Crops ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 216-224.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.06.027

Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Different Phosphorus Supply Levels and Varieties on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics in Industrial Hemp

Dong Xiaohui1(), Jing Yuliang1(), Liu Lichao1, Wang Cuiling2, Zhang Liguo3, Sun Luhong4   

  1. 1 Suihua Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suihua 152000, Heilongjiang, China
    2 Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China
    3 Economic Crop Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China
    4 Huachuan County Agricultural Products Quality Inspection Center, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2024-05-23 Revised:2024-06-13 Online:2025-12-15 Published:2025-12-12

RichHTML

2

PDF (PC)

86

Abstract:

Using three varieties of industrial hemp (Mountain Mango, Victory Haze, and Rewined S1) as experimental materials, a randomized complete block design was conducted with four different levels of phosphorus supply (0, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg). The effects of different phosphorus supply levels and varieties on growth, root morphology, physiological indicators, rhizosphere carboxylate exudation, nutrient uptake and phosphorus utilization efficiency were investigated. The results showed that the growth, root morphology, physiological indicators, nutrient uptake and phosphorus utilization efficiency of industrial hemp were strongly influenced by varieties and level of phosphorus supply. Under phosphorus-deficient conditions, the rhizosphere of industrial hemp mainly released citrate, which gradually shifted to malate exudation with the increase of phosphorus supply. Mountain Mango and Rewined S1 differed in maintaining photosynthesis, growth morphology and physiological adaptations. Mountain Mango had higher leaf chlorophyll content and longer root length, while Rewined S1 had higher intercellular CO2 concentrations and larger stem length. In conclusion, Mountain Mango and Rewined S1 had higher stem biomass, root length, root surface area, and phosphorus utilization efficiency with the increase of phosphorus supply, while Victory Haze had more moderate stem length, root morphology, citrate, and phosphorus utilization efficiency.

Key words: Industrial hemp, Phosphorus supply level, Growth and development, Root morphology, Nutrient uptake, Phosphorus utilization efficiency

Table 1

Analysis of variance of the assay parameters with variety and P supply level as main factors"

项目
Item		 参数
Parameter		 品种
Variety		 供磷水平
P supply level		 品种×供磷水平
Variety×P supply level
生长和生物量Growth and biomass 茎干重 (g) 0.015* <0.001*** 0.111ns
根干重 (g) 0.070ns <0.001*** 0.528ns
茎长 (cm) <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001***
根系形态Root morphology 根长 (cm) 0.017* <0.001*** 0.234ns
细根长 (cm) 0.017* <0.001*** 0.234ns
粗根长 (cm) 0.043* <0.001*** 0.047*
根表面积 (cm2) 0.004** <0.001*** 0.155ns
生理指标Physiological indicator SPAD 0.012* 0.038* 0.274ns
Pn [μmol CO2/(m2·s)] 0.278ns 0.020* 0.942ns
Gs [mol H2O/(m2·s)] 0.340ns 0.042* 0.913ns
Ci (μmol CO2/mol) 0.028** 0.376ns 0.873ns
根际羧酸盐渗出量
Rhizosphere carboxylate exudation		 柠檬酸盐渗出量 (μmol/g) 0.045* <0.001*** 0.206ns
苹果酸盐渗出量 (μmol/g) 0.461ns 0.047* 0.773ns
福马酸盐渗出量 (μmol/g) 0.234ns 0.580ns 0.762ns
草酸盐渗出量 (μmol/g) 0.890ns 0.252ns 0.691ns
丙酮酸盐渗出量 (μmol/g) 0.439ns 0.350ns 0.628ns
养分吸收Nutrient uptake 茎氮浓度 (mg/g) 0.135ns <0.001*** 0.125ns
茎磷浓度 (mg/g) 0.018* <0.001*** 0.229ns
茎钾浓度 (mg/g) 0.256ns <0.001*** 0.123ns
茎氮含量 (mg) 0.989ns <0.001*** 0.631ns
茎磷含量 (mg) 0.112ns <0.001*** 0.071ns
茎钾含量 (mg) 0.213ns <0.001*** 0.290ns
茎氮磷比 0.030* <0.001*** 0.204ns
磷利用率Phosphorus utilization efficiency 农艺磷使用率 (g DM/g Pf) 0.016* <0.001*** 0.816ns
磷吸收率 (g Pc/g Pf) 0.033* <0.001*** 0.026*
磷利用率 (g DM/g Pc) 0.005** <0.001*** 0.090ns

