Crops ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (3): 116-125.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.03.016

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Effects of Seedling Ages on Grain Yield and Quality of High Quality Rice in Southeastern Zhejiang Province

Ma Yihu1(), He Xianbiao1, Chen Jian1, Tang Xuejun2(), Wang Xuhui3(), He Haohao4, Jin Yuqing2, Qi Wen1, Jiang Hailing1, Zhou Cui1   

  1. 1Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China
    2Linhai Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Zhejiang Province, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China
    3Jiaojiang District Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
    4Taizhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2022-05-20 Revised:2022-07-19 Online:2023-06-15 Published:2023-06-16

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Abstract:

To clarify the suitable seedling age for different types of high quality rice in Southeastern Zhejiang, Yongyou 1540 (indica-japonica hybrid rice) and Tailiangyou 217 (indica hybrid rice) were used to study the effects of different seedling age treatments (15, 21, 27, 33, and 39 days) on grain yield and rice quality of high quality rice, and the influencing mechanism was studied from the perspectives of growth period, seedlings quality, dry matter accumulation and transportation, and allocation of temperature and sunshine resources. The results showed that with the extension of seedling age, the grain yield of Yongyou 1540 and Tailiangyou 217 increased first and then decreased, and the highest yield were 11.45 and 9.77t/ha at 27 and 21 days seedling age old, respectively, rice quality showed a trend of gradual improvement. The growth stages of rice were delayed with the extension of seedling age, the transplanting-full heading period and the growth period of the field were shortened, while the whole growth period was extended. With the extension of seedling age, seedling quality, population growth rate (during full heading to maturity stage), dry matter accumulation, the output percentage of dry matter of stems and leaves, and harvest index increased first and then decreased. In the whole growth period, with the extension of seedling age, the average daily temperature and average temperature daily range decreased, while the effective accumulated temperature and sunshine hours increased. The grain yield was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the effective accumulated temperature and sunshine hours in the full heading-maturity period. In summary, suitable seedling age could increase grain yield and improve rice quality. The seedling age of Yongyou 1540 with high yield and good quality were 21-29 days old under suitable sowing date and the seedling age of Tailiangyou 217 with high yield were 14-24 days old. To obtain high quality for Tailiangyou 217, it may need to extend the seedling age or adjust the sowing date.

Key words: Seedling ages, High quality rice, Yield, Quality, Utilization of temperature and sunshine

Fig.1

Changes of temperature and sunshine hours during the rice growing season in 2021"

Table 1

Yield and its components of high quality rice under different seedling ages"

