【目的】 探究淹水对低温胁迫下直播早籼稻幼苗生长的影响,为南方稻区直播稻生产与抗逆栽培奠定生理基础。【方法】 以耐冷品种湘早籼6号和冷敏感品种中嘉早17为材料,设置低温处理(8℃)、低温淹水处理(8℃ + 淹水)与常温对照(25℃)3个处理(处理3 d),分析秧苗农艺性状、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量、光合酶活性和内源激素含量等生理特性。【结果】 与低温处理相比,低温淹水处理3 d后不同耐性品种的苗高、鲜质量、干质量和顶三叶叶长显著增加,根数、最大根长、剑叶叶长、倒2叶叶长也都有不同程度增加,淹水可减轻低温对水稻秧苗农艺性状的影响;耐冷品种湘早籼6号苗期受到伤害的程度小于冷敏感品种中嘉早17。此外,与低温处理相比,低温淹水处理显著降低叶片抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)、可溶性蛋白、渗透调节物质(MDA、脯氨酸)含量和内源生长抑制类激素(ABA)含量,同时显著增加了内源生长促进类激素(GA₃)含量;低温条件下淹水可减少植物体内活性氧的积累,减轻膜脂过氧化,加强了植物体内源激素的调控作用。同时,低温和低温淹水处理显著降低叶片叶绿素和ATP含量,导致光合酶(Rubisco、PEPCK)活性降低;但低温淹水处理的影响低于低温处理,低温淹水可起到缓解作用。且在恢复处理后,低温淹水处理各生理活性指标更接近对照处理,而与冷敏感性品种相比,耐冷性品种可缓解低温胁迫产生的伤害。【结论】 低温处理影响直播早籼稻秧苗生长特性,降低了秧苗光合酶活性;同时提升叶片抗氧化保护酶活性与渗透调节势,但淹水处理有助于缓解低温胁迫造成的叶片生理伤害。

为了研究淹涝水温对具有不同耐淹能力水稻材料形态和生理的影响,明确淹涝水温对水稻幼苗耐涝能力影响的机理,采用盆栽试验,选取导入耐淹基因的耐淹品种IR64Sub1和淹水敏感品种IR42以及耐淹能力较强的品种冈优725和泰优398,设计20℃和30℃两种水温进行淹水处理,淹水时间分为0, 3, 6, 9和12 d。结果表明较低淹水温度下,水中的溶氧量显著高于高水温处理;随着淹水时间延长,高水温处理溶氧量下降速度显著快于低水温处理。高水温条件下水稻幼苗株高增长率要显著高于低水温处理,虽然高水温处理下耐涝品种株高增长率也显著增加,但是增长量要显著低于其他材料。高水温处理水稻茎鞘内可溶性糖和淀粉消耗高于低水温处理,但随着淹水时间的延长两种温度处理间差异逐渐变小,较低的水温可以减少叶片叶绿素降解速率。因此,降低淹水温度可以提高淹水条件下水稻幼苗的成活率。以上结果揭示了低水温可以减少茎鞘的伸长,减少非结构性碳水化合物的消耗及叶绿素的降解,从而水稻淹涝后能维持较高的成活率。这些发现有助于理解较低洪涝水温下水稻存活更长时间的机理。

Plant growth and reproduction are both energy-requiring processes; the necessary energy is supplied by the products of photosynthesis. Both the vegetative growth and reproductive success of rice are compromised by the absence of a functional copy of the gene OsHAK1. Here, a comparison between wild type rice and OsHAK1 knockout mutants not only confirmed the known detrimental effect of the absence of OsHAK1 on root growth, pollen viability and fertility, but also showed that sucrose phosphate synthase activity was lowered, and the sucrose content of the leaves was markedly increased, due to a partial block on the up-loading of sucrose into the phloem. The impaired allocation of sugar to the roots and spikelets caused by the knocking out of OsHAK1 was accompanied by a down-regulation in the leaf sheaths and panicle axes of genes encoding sucrose transporters (SUT genes), which are active in the phloem, as well as in the roots and spikelets of those encoding monosaccharide transporters (MST genes), which transport hexose sugars across the plant plasma membrane. The activity of sucrose synthase, acid invertase and neutral invertase in the roots of mutant plants assayed at the tillering stage, and in their spikelets, assayed during grain-filling, was significantly lower than in the equivalent organs of wild type plants. As a result, the supply of total soluble sugar, glucose and fructose to sink organs was reduced, consistent with the effect of the mutation on root growth and panicle fertility. Compared to wild type plants, the mutants accumulated less potassium (K) throughout the plant. The conclusion was that the failure to fully supply the demand of the mutant's sink organs for assimilate was responsible for its compromised phenotype, and that the deficiency in K uptake induced by the loss of OsHAK1 functionality was responsible for the disruption of sugar metabolism.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