Table 2

Effects of varieties and P supply levels on the stem and root dry weight of industrial hemp"

指标
Index		 品种Variety 供磷水平P supply level (mg/kg)
Mountain Mango Victory Haze Rewined S1 P0 P40 P80 P120
茎干重Stem dry weight (g) 3.4ab 2.9b 3.7a 0.3c 3.7b 4.8a 5.3a
根干重Root dry weight (g) 0.6a 0.5a 0.6a 0.2b 0.7a 0.9a 0.9a

Fig.1

Effects of the interaction between varieties and P supply levels on stem length Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 level. The same below."

Table 3

Effects of varieties and P supply levels on the root morphology of industrial hemp"

指标
Index		 品种Variety 供磷水平P supply level (mg/kg)
Mountain Mango Victory Haze Rewined S1 P0 P40 P80 P120
根长Root length (cm) 5312.0a 3372.0b 5056.0ab 701.0b 5672.0a 6017.0a 5838.0a
细根长Fine root length (cm) 5285.0a 3347.0b 5029.0ab 699.0b 5665.0a 6009.0a 5826.0a
根表面积Root surface area (cm2) 488.6a 281.0b 447.4a 63.1b 480.1a 536.4a 515.5a

Fig.2

Effects of the interaction between varieties and P supply levels on coarse root length"

Table 4

Effects of varieties and P supply levels on the physiological indicators of industrial hemp"

指标
Index		 品种Variety 供磷水平P supply level (mg/kg)
Mountain Mango Victory Haze Rewined S1 P0 P40 P80 P120
SPAD 50.2a 41.9b 42.7b 40.1b 44.0ab 48.9a 44.5ab
Pn [μmol CO2/(m2·s)] 7.2 7.6 5.6 9.2a 8.1ab 4.5b 7.2ab
Gs [mol H2O/(m2·s)] 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2ab 0.1ab 0.1b 0.2a
Ci (μmol CO2/mol) 272b 288ab 301a 275 261 264 281

Table 5

Effects of varieties and P supply levels on the rhizosphere carboxylate exudation of industrial hemp"

指标
Index		 品种Variety 供磷水平P supply level (mg/kg)
Mountain Mango Victory Haze Rewined S1 P0 P40 P80 P120
柠檬酸盐Citrate (μmol/g) 18.3b 35.1a 24.6ab 78.3a 16.4b 6.2b 6.7b
苹果酸盐Malate (μmol/g) 105 179 132 12.1b 199a 178ab 142ab
福马酸盐Fumarate (μmol/g) 0.8 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.7
草酸盐Oxalate (μmol/g) 30.5 36.4 33.9 19.4 29.7 40.1 45.8
丙酮酸盐Pyruvate (μmol/g)） 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3

Fig.3

Effects of the interaction between varieties and P supply level on rhizosphere pH"

Table 6

Effects of varieties and P supply levels on nutrient absorption of industrial hemp"

指标
Index		 品种Variety 供磷水平P supply level (mg/kg)
Mountain Mango Victory Haze Rewined S1 P0 P40 P80 P120
茎氮浓度Stem N concentration (mg/g) 27.0 29.5 26.1 40.5a 24.5b 23.6b 22.2b
茎磷浓度Stem P concentration (mg/g) 2.2b 2.8a 2.4ab 1.6c 2.2bc 2.4ab 2.7a
茎钾浓度Stem K concentration (mg/g) 25.1 26.7 24.4 30.0a 26.9ab 22.6bc 21.3c
茎氮含量Stem N content (mg) 75.2 75.1 74.8 8.5d 87.1c 101a 98a
茎磷含量Stem P content (mg) 7.9 8.2 8.7 0.4d 7.3c 11.9b 13.5a
茎钾含量Stem K content (mg) 79.7 73.9 76.8 6.1c 93.7b 103a 100ab
茎氮磷比Stem N:P ratio 15.1a 13.3ab 12.8b 25.2a 12.5b 9.1c 7.7c