品种
Variety		 秧龄处理
Seedling
age
treatment
(d)		 2021年产量及其构成因素Grain yield and its components in 2021 2020年
实际产量
Actual yield
in 2020
(t/hm2)
株高
Plant
height
(cm)		 有效穗数
Panicles
(×104/hm2)		 穗粒数
Spikelet
number per
panicles		 总颖花量
Total amount
of spikelets
(×106/hm2)		 结实率
Seed-
setting
rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 理论产量
Theoretical
yield
(t/hm2)		 实际产量
Actual
yield
(t/hm2)
甬优1540
Yongyou 1540		 15 125.1±1.6a 202.4±2.5b 243.6±3.6c 493.0±13.9c 95.2±2.6a 23.75±0.12a 11.14±0.19b 11.07±0.14b 11.13±0.21b
21 122.3±1.5ab 205.5±3.9ab 255.3±4.5b 524.6±11.8b 93.4±1.8ab 23.49±0.15b 11.51±0.23a 11.35±0.19a 11.32±0.13ab
27 120.2±2.1bc 207.8±4.2a 261.2±6.3a 542.7±14.6a 92.9±2.3ab 23.25±0.11bc 11.72±0.15a 11.44±0.16a 11.46±0.23a
33 119.4±1.5bc 203.1±2.3ab 253.9±5.9b 515.8±13.4b 91.3±2.5b 23.19±0.09c 10.93±0.24b 10.76±0.18c 10.71±0.16c
39 117.5±1.3c 197.0±3.6c 245.1±7.2c 482.7±15.7d 90.2±1.7b 23.04±0.08c 10.04±0.27c 9.92±0.23d 9.85±0.17d
平均值 120.9±2.9 203.2±4.0 251.8±7.4 511.8±24.2 92.6±1.9 23.34±0.28 11.07±0.65 10.91±0.61 10.89±0.65
CV (%) 2.4 2.0 2.9 4.7 2.1 1.2 5.9 5.6 6.0
泰两优217
Tailiangyou 217		 15 120.9±1.4a 231.2±2.9ab 186.8±5.8c 431.8±11.6d 90.1±2.6a 24.76±0.16a 9.64±0.11b 9.59±0.14ab 9.54±0.18ab
21 119.3±2.1a 234.1±3.7a 204.4±4.7a 478.5±19.9a 88.1±2.1ab 24.63±0.11b 10.39±0.18a 9.75±0.21a 9.79±0.11a
27 117.4±1.7b 227.3±4.1bc 203.1±5.3a 461.6±14.7b 86.2±1.9bc 24.62±0.09b 9.80±0.21b 9.42±0.16b 9.47±0.19b
33 116.2±2.3bc 226.1±2.3c 195.7±4.6b 442.5±18.7c 84.2±2.3c 24.56±0.06b 9.15±0.14c 9.04±0.19c 9.02±0.09c
39 115.1±2.1c 220.2±3.2d 193.1±3.8b 425.2±16.9d 83.2±1.7c 24.42±0.13c 8.64±0.16d 8.57±0.15d 8.64±0.15d
平均值 117.8±2.3 227.8±5.3 196.6±7.3 447.9±22.0 86.4±2.8 24.60±0.12 9.52±0.66 9.27±0.47 9.29±0.46
CV (%) 2.0 2.3 3.7 4.9 3.3 0.5 7.0 5.1 4.9
方差分析
ANOVA		 秧龄(S) * * * ** ** * ** ** **
品种(V) * ** ** ** ** * ** ** **
S×V ns * * * ns ns ** ** **

Table 2

Regression equation of effects of seedling ages on grain yield of high quality rice"

品种
Variety		 Y=ax2+bx+c Ymean
(t/hm2)		 Ymax
(t/hm2)		 Ymean/Ymax
(%)		 Y0.98对应秧龄
Seedling ages for Y0.98 (d)		 Ymax对应秧龄
Seedling ages for Ymax (d)
a b c R2
甬优1540 Yongyou 1540 -0.0059 0.2701 8.3642 0.9824** 10.90 11.46 95.1 16.7~29.1 22.9
泰两优217 Tailiangyou 217 -0.0028 0.1045 8.6723 0.9689** 9.28 9.65 96.2 13.3~24.1 18.7

Table 3

Rice quality of high quality rice under different seedling ages"

