不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤养分及小麦产量和品质的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2021.03.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探寻稻麦两熟区高产优质高效的耕作方式和秸秆还田组合,从2001年开始,在长江中下游稻麦两熟区进行田间连续定位试验。设置稻麦双季免耕与秸秆还田（NTS）、麦季免耕与秸秆减量还田（RNT）、稻季免耕与秸秆减量还田（RCT）、稻麦双季翻耕与秸秆还田（CTS）、稻麦双季少耕与秸秆减量还田（MTS）以及稻麦双季翻耕无秸秆还田（CT,对照）6个处理。分析了不同耕作方式与秸秆还田组合下2009-2018年土壤有机质与全氮含量的变化,进一步明确其对小麦产量与品质的影响。结果表明,连续秸秆还田显著提高耕层土壤养分含量,其中MTS处理下土壤有机质与全氮含量较对照分别增加了29.64%和19.76%,具有明显的养分积累效果;但连续免耕不利于小麦产量的提高,RNT和RCT处理小麦产量较高,分别比NTS处理增加了16.33%和10.34%;同时RNT处理小麦的加工品质及面条质量也有提高趋势。因此,麦季免耕与秸秆还田结合的耕作模式有利于提高中弱筋小麦的产量和品质,可作为该地区发展优质高产高效小麦优先选择的耕作技术组合。

关键词: 耕作方式, 秸秆还田, 土壤养分, 小麦, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

To explore the combinations of tillage and straw returning for high-yielding, high-quality, and efficient production of rice and wheat, a continuous positioning field experiment was carried out in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, a typical rice-wheat double cropping area since 2001. Six treatments were set i.e., no-tillage and straw returning in rice and wheat (NTS); no-tillage, and straw reduce returning in wheat (RNT); no-tillage and straw-reduce returning in rice (RCT); conventional tillage and straw returning in rice and wheat (CTS); minimum tillage and straw reduce returning in rice and wheat (MTS), and conventional tillage and no straw returning in rice and wheat as a control (CT). The changes of contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in 2009-2018 were analyzed and their effects on the grain yield and quality of wheat were investigated. The results showed that continuous straw returning significantly increased the soil nutrient content of topsoil. The soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents under the MTS treatment increased by 29.64% and 19.76%, respectively than the control and MTS treatment had a significant effect on the nutrient accumulation in soil. However, continuous no-tillage was not conducive to increasing wheat yield. The wheat yields of the RNT and RCT treatments were higher than that of the NTS treatment with increases of 16.33% and 10.34%, respectively. RNT tended to improve the processing quality and noodle quality of wheat. In conclusion, the combination of no-tillage and straw returning in the wheat season could increase the yield and quality of medium and weak gluten wheat and could be used as the preferred combination for achieving high-yielding, high-quality and efficient production of wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Key words: Tillage method, Straw returning, Soil nutrients, Wheat, Yield, Quality

周正萍, 田宝庚, 陈婉华, 王子阳, 袁伟, 刘世平. 不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤养分及小麦产量和品质的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2021 (3): 78–83

Zhou Zhengping, Tian Baogeng, Chen Wanhua, Wang Ziyang, Yuan Wei, Liu Shiping. Effects of Different Tillage Methods and Straw Returning on Soil Nutrients and Wheat Yield and Quality[J]. Crops, 2021(3): 78–83

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处理Treatment	秸秆还田量 Amount of straw returning to the field
稻麦双季免耕与秸秆还田No-tillage and straw returning in rice and wheat double season (NTS)	稻麦双季各4500kg/hm²
麦季免耕与秸秆减量还田No-tillage and straw-reduce returning in wheat and convention tillage in rice (RNT)	麦季3000kg/hm²
稻季免耕与秸秆减量还田Conventional tillage in wheat, no-tillage and straw-reduce returningin rice (RCT)	稻季3000kg/hm²
稻麦双季翻耕与秸秆还田Conventional tillage and straw returning in rice and wheat double season (CTS)	稻麦双季各4500kg/hm²
稻麦双季少耕与秸秆减量还田Minimum tillage and straw-reduce returning in rice and wheat double season (MTS)	稻麦双季各3000kg/hm²
稻麦双季翻耕无秸秆还田Conventional tillage and no straw returning in rice and wheat double season (CT)	稻麦双季均不还田

