水稻重组自交系群体花色苷及重要农艺性状分析
Analysis of Anthocyanin and Important Agronomic Traits in a Population of Recombinant Inbred Lines of Rice
收稿日期: 2024-07-8 修回日期: 2024-10-11 网络出版日期: 2024-10-14
基金资助: |
|
Received: 2024-07-8 Revised: 2024-10-11 Online: 2024-10-14
作者简介 About authors
孙明茂,主要从事水稻种质创新、种质资源评价及分子生物学研究,E-mail:
彩色稻米蕴藏的营养价值、健康效益和市场经济价值正不断吸引着国内外水稻育种工作者和稻米消费者的兴趣。以龙锦1号/香软米1578高世代重组自交系群体223个家系为试验材料,测定糙米花色苷含量、千粒重、穗粒数等11个指标,并进行变异分析、方差分析、相关分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和差异显著性分析,筛选出优异色稻新品系和高花色苷水稻新品系。结果表明,糙米花色苷含量为2.30~12 011.04 mg/kg,平均值为594.91 mg/kg。糙米粒色等级与千粒重、糙米粒宽、糙米粒厚呈显著负相关,与糙米花色苷含量呈极显著正相关。家系42的综合排名最高,其余依次为家系96、152、99、186,这5个优异色稻家系的糙米花色苷含量为20.74~ 12 011.04 mg/kg。高亲龙锦1号的糙米花色苷含量为4489.36 mg/kg,有8个家系的糙米花色苷含量显著增加,其中家系152、186的糙米花色苷含量分别为12 011.04、8421.58 mg/kg,两者既属于优异家系又属于高花色苷家系,为创制的优异高花色苷水稻新种质。
关键词:
The nutritional value, health benefits and market economic value embedded in pigmented rice are continuously attracting the interest of rice breeders and rice consumers both domestically and internationally. A total of 223 family lines from the Longjin 1/Xiangruanmi 1578 high-generation recombinant inbred population were used as test materials, and 11 indexes such as anthocyanin content in unpolished rice, 1000-grain weight, and grains per panicle were determined and subjected to variation analysis, variance analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and significance analysis of differences, in order to screen superior colored rice new cultivars and new high-anthocyanin cultivars. The results showed that the unpolished rice anthocyanin content was 2.30-12 011.04 mg/kg, the mean value was 594.91 mg/kg. Grain color grade of unpolished rice was significantly negatively correlated with 1000-grain weight, grain width, and grain thickness of unpolished rice, and were highly significantly positively correlated with anthocyanin content of unpolished rice. Family line 42 had the highest comprehensive ranking, followed by family lines 96, 152, 99, and 186, and the unpolished rice anthocyanin content of these five superior colored rice families ranged from 20.74 to 12 011.04 mg/kg. The anthocyanin content of the high parent Longjin 1 was 4489.36 mg/kg, and there were eight families with significantly increased anthocyanin content (P < 0.05), among which the anthocyanin content of families 152 and 186 were 12 011.04 and 8421.58 mg/kg respectively. Lines 152 and 186 belonged to both an excellent family and a high anthocyanin family, and were new excellent high anthocyanin rice germplasm created.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
孙明茂, 刘丽霞, 孙虎, 崔迪.
Sun Mingmao, Liu Lixia, Sun Hu, Cui Di.
