度和氮肥用量的响应

因子
Factor		 处理
Treatment		 株高
Plant
height (cm)		 主茎直径
Stem diameter
(mm)		 主茎叶数
Main stem
leaves		 单株果枝数
Fruiting branches
per plant		 果枝始节高度
Height of the first
fruiting branch (cm)		 单株铃数
Bolls per
plant		 果节数
Fruit
nodes
种植密度Planting density (D) D1 87.0a 10.3a 16.2a 11.6a 29.7a 2.6a 23.6a
D2 86.0a 10.1a 16.2a 10.9b 30.6a 2.3a 22.3a
氮肥Nitrogen (N) N1 86.1a 10.2a 16.3a 11.7a 29.8a 2.5a 23.5a
N2 86.5a 10.2a 16.3a 11.2a 30.0a 2.4a 22.6a
N3 87.0a 10.1a 16.0a 11.0a 30.5a 2.5a 22.8a
年份Year (Y) 2016 86.9a 09.7b 15.7b 10.8b 28.5b 2.7a 24.7a
2017 86.2a 10.7a 16.7a 11.7a 31.7a 2.2b 21.2b
互作方差来源
Source of interaction variation		 D×N 00.837 00.803 00.576 00.568 00.884 0.795 00.986
D×Y 00.794 00.916 00.365 00.560 00.922 0.945 00.579
N×Y 00.917 00.954 00.907 00.189 00.944 0.547 00.910
D×N×Y 00.998 00.956 00.760 00.805 00.988 0.856 00.714

图1

种植密度与氮肥用量对棉花果枝长的影响

图2

种植密度与氮肥用量对第一果节长的影响

表4

夏直播棉花产量及其构成因素对种植密度和氮肥用量的响应

因子Factor 处理
Treatment		 成铃数
Boll (×104/hm2)		 铃重
Boll weight (g)		 衣分
Lint percentage (%)		 皮棉产量Lint yield (kg/hm2)
理论Theoretical 实收Harvest
种植密度Planting density (D) D1 80.2b 5.25a 43.4a 1 831.3b 1 067.2a
D2 89.2a 5.22a 43.0a 1 995.8a 0 980.0a
氮肥Nitrogen (N) N1 85.6a 5.28a 43.3a 1 959.7a 1 038.8a
N2 84.2a 5.20a 43.1a 1 892.3a 1 021.2a
N3 84.3a 5.23a 43.2a 1 908.2a 1 014.2a
年份Year (Y) 2016 88.2a 5.11b 41.5b 1 867.4b 1 128.0a
2017 81.2b 5.37a 44.9a 1 959.6a 0 907.6b
互作方差来源
Source of interaction variation		 D×N 00.960 0.577 00.296 0 000.673 0 000.791
D×Y 00.861 0.994 00.287 0 000.488 0 000.577
N×Y 00.351 0.667 00.579 0 000.771 0 000.897
D×N×Y 00.636 0.682 00.765 0 000.829 0 000.856

表5

种植密度和氮肥用量对棉花纤维品质的影响

因子Factor 处理
Treatment		 纤维长度
Fiber length (mm)		 比强度
Fiber strength (cN/tex)		 马克隆值
Micronaire		 纤维整齐度
Fiber uniformity (%)		 伸长率
Elongation (%)
种植密度Planting density (D) D1 29.2a 28.3a 4.9a 83.9a 6.4a
D2 29.2a 28.3a 4.9a 83.7b 6.4a
氮肥Nitrogen (N) N1 29.2a 28.5a 4.8a 84.0a 6.4a
N2 29.4a 28.5a 4.9a 83.9a 6.3a
N3 29.0a 28.0a 5.0a 83.6a 6.4a
年份Year (Y) 2016 29.7a 29.8a 5.1a 84.8a 6.7a
2017 28.7b 26.8b 4.7b 82.8b 6.1b
互作方差来源
Source of interaction variation		 D×N 00.349 00.387 0.289 00.721 0.554
D×Y 00.919 00.438 0.879 00.058 0.642
N×Y 00.374 00.733 0.753 00.750 0.431
D×N×Y 00.058 00.328 0.596 00.771 0.666
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