品种
Variety		 秧龄处理
Seedling
age
treatment
(d)		 糙米率
Brown
rice
percentage
(%)		 精米率
Milled
rice
percentage
(%)		 整精米率
Head rice
percentage
(%)		 粒长
Kernel
length
(mm)		 长宽比
Length-
width
ratio		 垩白粒率
Chalky
percentage
(%)		 垩白度
Chalkiness
(%)		 透明度
（级）
Transparency
(rank)		 碱消值
Alkali
spreading
value
(rank)		 胶稠度
Gel
consistency
(mm)		 直链淀
粉含量
Amylose
content
(%)		 蛋白质
含量
Protein
content
(%)		 综合判定
Comprehensive
evaluation
甬优1540
Yongyou
1540		 15 80.5d 72.1c 63.3d 5.6a 2.3a 21.2a 3.3a 2a 6.7b 78.4a 15.0c 6.7cd 三等
21 81.6b 72.3c 65.1cd 5.6a 2.3a 17.1b 2.7b 2a 6.8ab 78.9a 15.6b 6.8bc 二等
27 82.5a 73.4a 65.7bc 5.8a 2.4a 16.4b 2.1c 2a 7.0a 79.1a 15.7ab 6.9b 二等
33 81.3bc 73.1ab 67.3ab 5.8a 2.4a 13.3c 1.7cd 2a 7.0a 81.1a 15.9ab 7.1a 二等
39 80.8cd 72.6bc 68.0a 5.8a 2.4a 11.1c 1.5d 2a 6.7b 80.2a 16.0a 6.6d 二等
CV (%) 1.0 0.7 2.8 1.9 2.3 24.4 32.8 0.0 2.2 1.4 2.5 2.8 -
泰两优217
Tailiangyou
217		 15 79.6d 70.2d 59.1c 6.8a 3.2a 10.2a 1.3a 2a 4.1c 78.1a 14.1c 6.7d 普通
21 80.9bc 71.3b 59.9c 6.7a 3.1a 9.4a 1.1b 2a 4.2c 78.3a 14.5b 6.9c 普通
27 82.4a 72.0a 62.1b 6.7a 3.1a 9.2a 1.1b 2a 4.7b 80.1a 14.7b 7.3a 普通
33 81.3b 70.4cd 64.1a 6.7a 3.0a 6.3b 0.6c 1b 5.0b 82.4a 14.8ab 7.3a 三等
39 80.6c 70.8bc 64.5a 6.7a 3.0a 5.1b 0.4d 1b 5.8a 82.2a 15.1a 7.0b 三等
CV (%) 1.3 1.0 3.9 0.7 2.7 27.5 42.3 34.2 14.4 2.6 2.5 3.7 -

Table 4

The main growth periods of high quality rice under different seedling ages"

品种
Variety		 秧龄处理
Seedling age
treatment (d)		 播种期
（月-日）
Sowing date
(month-day)		 移栽期
（月-日）
Transplanting
date (month-day)		 齐穗期
（月-日）
Full heading
date (month-day)		 成熟期
（月-日）
Maturity
(month-day)		 播种―
齐穗期
S-F (d)		 移栽―
齐穗期
T-F (d)		 齐穗―
成熟期
F-M (d)		 本田生育期
Field
growth
period (d)		 全生育期
Whole
growth
period (d)
甬优1540
Yongyou 1540		 15 05-17 06-01 08-23 10-09 98 83 47 130 145
21 05-17 06-07 08-25 10-12 100 79 48 127 148
27 05-17 06-13 08-26 10-15 101 74 50 124 151
33 05-17 06-19 08-29 10-18 104 71 50 121 154
39 05-17 06-25 08-31 10-21 106 67 51 118 157
平均值 101.8 74.8 49.2 124.0 151.0
CV (%) 3.1 8.5 3.3 3.8 3.1
泰两优217
Tailiangyou 217		 15 05-17 06-01 08-20 10-03 95 80 44 124 139
21 05-17 06-07 08-23 10-09 98 77 47 124 145
27 05-17 06-13 08-26 10-14 101 74 49 123 150
33 05-17 06-19 08-30 10-20 105 72 51 123 156
39 05-17 06-25 09-03 10-25 109 70 52 122 161
平均值 101.6 74.6 48.6 123.2 150.2
CV (%) 5.5 5.3 6.6 0.7 5.8

Table 5

Seedlings quality of high quality rice under different seedling ages"