水稻作为重要的粮食作物,供养着全球约50%的人口,中国约60%的人口[1]。稻米供给人们必需的能量、蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、各种维生素和矿物质元素等[2]。花色苷是植物界广泛分布的一种水溶性色素,在水稻灌浆过程中逐渐沉积到果皮上形成彩色稻米[3]。与普通白米相比,彩色稻米富含花色苷、类黄酮、多酚、生物碱、矿物质元素、不饱和脂肪酸等成分。前人[4-5]研究发现,彩色稻米具有抗氧化、降血糖、抑制肿瘤和白血病、抗肥胖、降血脂、降胆固醇等功效,其中起作用的关键成分是花色苷。色稻糙米总抗氧化能力和羟自由基清除率与花色苷和类黄酮含量呈极显著正相关[6]。总酚含量在不同黑米种质间的变异幅度较大,相关分析表明黑米总抗氧化能力与总酚含量呈极显著正相关[7]。有色米与白米间的营养价值和抗炎效应差异被代谢组学和小鼠耳水肿模型揭示,黑米与白米相比,有175种次级代谢物上调,130种次级代谢物下调;红米与白米相比,有138种次级代谢物上调,129种次级代谢物下调;黑米与红米相比,有160种次级代谢物上调,75种次级代谢物下调[8];花色苷缺失突变体AM22与其野生型黑米稻品种黑帅相比,6种氨基酸、VB2、Cu、Mn和257种次级代谢物含量差异显著,花色苷缺失突变体AM22的抗炎效应显著减弱[9]。红米的不溶性膳食纤维含量明显高于白米,并且不溶性膳食纤维含量与色素沉着程度呈极显著正相关;红米的淀粉消化率和升糖指数值显著低于白米[10]。黑米提取物可能通过调控果蝇抗氧化系统和衰老进程中的CuZnSOD、MnSOD、过氧化氢酶、Mth和Rpn11等基因的表达,延长果蝇寿命[11]。
尽管人们习惯了吃白米饭,但彩色稻米蕴藏的营养价值、健康效益和市场经济价值正在不断吸引着国内外水稻育种工作者和稻米消费者的兴趣。色稻种质资源多样性是开展色稻育种及分子生物学研究的基础,色稻种质主要分布在中国、韩国、泰国、印度等国家。现阶段,在国家水稻数据中心登录的黑米稻和紫米稻各100多份,红米稻接近400份。当前对色稻的研究和应用主要集中在对现有色稻种质资源的营养价值和功能特性评价[12⇓⇓-15]、色稻基因挖掘[16⇓⇓⇓-20]和观光旅游等方面,对高花色苷水稻新种质的创制报道较少。因此,本文分析了龙锦1号/香软米1578组合的高世代重组自交系群体的花色苷性状及主要农艺性状,为高花色苷水稻新品种选育提供理论参考和高花色苷基因源材料。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
以黑米粳稻品种龙锦1号为母本,白米粳稻品种香软米1578为父本配制杂交组合,经连续10代自交,获得糙米粒色稳定遗传的重组自交系223个家系,以此223个家系作为供试材料。
1.2 试验设计
于2022年在潍坊科技学院试验基地旱直播。试验地土壤质地为壤土,类型为脱潮土,旋耕整地。每个家系种植2行,每行1.5 m,行株距为30 cm×15 cm,单本/穴,顺序排列,3次重复。水稻旱作管理,每10~15 d浇水1次,施肥和除草按照大田条件管理。5月中旬直播,10月中下旬调查数据和收获。
1.3 测定项目与方法
1.3.1 农艺性状
水稻成熟后,避开边行,田间随机选择5株测量株高、秆长、单株有效穗数。每个家系取5个主穗,装入纸袋编号,风干3个月后,室内调查穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、糙米粒长、糙米粒宽、糙米粒厚。
1.3.2 果皮颜色目测分级
按重组自交系家系顺序,手工脱壳,将糙米分别放置于培养皿内,在阳光下用肉眼观察糙米颜色并划分为14个等级,以此14个糙米粒色等级样品为标准,其余家系一一与此比对,分别划入其最接近的粒色等级。
1.3.3 糙米花色苷含量
参照孙明茂等[21]的方法测量糙米花色苷含量。
1.4 数据处理
利用Microsoft Excel对数据进行整理,然后利用SAS 9.4、SPSS 27.0和Origin 2024进行变异分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同家系11个指标变异分析
从表1可知,不同家系的11个指标之间存在差异,其变异系数表现为糙米花色苷含量>糙米粒色等级>单株有效穗数>穗粒数>结实率>秆长>株高>千粒重>糙米粒宽>糙米粒长>糙米粒厚。其中糙米花色苷含量和糙米粒色等级的变异系数最大,分别为269.11%和78.34%。糙米粒型(粒长、宽、厚)的变异系数较小,变异范围为7.39%~ 8.12%。糙米花色苷含量为2.30~12 011.04 mg/kg,平均值为594.91 mg/kg,标准差1600.93。方差分析表明,除糙米粒色等级外,其余10个指标的P值均<0.0001,差异极显著,说明各指标在223个家系间的差别有统计学意义。