为探究不同氮水平下晚稻抽穗扬花期低温的产量及生理差异，以3个晚稻品种黄华占、荣优225、H优518为材料，设置低氮，N1；正常氮，N2；高氮，N3；超高氮，N4 4个处理。结果表明，低温条件下，3个品种不同氮肥处理的单株产量以N2处理最高，且H优518的单株产量最高，其次为荣优225，黄华占最低；3个品种在N1处理下的产量均最低，主要是单株有效穗较低导致的；不同品种N3、N4的单株产量低于N2是由于结实率较低所导致。3个品种穗部干物质积累N3处理较N2处理均有不同幅度上升，其中以H优518上升幅度最小。低温后，N2处理的包颈率以黄华占最高。低温来临后，3个品种叶片叶绿素含量及净光合速率的下降幅度随着施氮量的增加而增大，蒸腾速率、气孔导度也表现出类似特点。正常氮处理下，H优518叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性的上升幅度最小，游离脯氨酸含量上升幅度最大，但过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及可溶性蛋白含量均不同程度下降，H优518降幅最小。晚稻在抽穗扬花期遇低温时产量会降低，少施氮肥虽可使水稻株产生一定的抗性效应，但产量依然最低，高氮或超高氮会使植株抵抗力严重下降，导致产量降低，且不同品种存在一定的差异性。

Submergence-1 (Sub1), a major quantitative trait locus affecting tolerance to complete submergence in lowland rice (Oryza sativa), contains two or three ethylene response factor (ERF)–like genes whose transcripts are regulated by submergence. In the submergence-intolerant japonica cultivar M202, this locus encodes two ERF genes, Sub1B and Sub1C. In the tolerant near-isogenic line containing the Sub1 locus from the indica FR13A, M202(Sub1), the locus additionally encodes the ERF gene Sub1A. During submergence, the tolerant M202(Sub1) displayed restrained leaf and internode elongation, chlorophyll degradation, and carbohydrate consumption, whereas the enzymatic activities of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase were increased significantly compared with the intolerant M202. Transcript levels of genes associated with carbohydrate consumption, ethanolic fermentation, and cell expansion were distinctly regulated in the two lines. Sub1A and Sub1C transcript levels were shown to be upregulated by submergence and ethylene, with the Sub1C allele in M202 also upregulated by treatment with gibberellic acid (GA). These findings demonstrate that the Sub1 region haplotype determines ethylene- and GA-mediated metabolic and developmental responses to submergence through differential expression of Sub1A and Sub1C. Submergence tolerance in lowland rice is conferred by a specific allele variant of Sub1A that dampens ethylene production and GA responsiveness, causing quiescence in growth that correlates with the capacity for regrowth upon desubmergence.

The roles of two cytosolic maize glutamine synthetase isoenzymes (GS1), products of the Gln1-3 and Gln1-4 genes, were investigated by examining the impact of knockout mutations on kernel yield. In the gln1-3 and gln1-4 single mutants and the gln1-3 gln1-4 double mutant, GS mRNA expression was impaired, resulting in reduced GS1 protein and activity. The gln1-4 phenotype displayed reduced kernel size and gln1-3 reduced kernel number, with both phenotypes displayed in gln1-3 gln1-4. However, at maturity, shoot biomass production was not modified in either the single mutants or double mutants, suggesting a specific impact on grain production in both mutants. Asn increased in the leaves of the mutants during grain filling, indicating that it probably accumulates to circumvent ammonium buildup resulting from lower GS1 activity. Phloem sap analysis revealed that unlike Gln, Asn is not efficiently transported to developing kernels, apparently causing reduced kernel production. When Gln1-3 was overexpressed constitutively in leaves, kernel number increased by 30%, providing further evidence that GS1-3 plays a major role in kernel yield. Cytoimmunochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed that GS1-3 is present in mesophyll cells, whereas GS1-4 is specifically localized in the bundle sheath cells. The two GS1 isoenzymes play nonredundant roles with respect to their tissue-specific localization.

Effects of growth temperature on the photosynthetic gas-exchange rates and their underlying biochemical properties were examined in young, fully expanded leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The plants were grown hydroponically under day/night temperature regimes of 18/15[deg]C, 23/18[deg]C, and 30/23[deg]C and all photosynthetic measurements were made at a leaf temperature of 25[deg]C and an irradiance of 1800 [mu]mol quanta m-2 s-1. Growth temperature affected the photosynthetic CO2 response curve. The relative ratio of the initial slope to the CO2-saturated photosynthesis increased with rising growth temperature. This was caused mainly by an increase in CO2-limited photosynthesis for a given leaf nitrogen content with rising growth temperature. However, there was no difference in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) content at any given leaf nitrogen content among temperature treatments. In addition, the activation state and catalytic turnover rate of Rubisco were not affected by growth temperature. The increase in CO2-limited photosynthesis with rising growth temperature was the result of an increase in the CO2 transfer conductance between the intercellular airspaces and the carboxylation sites. The amounts of total chlorophyll and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein II increased for the same leaf nitrogen content with rising growth temperature, but the amounts of cytochrome f and coupling factor 1 and the activities of cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and sucrose-phosphate synthase were the same between plants grown at 23/18[deg]C and those grown at 30/23[deg]C. Similarly, CO2-saturated photosynthesis was not different for the same leaf nitrogen content between these treatments. For the 18/15[deg]C-grown plants, a slight decrease in the amounts of cytochrome f and coupling factor 1 and an increase in the activities of cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and sucrose-phosphate synthase were found, but these were not reflected in CO2-saturated photosynthesis.