品种
Variety		 秧龄处理
Seedling age
treatment (d)		 叶龄（片）
Leaf age
(piece)		 苗高
Seedling
height (cm)		 茎基宽
Stem base
width (cm)		 茎叶干重（mg/株）
Dry weight of stem
and leaf (mg/plant)		 根干重
Dry weight of
root (mg/plant)		 根冠比
Root-shoot
ratio		 充实度
Plumpness
(mg/cm)
甬优1540
Yongyou 1540		 15 2.3±0.3e 11.6±3.2e 0.21±0.03c 10.9±2.3d 5.1±1.2d 0.47±0.02a 0.95±0.12c
21 2.9±0.2d 15.3±2.8d 0.24±0.02b 20.6±3.5c 8.7±2.5c 0.42±0.03b 1.35±0.18b
27 3.8±0.4c 19.0±4.2c 0.27±0.04a 28.5±4.9b 11.0±2.1b 0.39±0.01c 1.50±0.13a
33 4.3±0.2b 23.8±2.6b 0.27±0.05a 33.1±4.2a 12.0±3.2a 0.36±0.03d 1.39±0.16b
39 4.7±0.6a 27.1±3.9a 0.28±0.04a 36.1±5.3a 12.3±2.9a 0.34±0.02d 1.33±0.09b
平均值 3.6±1.0 19.4±6.3 0.25±0.03 25.8±10.2 9.8±3.0 0.40±0.05 1.30±0.21
CV (%) 27.5 32.3 11.3 39.5 30.5 13.0 16.0
泰两优217
Tailiangyou 217		 15 2.3±0.2e 11.2±2.9e 0.20±0.01c 11.1±2.6d 4.7±1.1d 0.42±0.05a 0.99±0.06d
21 2.8±0.3d 14.5±1.5d 0.23±0.02b 21.7±3.6c 8.6±2.3c 0.40±0.03ab 1.49±0.19a
27 3.6±0.2c 18.6±3.2c 0.26±0.05a 28.5±4.2b 11.1±2.6b 0.39±0.02bc 1.53±0.15a
33 4.4±0.3b 22.7±2.4b 0.27±0.04a 31.6±3.8a 11.9±2.8a 0.38±0.03bc 1.39±0.13b
39 4.8±0.4a 25.9±2.8a 0.27±0.03a 33.9±4.7a 12.5±3.2a 0.37±0.01c 1.31±0.17c
平均值 3.6±1.0 18.6±6.0 0.25±0.03 25.4±9.2 9.8±3.2 0.39±0.02 1.34±0.21
CV (%) 29.3 32.0 12.4 36.3 32.7 4.9 16.0

Table 6

Dry matter accumulation and harvest index of high quality rice under different seedling ages"

品种
Variety		 秧龄处理
Seedling age
treatment
(d)		 播种―齐穗期S-F 齐穗―成熟期F-M 成熟期Maturity 干物质
转运量
DMTA
(t/hm2)		 茎叶
输出率
OPDMSL
(%)		 收获
指数
Harvest
index
积累量
DMA
(t/hm2)		 群体生长率
PGR
[kg/(hm2·d)]		 积累量
DMA
(t/hm2)		 群体生长率
PGR
[kg/(hm2·d)]		 稻谷干重
DWOGY
(t/hm2)		 稻草干重
DWORS
(t/hm2)		 总积累量
TDMA
(t/hm2)		 群体生长率
PGR
[kg/(hm2·d)]
甬优1540
Yongyou 1540		 15 11.74a 119.80a 6.81c 144.81b 9.18b 9.36a 18.55b 127.90a 2.38a 20.25a 0.495d
21 11.43b 114.26b 7.21b 150.26ab 9.57ab 9.06b 18.64ab 125.94ab 2.36ab 20.67a 0.514b
27 11.10c 109.92c 7.64a 152.88a 9.82a 8.93b 18.75a 124.15b 2.17bc 19.57b 0.524a
33 10.73d 103.17d 7.19b 143.71b 9.28b 8.64c 17.92c 116.33c 2.09c 19.52b 0.518b
39 10.39e 97.98e 6.72c 131.78c 8.69c 8.41d 17.11d 108.96d 1.97c 18.99c 0.508c
平均值 11.08 109.03 7.11 144.69 9.31 8.88 18.19 120.66 2.19 19.80 0.512
CV (%) 4.9 8.0 5.2 5.6 4.6 4.2 3.8 6.5 8.0 3.3 2.2
泰两优217
Tailiangyou 217		 15 10.94a 115.11a 5.65bc 128.39a 8.10b 8.49a 16.58a 119.31a 2.45a 22.39c 0.488c
21 10.52b 107.37b 6.09a 129.68a 8.48a 8.14b 16.62a 114.60b 2.39ab 22.67b 0.510a
27 10.31bc 102.10c 5.83b 118.98b 8.19b 7.95bc 16.14b 107.61c 2.36b 22.88a 0.507a
33 10.19c 97.00d 5.60bc 109.75c 7.86c 7.92c 15.78c 101.17d 2.26c 22.22c 0.498b
39 9.92d 91.03e 5.52c 106.12c 7.58d 7.86c 15.44d 95.90e 2.06d 20.79d 0.491c
平均值 10.38 102.52 5.74 118.58 8.04 8.07 16.11 107.72 2.30 22.19 0.499
CV (%) 3.7 9.1 4.0 9.0 4.2 3.2 3.2 8.9 6.6 3.7 1.9