Table 7

Effects of varieties and P supply levels on the P utilization rate of industrial hemp"

指标
Index		 品种Variety 供磷水平P supply level (mg/kg)
Mountain Mango Victory Haze Rewined S1 P40 P80 P120
农艺磷使用率APUE (g DM/g Pf) 62.5ab 52.4b 66.6a 84.1a 57.3b 42.7c
磷利用率PUtE (g DM/g Pc) 472.0a 361.0b 448.0a 505.0a 404.0b 375.0b

Fig.4

Effects of the interaction between Varieties and P supply levels on PUtE"

[1] Visković J, Zheljazkov V D, Sikora V, et al. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)agronomy and utilization: a review. Agronomy, 2023, 13(3):931.
doi: 10.3390/agronomy13030931
[2] Verlinden M S, AbdElgawad H, Ven A, et al. Phosphorus stress strongly reduced plant physiological activity, but only temporarily, in a mesocosm experiment with Zea mays colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Biogeosciences, 2022, 19(9):2353-2364.
doi: 10.5194/bg-19-2353-2022
[3] Kaur G, Kander R. The sustainability of industrial hemp: a literature review of its economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Sustainability, 2023, 15(8):6457.
doi: 10.3390/su15086457
[4] Liu H L, Zhang B, Huang J C, et al. Prospects of blockchain technology in China’s industrial hemp industry. Journal of Natural Fibers, 2023, 20(1):2160406.
doi: 10.1080/15440478.2022.2160406
[5] 郭丽. 东北黑土区工业大麻种植对土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响. 哈尔滨:东北林业大学, 2022.
[6] Bechtaoui N, Rabiu M K, Raklami A, et al. Phosphate-dependent regulation of growth and stresses management in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021, 12:679916.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679916
[7] Chen G, Li Y, Jin C, et al. Physiological and morphological responses of hydroponically grown pear rootstock under phosphorus treatment. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021, 12:696045.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696045
[8] Simpson R J, Oberson A, Culvenor R A, et al. Strategies and agronomic interventions to improve the phosphorus-use efficiency of farming systems. Plant and Soil, 2011, 349(1/2):89-120.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-011-0880-1
[9] Farinon B, Molinari R, Costantini L, et al. The seed of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): nutritional quality and potential functionality for human health and nutrition. Nutrients, 2020, 12(7):1935.
doi: 10.3390/nu12071935
[10] Battisti M, Simpson R J, Stefanski A, et al. Phosphorus fertiliser value of sewage sludge ash applied to soils differing in phosphate buffering and phosphate sorption capacity. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2022, 124(2):279-297.
doi: 10.1007/s10705-022-10206-4
[11] Tshewang S, Rengel Z, Siddique K H M, et al. Growth, rhizosphere carboxylate exudation, and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in temperate perennial pasture grasses varied with phosphorus application. Agronomy, 2020, 10(12):2017.
doi: 10.3390/agronomy10122017
[12] Heuer S, Gaxiola R, Schilling R, et al. Improving phosphorus use efficiency: a complex trait with emerging opportunities. The Plant Journal, 2017, 90(5):868-885.
doi: 10.1111/tpj.13423 pmid: 27859875
[13] Liu D. Root developmental responses to phosphorus nutrition. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2021, 63(6):1065-1090.
doi: 10.1111/jipb.13090
[14] Kidd D R, Ryan M H, Haling R E, et al. Rhizosphere carboxylates and morphological root traits in pasture legumes and grasses. Plant and Soil, 2016, 402(1/2):77-89.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-015-2770-4
[15] Tshewang S, Rengel Z, Siddique K H M, et al. Microbial consortium inoculant increases pasture grasses yield in low- phosphorus soil by influencing root morphology, rhizosphere carboxylate exudation and mycorrhizal colonisation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2022, 102(2):540-549.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.v102.2