表1 不同家系11个指标差异
Table 1
指标Indicator | 平均值Mean | 标准差SD | 最小值Min. | 最大值Max. | 变异系数CV (%) | F值F-value | P值P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
株高PH (cm) | 69.09 | 10.25 | 45.60 | 98.60 | 14.84 | 11.43 | <0.0001 |
秆长CL (cm) | 49.67 | 8.60 | 30.20 | 71.60 | 17.32 | 10.76 | <0.0001 |
单株有效穗数EPP | 8.37 | 2.79 | 2.60 | 17.00 | 33.28 | 14.11 | <0.0001 |
穗粒数GP | 74.75 | 24.75 | 11.89 | 191.33 | 33.11 | 16.36 | <0.0001 |
结实率SSR (%) | 66.92 | 17.26 | 15.57 | 94.25 | 25.79 | 10.17 | <0.0001 |
千粒重TGW (g) | 20.50 | 2.13 | 13.48 | 25.87 | 10.39 | 20.96 | <0.0001 |
糙米粒长URGL (mm) | 4.93 | 0.38 | 4.00 | 6.10 | 7.75 | 7.26 | <0.0001 |
糙米粒宽URGW (mm) | 2.48 | 0.20 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 8.12 | 5.91 | <0.0001 |
糙米粒厚URGT (mm) | 1.93 | 0.14 | 1.50 | 2.50 | 7.39 | 6.15 | <0.0001 |
糙米粒色等级URGCG | 6.07 | 4.75 | 1.00 | 14.00 | 78.34 | - | - |
糙米花色苷含量URAC (mg/kg) | 594.91 | 1600.93 | 2.30 | 12 011.04 | 269.11 | 2725.36 | <0.0001 |
PH:株高,CL:秆长,EPP:单株有效穗数,GP:穗粒数,SSR:结实率,TGW:千粒重,URGL:糙米粒长,URGW:糙米粒宽,URGT:糙米粒厚,URGCG:糙米粒色等级,URAC:糙米花色苷含量。下同。
PH: Plant height, CL: Culm length, EPP: Effective panicles per plant, GP: Grains per panicle, SSR: Seed-setting rate, TGW: 1000-grain weight, URGL: Unpolished rice grain length, URGW: Unpolished rice grain width, URGT: Unpolished rice grain thickness, URGCG: Unpolished rice grain color grade, URAC: Unpolished rice anthocyanin content. The same below.
2.2 不同家系11个指标的频数分布
重组自交系群体11个指标的频数分布如图1所示。这11个指标均呈单峰分布。株高、结实率和千粒重的峰值位于亲本龙锦1号和香软米1578之间;秆长、穗粒数、糙米粒长和糙米粒宽的峰值与龙锦1号位于同一区间。糙米粒厚、糙米粒色等级和糙米花色苷含量的峰值与香软米1578位于同一区间。单株有效穗数的峰值位于两亲本的左侧。糙米粒色等级的峰值出现在第1等级,有75个家系,而高亲龙锦1号出现在第14等级,有32个家系。糙米花色苷含量峰值出现在2.30~922.30 mg/kg,有192个家系,龙锦1号出现在3682.30~4602.30 mg/kg,超过龙锦1号的家系有8个。由上述结果可知,糙米花色苷含量和糙米粒色等级的杂种优势不是很明显,要想获得高花色苷含量家系,必须采用大群体筛选。
图1
图1
不同家系11个指标的频数分布
LJ:龙锦1号,XRM:香软米1578。
Fig.1
Frequency distribution of 11 indicators of different family lines
LJ: Longjin 1, XRM: Xiangruanmi 1578.