Table 7

Resources of temperature and sunshine at different growth stages of high quality rice under different seedling ages"

品种
Variety		 秧龄处理
Seedling
age
treatment
(d)		 播种―移栽期
S-T		 移栽―齐穗期
T-F		 齐穗―成熟期
F-M		 全生育期
Whole growth period		 PEEAT
[kg/(hm2·℃·d)]
日均
气温
ADT
(℃)		 ATDR
(℃)		 EAT
(℃·d)		 日照
时数
SH
(h)		 日均
气温
ADT
(℃)		 ATDR
(℃)		 EAT
(℃·d)		 日照
时数
SH
(h)		 日均
气温
ADT
(℃)		 ATDR
(℃)		 EAT
(℃·d)		 日照
时数
SH
(h)		 日均
气温
ADT
(℃)		 ATDR
(℃)		 EAT
(℃·d)		 日照
时数
SH
(h)
甬优1540
Yongyou
1540		 15 21.9 6.0 190.6 38.4 27.4 7.7 1444.4 480.5 27.2 9.5 806.8 367.3 26.7 8.1 2441.8 886.2 4.53
21 22.3 7.2 270.8 72.4 27.7 7.6 1400.4 460.0 26.9 9.1 811.6 362.5 26.7 8.0 2482.8 894.9 4.57
27 23.3 7.2 371.3 104.2 27.8 7.7 1318.7 437.9 26.7 8.9 837.1 368.3 26.6 8.0 2527.1 910.4 4.53
33 24.1 7.5 479.9 140.5 27.8 7.7 1267.1 434.4 26.1 8.7 803.8 343.2 26.5 8.0 2550.8 918.1 4.22
39 24.1 7.5 562.4 171.6 28.3 7.8 1223.5 425.4 25.3 8.3 780.7 322.4 26.2 7.9 2566.6 919.4 3.87
平均值 23.1 7.1 375.0 105.4 27.8 7.7 1330.8 447.6 26.4 8.9 808.0 352.7 26.5 8.0 2513.8 905.8 4.34
CV (%) 4.4 8.8 40.2 50.2 1.1 0.9 6.9 5.0 2.9 5.0 2.5 5.6 0.8 0.9 2.0 1.6 6.9
泰两优217
Tailiangyou
217		 15 21.9 6.0 158.6 38.4 27.4 7.6 1228.6 459.8 27.5 9.7 681.9 353.9 26.8 8.1 2069.1 852.1 4.64
21 22.3 7.2 226.8 72.4 27.7 7.5 1210.2 446.5 27.2 9.5 723.2 367.3 26.7 8.1 2149.8 886.2 4.53
27 23.3 7.2 315.3 104.2 27.8 7.7 1170.7 437.9 26.8 9.0 712.8 361.5 26.6 8.0 2209.2 903.6 4.25
33 24.1 7.5 411.9 140.5 27.9 7.7 1142.1 445.6 23.6 8.3 590.3 355.7 26.3 7.9 2249.3 919.4 4.02
39 24.1 7.5 482.4 171.6 28.3 8.0 1139.4 453.6 23.1 8.1 575.4 351.0 26.0 7.8 2270.4 934.7 3.77
平均值 23.1 7.1 319.0 105.4 27.8 7.7 1178.2 448.7 25.6 8.9 656.7 357.9 26.5 8.0 2189.6 899.2 4.24
CV (%) 4.4 8.8 41.3 50.2 1.2 2.4 3.4 1.9 8.2 7.9 10.6 1.8 1.2 1.6 3.7 3.5 8.4