[16] Overbeek W, Jeanne T, Hogue R, et al. Effects of microbial consortia, applied as fertilizer coating, on soil and rhizosphere microbial communities and potato yield. Frontiers in Agronomy, 2021, 3:714700.
doi: 10.3389/fagro.2021.714700
[17] Mediavilla V, Leupin M, Keller A. Influence of the growth stage of industrial hemp on the yield formation in relation to certain fibre quality traits. Industrial Crops and Products, 2001, 13(1):49-56.
doi: 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00052-2
[18] 全国化学标准化技术委员会化学试剂分会(SAC/TC 63/SC 3). 化学试剂草酸盐测定通用方法:GB/T 9730-2007. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2007.
[19] Simmons W J. Background absorption error in determination of copper in plants by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 1978, 50(7):870-873.
doi: 10.1021/ac50029a014
[20] 邱化蛟, 许秀美, 冷寿慈, 等. 植物磷素利效率. 莱阳农学院学报, 2001, 18(2):116-120.
[21] Aubin M P, Seguin P, Vanasse A, et al. Industrial hemp response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization. Crop,Forage & Turfgrass Management, 2015, 1(1):1-10.
[22] Vera C L, Malhi S S, Raney J P, et al. The effect of N and P fertilization on growth, seed yield and quality of industrial hemp in the Parkland region of Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2004, 84(4):939-947.
doi: 10.4141/P04-022
[23] 木农布, 郭蓉, 杜光辉, 等. 不同光周期与肥料配比对设施内工业大麻生长发育的影响. 湖北农业科学, 2024, 63(9):147-155,203.
[24] Burgel L, Hartung J, Graeff-Hönninger S. Impact of different growing substrates on growth, yield and cannabinoid content of two Cannabis sativa L. genotypes in a pot culture. Horticulturae, 2020, 6(4):62.
doi: 10.3390/horticulturae6040062
[25] Pagnani G, Pellegrini M, Galieni A, et al. Plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Cannabis sativa ‘Finola’ cultivation: An alternative fertilization strategy to improve plant growth and quality characteristics. Industrial Crops and Products, 2018, 123:75-83.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.033
[26] Shiponi S, Bernstein N. Response of medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes to P supply under long photoperiod: Functional phenotyping and the ionome. Industrial Crops and Products, 2021, 161:113154.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113154
[27] Liu X, Zhang H, Wang J, et al. Increased CO2 concentrations increasing water use efficiency and improvement PSII function of mulberry seedling leaves under drought stress. Journal of Plant Interactions, 2019, 14(1):213-223.
doi: 10.1080/17429145.2019.1603405
[28] Richardson A E, Lynch J P, Ryan P R, et al. Plant and microbial strategies to improve the phosphorus efficiency of agriculture. Plant and Soil, 2011, 349:121-156.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-011-0950-4
[29] Pearse S J, Veneklaas E J, Cawthray G, et al. Carboxylate composition of root exudates does not relate consistently to a crop species’ ability to use phosphorus from aluminium, iron or calcium phosphate sources. New Phytologist, 2007, 173(1):181-190.
doi: 10.1111/nph.2007.173.issue-1
[30] Hinsinger P, Plassard C, Tang C, et al. Origins of root-mediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their responses to environmental constraints: a review. Plant and Soil, 2003, 248:43-59.
doi: 10.1023/A:1022371130939
[31] Iqbal S, Akhtar J, Saqib Z A, et al. Genotypic and species variability in carboxylate exudation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in phosphorus deficiency. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 57(3):665-674.
[32] Cernusak L A, Winter K, Turner B L. Leaf nitrogen to phosphorus ratios of tropical trees: experimental assessment of physiological and environmental controls. New Phytologist, 2010, 185(3):770-779.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03106.x pmid: 19968799