2.3 不同家系11个指标间的相关分析
由表2可知,秆长与株高呈极显著正相关;单株有效穗数与株高、秆长均呈极显著正相关;穗粒数与株高、秆长、单株有效穗数均呈极显著正相关;结实率与株高、秆长、穗粒数均呈极显著正相关;千粒重与株高、秆长、结实率均呈极显著正相关;糙米粒长与株高呈显著正相关,与秆长、千粒重呈极显著正相关;糙米粒宽与千粒重呈极显著正相关;糙米粒色等级与千粒重、糙米粒宽呈极显著负相关,与糙米粒厚呈显著负相关;糙米花色苷含量与糙米粒宽、糙米粒厚呈极显著负相关,与糙米粒色等级呈极显著正相关。上述结果表明,在一定程度上水稻果皮颜色越深,花色苷含量越高,同时表明水稻籽粒花色苷积累是一个耗能的过程。
表2 不同家系11个指标间的相关系数
Table 2
指标 Indicator | 株高 PH | 秆长 CL | 单株有效穗数 EPP | 穗粒数 GP | 结实率 SSR | 千粒重 TGW | 糙米粒长 URGL | 糙米粒宽 URGW | 糙米粒厚 URGT | 糙米粒色等级 URGCG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
秆长CL | 0.98** | |||||||||
单株有效穗数EPP | 0.38** | 0.39** | ||||||||
穗粒数GP | 0.54** | 0.51** | 0.20** | |||||||
结实率SSR | 0.44** | 0.46** | 0.01 | 0.28** | ||||||
千粒重TGW | 0.20** | 0.21** | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.30** | |||||
糙米粒长URGL | 0.16* | 0.18** | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.22** | ||||
糙米粒宽URGW | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.18** | 0.03 | |||
糙米粒厚URGT | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.01 | -0.05 | -0.02 | 0.13* | 0.06 | 0.19** | ||
糙米粒色等级URGCG | -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.02 | 0.01 | -0.01 | -0.15* | -0.09 | -0.20** | -0.16* | |
糙米花色苷含量URAC | 0.04 | 0.04 | -0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | -0.11 | 0.07 | -0.21** | -0.19** | 0.60** |
“*”和“**”分别表示在P < 0.05、P < 0.01水平显著相关。
“*”and“**”indicate significant correlation at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively.
2.4 不同家系11个指标的主成分分析
采用SPSS 27.0软件对供试材料的11个性状进行主成分分析(表3)。主成分1的特征值为2.05,贡献率为18.66%,主成分2的特征值为1.00,贡献率为9.13%,前8个主成分的累计贡献率为82.26%,可以解释223份材料绝大部分的变异。
表3 223个家系11个指标的主成分
Table 3
主成分 Principal component | 特征值 Eigenvalue | 贡献率 Contribution rate (%) | 累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.05 | 18.66 | 18.66 |
2 | 1.00 | 9.13 | 27.78 |
3 | 1.00 | 9.13 | 36.91 |
4 | 1.00 | 9.12 | 46.03 |
5 | 1.00 | 9.11 | 55.14 |
6 | 1.00 | 9.10 | 64.24 |
7 | 0.99 | 9.02 | 73.25 |
8 | 0.99 | 9.00 | 82.26 |
9 | 0.97 | 8.85 | 91.10 |
10 | 0.96 | 8.72 | 99.82 |
11 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 100.00 |
从成分得分系数矩阵(表4)可以看出,在主成分1中载荷值较高的性状为秆长和株高,其载荷值分别为0.64和0.63,可称为秆长因子;在主成分2中载荷值较高的是糙米粒宽,载荷值为1.05,可称为粒宽因子;主成分6中载荷值较高的是糙米粒色等级,载荷值为1.20,可称为粒色因子;主成分8中载荷值较高的是糙米花色苷含量,载荷值为1.22,可称为花色苷因子。
表4 成分得分系数矩阵
Table 4
指标Indicator | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
株高PH | 0.63 | -0.02 | 0.01 | -0.04 | -0.05 | 0.01 | -0.15 | -0.03 |
秆长CL | 0.64 | -0.02 | 0.01 | -0.04 | -0.05 | 0.00 | -0.15 | -0.03 |
单株有效穗数EPP | -0.19 | -0.05 | 0.01 | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.02 | 1.09 | 0.05 |