Table 8

Correlation analysis between resources of temperature and sunshine and yield and its components"

品种
Variety		 生育时期
Growth stage		 温光因子
Factors of temperature and sunshine		 有效穗数
Efficient panicle		 穗粒数
Grains per panicle		 结实率
Seed-setting rate		 千粒重
1000-grain weight		 产量
Yield
甬优1540
Yongyou 1540		 播种―移栽期 日均气温 -0.381 0.144 -0.944* -0.956* -0.635
平均气温日较差 -0.095 0.462 -0.880* -0.900* -0.351
有效积温 -0.525 0.017 -0.986** -0.968** -0.753
日照时数 -0.516 0.034 -0.992** -0.992** -0.745
移栽―齐穗期 日均气温 -0.574 -0.044 -0.926* -0.910* -0.759
平均气温日较差 -0.742 -0.489 -0.585 -0.570 -0.825
有效积温 0.463 -0.080 0.973** 0.979** 0.705
日照时数 0.267 -0.298 0.944* 0.997** 0.539
齐穗―成熟期 日均气温 0.717 0.214 0.961** 0.892* 0.888*
平均气温日较差 0.514 -0.047 0.989** 0.974** 0.881*
有效积温 0.959** 0.792 0.510 0.278 0.900*
日照时数 0.849 0.420 0.888* 0.752 0.961**
全生育期 日均气温 0.783 0.328 0.892* 0.831 0.925*
平均气温日较差 0.472 -0.072 0.915* 0.900* 0.663
有效积温 -0.342 0.219 -0.968** -0.994** -0.605
日照时数 -0.311 0.233 -0.943* -0.979** -0.579
泰两优217
Tailiangyou 217		 播种―移栽期 日均气温 -0.862 0.082 -0.984** -0.863 -0.868
平均气温日较差 -0.522 0.571 -0.869 -0.844 -0.560
有效积温 -0.904* 0.045 -0.947* -0.947* -0.928*
日照时数 -0.891* 0.083 -0.995** -0.960** -0.916*
移栽―齐穗期 日均气温 -0.860 0.136 -0.941* -0.996** -0.886*
平均气温日较差 -0.979** -0.299 -0.793 -0.823 -0.953*
有效积温 0.863 -0.107 0.988** 0.875 0.866
日照时数 -0.015 -0.866 0.326 0.179 -0.116
齐穗―成熟期 日均气温 0.857 0.198 0.921* 0.869 0.940*
平均气温日较差 0.903* 0.040 0.983** 0.904* 0.936*
有效积温 0.822 0.486 0.770 0.714 0.968**
日照时数 0.725 0.854 0.373 0.325 0.898*
全生育期 日均气温 0.919* 0.126 0.941* 0.953* 0.973**
平均气温日较差 0.963** 0.156 0.951* 0.914* 0.985**
有效积温 -0.803 0.278 -0.989** -0.920* -0.809
日照时数 -0.811 0.265 -0.989** -0.955* -0.829
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