Crops ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4): 150-156.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.04.019

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Assessment of Resource Input and Carbon, Nitrogen Footprint for Major Types of Rice in Yangtze River Delta Region

Yang Linsheng1(), Xi Min1(), Tu Debao1, Li Zhong1, Zhou Yongjin1, Xu Youzun1, Sun Xueyuan1, Wu Wenge2   

  1. 1Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
    2College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
  • Received:2024-06-08 Revised:2024-07-17 Online:2025-08-15 Published:2025-08-12

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Abstract:

The Yangtze River Delta is an important grain production region in China. Quantitative information on the resource input and carbon, nitrogen footprint of rice production in this region provides data necessary for the continued refinement and optimization of rice farming system to achieve green and low-carbon production. The resource input and carbon and nitrogen footprint of rice production in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces in the Yangtze River Delta were explored by analyzing a comprehensive set of data collected from 2016 to 2020 by life cycle assessment. The results showed that japonica rice had the highest nitrogen fertilizer input (279 kg N/ha) and the highest carbon and nitrogen footprint (1.11 kg CO2-eq/kg and 13.7 kg N/t), respectively, with high yield. Early indica rice had the lowest nitrogen fertilizer input and the lowest yield (199 kg N/ha and 6371 kg/ha, respectively), and its carbon and nitrogen footprint were in the middle level. Middle indica rice had the highest yield (8687 kg/ha) and the lowest carbon and nitrogen footprint (0.82 kg CO2-eq/kg and 10.3 kg N/t), with the nitrogen fertilizer rate fell in the middle level. The nitrogen fertilizer input, yield as well as carbon and nitrogen footprint of late indica rice were in the middle level. Regionally, rice production in Jiangsu recorded the highest nitrogen fertilizer input (309 kg/ha) and the highest yield (9319 kg/ha), with carbon and nitrogen footprints reaching 0.948 kg CO2-eq/kg and 13.5 kg N/t, respectively. The nitrogen fertilizer application rate of rice in Zhejiang was 216 kg/ha, the yield was 7364 kg/ha, and the carbon and nitrogen footprints were 0.989 kg CO2-eq/kg and 11.9 kg N/t, respectively. The nitrogen fertilizer application rate of rice in Anhui was 204 kg/ha, the yield was 7414 kg/ha, and the carbon and nitrogen footprints were 0.946 kg CO2-eq/kg and 11.1 kg N/t, respectively. From this, it can be seen that japonica rice has a relatively high input-output ratio and the highest carbon and nitrogen footprints, leaving considerable room for emission reduction. In contrast, middle indica rice with its lower input, relatively higher yield and much reduced carbon and nitrogen footprint, makes it a better choice for rice expansion. Jiangsu had the highest rice yield, nitrogen input and nitrogen footprint, while Zhejiang and Anhui had little difference in input and output as well as carbon and nitrogen footprint.

Key words: Rice, Resource input, Carbon footprint, Nitrogen footprint, Yangtze River Delta

Fig.1

Planting area and yield of different types of rice in different regions"

Table 1

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reactive nitrogen losses parameters of agricultural products"

项目
Item		 温室气体排放
GHG emissions		 活性氮排放
Reactive N loss		 文献
Reference
柴油Diesel 3.75 kg CO2-eq/L 1.97×10-3 kg N/L [14]
氮肥N fertilizer 1.53 kg CO2-eq/kg 7.15×10-3 kg N/kg [15-16]
磷肥P fertilizer 1.63 kg CO2-eq/kg 0.184×10-3 kg N/kg [15-16]
钾肥K fertilizer 0.66 kg CO2-eq/kg 0.146×10-3 kg N/kg
农药Pesticide 13.70 kg CO2-eq/kg 4.69×10-3 kg N/kg [14-15]

Fig.2

Resources input and yield of different types of rice ER: early indica rice, MR: middle indica rice, LR: late indica rice, JR: japonica rice. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05). The same below."

Fig.3

Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint of different types of rice"

Fig.4

Reactive nitrogen loss and nitrogen footprint of different types of rice"

Table 2

Resource input and yield of rice production in Yangtze River Delta region kg/hm2"

地区Region 氮N 磷P2O5 钾K2O 农药Pesticide 柴油Diesel 产量Yield
安徽Anhui 204±4.28c 88.1±3.44b 99.5±3.48a 7.10±0.94c 110.0±6.40b 7414±281b
江苏Jiangsu 309±5.47a 101.0±2.50a 101.0±2.82a 10.70±0.40b 90.6±2.51c 9319±202a
浙江Zhejiang 216±3.64b 78.2±6.55c 95.6±5.22a 12.90±0.81a 118.0±2.19a 7364±161b

Fig.5

Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint of rice production in different regions"

Fig.6

Reactive nitrogen loss and nitrogen footprint of rice production in different regions"

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