穗粒数GP | -0.22 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | -0.02 | 0.01 |
结实率SSR | -0.20 | -0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.14 | -0.01 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
千粒重TGW | -0.07 | -0.07 | -0.05 | -0.10 | 1.08 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
糙米粒长URGL | -0.06 | 0.01 | -0.03 | 1.04 | -0.11 | 0.08 | -0.02 | -0.09 |
糙米粒宽URGW | -0.02 | 1.05 | -0.08 | 0.01 | -0.07 | 0.06 | -0.05 | 0.08 |
糙米粒厚URGT | 0.02 | -0.08 | 1.03 | -0.03 | -0.06 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
糙米粒色等级URGCG | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 1.20 | -0.01 | -0.40 |
糙米花色苷含量URAC | -0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | -0.07 | 0.03 | -0.39 | 0.04 | 1.22 |
主成分因子Principal component factor | 秆长因子 | 粒宽因子 | 粒厚因子 | 粒长因子 | 粒重因子 | 粒色因子 | 穗数因子 | 花色苷因子 |
综合得分模型为D = F1×18.66% + F2×9.13% + F3×9.12%+F4×9.12% + F5×9.11% + F6×9.10% + F7×9.02% + F8×9.00% + F9×8.85% + F10×8.72% + F11×0.18%,其中F1~F11在SPSS 27.0数据分析中获得,18.66%~0.18%为各成分的贡献率。由综合得分模型可获得223个家系的D值和综合排名(表5)。从表5可知,家系42的综合排名最高,其余依次为家系96、152、99、186,说明这5个彩色水稻家系的综合表现较好。排名靠后的彩色水稻家系有191、71、204、216、173,说明这5个家系的综合表现欠佳。5份优异和欠佳彩色水稻各指标表现如表6所示。
表5 223个家系的主成分综合评价D值及其排名
Table 5
家系Family line | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | F9 | F10 | F11 | D值D-value | 排名Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | -1.79 | -0.15 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 1.88 | 0.71 | 2.35 | -0.39 | 1.32 | 0.8 | 2.17 | 0.32 | 42 |
2 | -0.26 | -0.5 | -0.14 | -0.7 | 1.79 | 1.56 | -0.61 | -0.69 | 0.05 | 5.24 | -1.03 | 0.48 | 17 |
3 | -1.54 | 0.15 | -1.05 | 0.32 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 2.94 | -0.48 | -1.61 | -0.75 | -1.95 | -0.23 | 167 |
4 | 1.13 | -0.42 | 0.62 | 0.79 | -0.71 | 2.05 | 1.09 | -0.83 | -0.65 | 0.22 | -0.34 | 0.41 | 30 |
5 | 2.1 | -1.46 | -0.88 | 1.74 | -1.08 | -1.15 | 0.2 | -0.45 | -1.09 | -1.03 | 0.31 | -0.08 | 131 |
6 | 2.28 | 1.02 | -0.24 | 0.09 | -1.12 | -0.11 | 1.32 | -0.35 | -0.56 | -0.4 | -1.9 | 0.39 | 34 |
7 | 0.87 | 0.39 | 0.52 | -0.16 | -1.1 | -0.66 | 2.08 | -0.09 | 0.91 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 35 |
8 | 1.99 | 0.83 | 0.4 | -0.34 | -0.1 | -1.07 | 1.46 | 0.09 | -0.09 | -0.64 | 0.51 | 0.42 | 26 |
9 | 1.08 | 0.86 | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.88 | -0.96 | 0.49 | 0.05 | -0.26 | -0.04 | 1.76 | 0.37 | 37 |
10 | 0.07 | 2.41 | 0.19 | -0.29 | 1.78 | 0.36 | 0.42 | -0.11 | 1.18 | 0.03 | -0.22 | 0.55 | 10 |