处理 Treatment	年份Year										平均值 Mean
处理 Treatment	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	平均值 Mean
NTS	17.87b	17.53b	18.60b	18.00b	19.23ab	20.87a	20.15ab	19.58bc	18.38c	22.99a	19.32ab
RNT	17.26b	16.62bc	18.27b	16.29c	17.83b	18.96b	18.57bc	20.87ab	20.21b	23.25a	18.81b
RCT	15.72c	15.90c	17.32bc	15.75cd	17.25b	19.62ab	18.62bc	20.51ab	19.70bc	20.58ab	18.10b
CTS	20.89a	22.38a	20.93a	20.62a	19.30ab	20.27a	21.61a	21.17a	22.09a	21.13ab	21.04a
MTS	20.12a	22.61a	20.34ab	20.11ab	20.30a	20.55a	21.21a	20.92ab	22.17a	21.76a	21.11a
CT	13.50d	15.60c	16.57c	14.35d	15.52c	15.98c	17.76c	18.35c	16.64d	18.54b	16.28c

处理 Treatment	年份Year										平均值 Mean
处理 Treatment	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	平均值 Mean
NTS	1.25a	1.01b	1.03ab	1.04a	1.14a	0.99a	1.10b	0.95b	1.03b	0.79a	1.02ab
RNT	1.04b	0.99b	1.06ab	0.89b	1.08ab	0.99a	1.13b	1.03ab	1.14ab	0.86a	1.00ab
RCT	0.87c	0.98b	1.03b	0.87b	1.07ab	0.90ab	1.10b	0.96b	1.05b	0.86a	0.95ab
CTS	1.19ab	1.06ab	1.22a	1.07a	1.14a	0.98a	1.23a	1.02ab	1.16ab	0.88a	1.08a
MTS	1.20ab	1.14a	1.10ab	1.11a	1.15a	0.93ab	1.21a	1.10a	1.24a	0.85a	1.10a
CT	0.90c	0.83c	0.96b	0.86b	0.94b	0.86b	1.11b	0.91b	0.98b	0.86a	0.91b

处理 Treatment	穗数 Ear number (×10⁴/hm²)	穗粒数 Grain number per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	理论产量 Theoretical yield (kg/hm²)	实际产量 Actual yield (kg/hm²)
NTS	403.58c	41.58a	45.83a	7681.62b	6435.32b
RNT	415.58bc	41.20a	45.20ab	7740.28ab	7177.86ab
RCT	476.91a	40.07a	43.47b	8306.21ab	7486.49a
CTS	465.80a	38.13a	43.58b	7729.87ab	6942.57ab
MTS	432.91b	42.57a	43.47b	8008.12ab	6618.66ab
CT	482.69a	40.67a	43.58b	8549.98a	7431.48a

处理 Treatment	容重 Test weight (g/L)	硬度 Hardness (%)	出粉率 Flour yield rate (%)	湿面筋含量 Wet gluten content (%)	沉淀值Sedimentation value (mL)	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	淀粉含量 Starch content (%)
NTS	740.00ab	61.62b	62.97b	24.57ab	33.90b	11.84b	64.11a
RNT	738.20ab	64.68ab	65.94ab	27.42a	39.58a	12.72ab	63.60ab
RCT	743.80ab	70.88a	70.73a	22.44c	34.32b	12.24b	64.06a
CTS	741.65ab	70.77a	68.44ab	26.43ab	40.04a	14.21a	62.67b
MTS	730.40b	70.75a	68.02ab	23.67abc	33.78b	12.35b	63.91a
CT	744.70a	67.52ab	68.61ab	23.19bc	34.00b	12.45b	63.79ab