[1] Guo Longyu, Gao Xinmei, Fu Ying, Zhang Mingwei, Wang Ying, Li Wurijimusi, Wurilige , Wang Yingjie, Wang Jingyu, Yang Fengting, Gu Yanru, Quan Yu. Effect of Immune Inducer ZNC on Seedling Growth and Physiological Response of Oat under Saline-Alkali Stress [J]. Crops, 2025, 41(6): 203-209.
[2] Wu Lu, Zhang Hao, Yang Feiyun, Guo Erjing, Si Linlin, Cao Kai, Cheng Chen. Adaptability Assessment of WOFOST Model for Simulating Rice Growth and Development in the Jianghuai Region [J]. Crops, 2025, 41(2): 215-221.
[3] Li Yunxia, Yang Jiashuo, Li Yangyang, Xiang Shipeng, Yu Jinlong, Li Bin, Zheng Weiwei, Liu Lu. Effects of Different Transplanting Periods on the Growth, Development and Yield Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Tobacco-Rice Rotation Area [J]. Crops, 2025, 41(2): 222-227.
[4] Lu Yu, Zhang Yanyan, Chen Haitao, Li Manxin, Bai Runʼe, Lei Caiyan. Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on the Interaction between Bemisia tabaci and Cucumber [J]. Crops, 2025, 41(2): 256-264.
[5] Li Fei, Bian Shaofeng, Xu Chen, Zhao Hongxiang, Song Hanglin, Wang Fuchen, Zhuang Yan. Effects of Ridge Side Cultivation on Maize Physiological Characteristics, Growth and Development in Sloping Farmland [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(6): 120-125.
[6] Zhao Ximei, Li Qi, Yan Ruyu, Xiang Fengyun, Li Yaqiong, Li Xuxun, Zou Jialong, Li Jifu. Effects of UAV Aerial Seeding Period and Seeding Methods on Yield, Quality and Economic Benefits of Winter Oilseed Rape [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(6): 179-185.
[7] Hu Yaqing, Li Chunqing, Wang Guan, Xu Jiang. Analysis of Growth, Development and Carbon Metabolism of Rice BR Receptor Mutant Fn189 at Jointing Stage [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(6): 218-225.
[8] Wang Shanshan, Yang Yulei, Liu Feihu, Yang Yang, Tang Kailei, Li Tao, Niu Longjiang, Du Guanghui. Effects of Concentrations and Treatment Periods of Polyazole on Inflorescence and Leaves Yield and Cannabidiol Content of Industrial Hemp [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(5): 119-124.
[9] Liu Yajun, Lu Yun, Wang Wenjing, Hu Qiguo, Chu Fengli, Li Zhijie. Effects of Organic Fertilizer and Soil Conditioner on the Growth and Development of Continuous Cropping Sweet Potato and Soil Fertility [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(3): 168-174.
[10] Xiao Min, Guo Lang, Cui Can, Cheng Zhouqi, Liu Yuwu, Zhuo Le, Wu Si, Yi Zhenxie. Effects of Phosphate Fertilizer Management on Yield Components and Nutrient Uptake and Utilization in Mechanical Transplanting Double-Cropping Rice [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(2): 178-188.
[11] Liu Chen, Yang Mingfeng, Yang Long, Zhang Nan, Yu Tao. Effects of Wide-Narrow Row Configuration in Double-Row Concave Ridge on Growth and Quality of Upper Leaves of Flue-Cured Tobacco [J]. Crops, 2023, 39(5): 151-156.
[12] Liu Xiaomin, Xu Rui, Sun Jingguo, Zhao Fanchong, Si Zhenxing, Liang Zhizhe, Xu Zicheng, Han Dan. The Effects of Well Cellar Depth and Mulching Methods on the Gas- Thermal Environment and Flue-Cured Tobacco Growth and Yield [J]. Crops, 2023, 39(5): 157-163.
[13] Zhao Haiyan, Zhao Lijie, Han Genlan, Wang Jiang, Wang Zijian, Nie Meng’en, Du Huiling, Yuan Xiangyang, Dong Shuqi. Effects of Nitrogen and Zinc Application on Root Morphology and Zinc Content in Foxtail Millet [J]. Crops, 2023, 39(4): 152-158.
[14] Ding Kaixin, Wang Lichun, Tian Guokui, Wang Haiyan, Li Fengyun, Pan Yang, Pang Ze, Shan Ying. Review on the Response Reasearch of Potato Growth and PhysiologicalCharacteristics to Water Stress [J]. Crops, 2023, 39(4): 16-21.
[15] Han Yuhuan, Liu Chen, Yang Long, Yu Tao. Effects of Topping Period and Number of Remained Leaves on Growth and Development of Upper Leaves of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Shandong Province [J]. Crops, 2023, 39(2): 157-162.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!