11 | 0.42 | 0.05 | -0.25 | 0.2 | -0.59 | -0.41 | 1.11 | -0.27 | -0.3 | -0.73 | 0.44 | -0.03 | 115 |
12 | -0.52 | 0.07 | 0.5 | 0.91 | 1.12 | 1.76 | 2.91 | 0.57 | -0.74 | -1.08 | 0.16 | 0.46 | 21 |
13 | 1.45 | -0.3 | -0.83 | -1.03 | -2.22 | -1.36 | -0.57 | -0.17 | -0.46 | -0.69 | -0.79 | -0.42 | 200 |
14 | 1.36 | -0.26 | -3.06 | 0.77 | -0.36 | 0.51 | 1.56 | -0.9 | -0.88 | -0.52 | 0.6 | -0.03 | 116 |
15 | 0.47 | 0.13 | 0.55 | 0.29 | -0.57 | 1.34 | -0.91 | -0.64 | 0.38 | 0.82 | 0.6 | 0.21 | 62 |
16 | 1.14 | -1.48 | -1.5 | -0.95 | 0.03 | -0.35 | 0.38 | -0.55 | 0.82 | 0.77 | -0.55 | -0.05 | 125 |
17 | -0.14 | 0.03 | -0.22 | -0.3 | -0.47 | -0.19 | 0.82 | -0.32 | 1.09 | -0.01 | 2.08 | 0.01 | 100 |
18 | 1.04 | -0.21 | 0.52 | 0.25 | -0.38 | -1.13 | 2.04 | 0 | 0.53 | 1.86 | -1.2 | 0.5 | 12 |
19 | -0.16 | 0.11 | 0.57 | 0.06 | -0.86 | 1.48 | 1.14 | -0.49 | 0.79 | -0.52 | -0.14 | 0.18 | 66 |
20 | -0.01 | -0.54 | 0.53 | -0.1 | 0.24 | 0.37 | -0.11 | -0.51 | 0.82 | 1.47 | 1.03 | 0.19 | 65 |
21 | -0.19 | -2.23 | 0.06 | 0.79 | 0.1 | 1.37 | -0.06 | 0.8 | -0.82 | -0.33 | -0.73 | -0.06 | 126 |
22 | 0.68 | -0.19 | 0.49 | 0.02 | -0.34 | -1.15 | 2.3 | 0.05 | 0.63 | 0.37 | -0.65 | 0.32 | 43 |
23 | -1.31 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.29 | -0.26 | -0.39 | 1.88 | -0.11 | -0.96 | -0.5 | -0.79 | -0.21 | 164 |
24 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.52 | 0.9 | -1.56 | 0.64 | 0.25 | -0.66 | 0.24 | -0.14 | -1.74 | 0.06 | 82 |
25 | 1.34 | -2.05 | 0 | -1.74 | -1.05 | -1.45 | 1.34 | -0.07 | -1.33 | 0.2 | -0.82 | -0.31 | 187 |
26 | 2.19 | 0.77 | 1.04 | 0.37 | 0.98 | -0.91 | -0.5 | 0.03 | 0.1 | -0.1 | -0.01 | 0.57 | 8 |
27 | -0.53 | -0.17 | 0.67 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 1.26 | -0.07 | 1.85 | -0.48 | 0.24 | -1.59 | 0.29 | 50 |
28 | 1.3 | 1.07 | 0.36 | 1.79 | -0.35 | 0.87 | -1.17 | -0.72 | 0.7 | -0.89 | 0.76 | 0.4 | 32 |
29 | 1.16 | 0.23 | -3.08 | -2.52 | 0.89 | 0.12 | -0.33 | -0.57 | -0.06 | -0.11 | -0.9 | -0.28 | 176 |
30 | 1.98 | -0.6 | 0.46 | 1.12 | -0.7 | -1.06 | 0.02 | -0.22 | 0.67 | -2.88 | 2.04 | 0.09 | 79 |
31 | 0.17 | -0.51 | -0.25 | -0.44 | 1.8 | 1.59 | 1.67 | -0.7 | -1.07 | -0.5 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 67 |
32 | -0.27 | 0.59 | -0.31 | 0.79 | -0.92 | -1.09 | 0.06 | -0.08 | 0.32 | 0.75 | 0.26 | -0.04 | 121 |
33 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.9 | 0.97 | -0.75 | -0.62 | -1.65 | -0.23 | 0.55 | -0.04 | 122 |
34 | 1.33 | -0.15 | 0.47 | -2.19 | 0.72 | -1.23 | -0.4 | 0.14 | 0.73 | -0.81 | 0.7 | 0 | 103 |
35 | 1.18 | -0.56 | -0.18 | -1.54 | -0.2 | -1.28 | -0.3 | -0.02 | 0.98 | -0.39 | -0.25 | -0.1 | 139 |
36 | -1.58 | -2.06 | -0.18 | 0.49 | 0.35 | -1.23 | 0.48 | -0.17 | 1.49 | 0.81 | -1.43 | -0.31 | 188 |
37 | -1.36 | -0.8 | -2.81 | 0.44 | 1.16 | 0.37 | -0.94 | 3.77 | 0.61 | -1.01 | -1.27 | -0.18 | 158 |
38 | -0.06 | 0.19 | -0.94 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 1.54 | 0.16 | -0.7 | 0.63 | -0.2 | 0.9 | 0.11 | 75 |
39 | -0.62 | 0.19 | -3.31 | -0.41 | 2.13 | -0.93 | -0.43 | -0.24 | 0.07 | -0.77 | 1.22 | -0.45 | 204 |
40 | 1.25 | 0.34 | 0.71 | 0.19 | -1.04 | 1.26 | -1 | 1.66 | 0.73 | -1.87 | -2.28 | 0.32 | 44 |
41 | 1.12 | -0.5 | -0.91 | 0.1 | -0.4 | -1.19 | -0.53 | -0.23 | 0.88 | 1.24 | -0.4 | 0.06 | 83 |
42 | 2.19 | 0.76 | 0.82 | -1.8 | 0.48 | 0.64 | 0.33 | 3.69 | -0.4 | 0.05 | 0.51 | 0.82 | 1 |
43 | 1.12 | 0.09 | -0.09 | -1.41 | 1.52 | 1.36 | 1.13 | 1.38 | 0.98 | -1.73 | -1.4 | 0.5 | 13 |
44 | 2.34 | -0.17 | 0.5 | -1.15 | 0.09 | -1.17 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.17 | -0.3 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 55 |
45 | 1.91 | -1.66 | 0.61 | 0.04 | -0.79 | -1.22 | 0.6 | -0.18 | 0.43 | -1.16 | -0.41 | 0.06 | 84 |
46 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.3 | 0.06 | 0.13 | -1.03 | 0.37 | 0.08 | -0.41 | -2.09 | -1.15 | 0.03 | 90 |
47 | -0.99 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 0.09 | -0.02 | 1.15 | 1.01 | -0.56 | -2.07 | 0.28 | -0.16 | -0.09 | 136 |
48 | -0.16 | 1.39 | -0.94 | 1.26 | 0.39 | 1.44 | -0.18 | 1.5 | 1.06 | -1.56 | -0.13 | 0.37 | 38 |
49 | -0.19 | 0.05 | 0.38 | 1.05 | -0.64 | -1.05 | -0.45 | -0.09 | -0.1 | -0.85 | 0.17 | -0.18 | 159 |
50 | 2.63 | 1.87 | 0.28 | -0.15 | 0.66 | -0.92 | -0.85 | 0.06 | 0.33 | -0.35 | -0.34 | 0.57 | 9 |
51 | -1.61 | 0.82 | 0.47 | -0.35 | 1.53 | 1.36 | -0.04 | 1.86 | -0.01 | -2.1 | -0.25 | 0.03 | 91 |
52 | -0.5 | -0.47 | -0.32 | -0.36 | 1.43 | 0.39 | -1.28 | -0.53 | 1.74 | -1.38 | 0.93 | -0.16 | 154 |
53 | 0.88 | -0.78 | 0.72 | 0.41 | -0.08 | 1.39 | -1 | 1.17 | 0.82 | -1.15 | -0.26 | 0.3 | 49 |
54 | -0.45 | 1.26 | 0.41 | 0.4 | -0.67 | 1.36 | -1.36 | -0.44 | 0.7 | -0.9 | 0.91 | -0.01 | 107 |
55 | -0.13 | 1.22 | 0.45 | -0.66 | -1.02 | 1.34 | 0.08 | -0.61 | -0.08 | -1.43 | -0.27 | -0.08 | 132 |
56 | -0.41 | -0.96 | -0.94 | -1.17 | 1.04 | -0.27 | 0.11 | -0.35 | 0.34 | 0 | -0.28 | -0.28 | 177 |
57 | -1.49 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 2.73 | -0.16 | -0.41 | -0.58 | -0.35 | 1.15 | -1.04 | 0.5 | -0.12 | 143 |
58 | -1.9 | -0.02 | -3.15 | 0.89 | -1.02 | 0.23 | -0.8 | -0.82 | 1.97 | -2.04 | -0.48 | -0.78 | 221 |
59 | 0.26 | 0.64 | 0.54 | -1.53 | -1.22 | 0.73 | -0.21 | -0.44 | 1.26 | -1.33 | 1.63 | -0.09 | 137 |
60 | -0.41 | 0.69 | 0.36 | 0.35 | -1.06 | -1.1 | -0.7 | 0.01 | -1.92 | -0.55 | 0.86 | -0.42 | 201 |
61 | 0.09 | 1.05 | 0.4 | -0.31 | -1.01 | -1.12 | -0.18 | 0.08 | 0.47 | -0.03 | 0.59 | -0.04 | 123 |
62 | -1.2 | 0.14 | 0.39 | 1.72 | -0.71 | -0.02 | -0.23 | -0.42 | -0.25 | 0.24 | -0.24 | -0.15 | 152 |
63 | -0.21 | 2.03 | 0.33 | -0.62 | -0.44 | -0.57 | 0.7 | 0.08 | 0.51 | 0.69 | -0.84 | 0.2 | 63 |
64 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.33 | -0.19 | 1.73 | -0.26 | -1.91 | -0.23 | -0.96 | 0.11 | -0.16 | -0.11 | 140 |
65 | -0.4 | 0.07 | 0.41 | 0.01 | -0.8 | -1.14 | -0.39 | 0 | 0.21 | -1.35 | 0.34 | -0.34 | 191 |
66 | -2.02 | 1.69 | 0.35 | 0.98 | -0.79 | 0.75 | 0.02 | -0.46 | 1.2 | 1.83 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 74 |
67 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.63 | 0.76 | -0.55 | 1.6 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 1.1 | -0.71 | -0.23 | 0.42 | 27 |
68 | -0.5 | -0.07 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 1.01 | -0.42 | 1.15 | 0.57 | -1.41 | 0.25 | 57 |
69 | -0.8 | -2.58 | 0.54 | -0.63 | 0.78 | -1.28 | -0.11 | -0.08 | -0.4 | -1.15 | -1.77 | -0.59 | 214 |
70 | 1.12 | -1.05 | -1.64 | 0.01 | 0.6 | -0.98 | 1.69 | -0.27 | -0.17 | -0.13 | -0.62 | 0.03 | 92 |
71 | -0.95 | -0.09 | -3.16 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 1.1 | -0.78 | -1.66 | -1.09 | -0.7 | -0.6 | 217 |
72 | 0.15 | 0.22 | -1.64 | 0.61 | -1.1 | 0.06 | -0.15 | -0.65 | 1.17 | 0.53 | -0.61 | -0.06 | 127 |
73 | -1.63 | 2.39 | 0.34 | 0.11 | -3.45 | -1.16 | 0.23 | 0.17 | -0.66 | -1.22 | 0.39 | -0.59 | 215 |
74 | -0.43 | 1.68 | -0.38 | 0.23 | -0.21 | -1.05 | -0.51 | 0.08 | -2.81 | 4.5 | -0.74 | 0.05 | 86 |
75 | 0.16 | -0.8 | 0.59 | -1.23 | -1.08 | -0.3 | -1.54 | -0.35 | -1.98 | 0.66 | -0.32 | -0.52 | 211 |
76 | -0.23 | -0.08 | 0.35 | 0.61 | 0.94 | -1.01 | -0.76 | -0.04 | 0.77 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 87 |
77 | -1.32 | -1.13 | 0.7 | -0.63 | -0.49 | 1.41 | -1.13 | 0.75 | 0.35 | -1.89 | 1.7 | -0.42 | 202 |
78 | -1.2 | 0.6 | 0.34 | 0.29 | -0.17 | -1.07 | -1.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.54 | -0.17 | -0.26 | 173 |
79 | -1.07 | 1.98 | 0.5 | 1.17 | -0.83 | 1.46 | 0.09 | 1.65 | -1.32 | -0.1 | -0.32 | 0.22 | 60 |
80 | -0.54 | -1.1 | 0.48 | 0.14 | 0.34 | -1.15 | -0.3 | -0.07 | 1.32 | 0.25 | 0.62 | -0.11 | 141 |
81 | 0.17 | -2.55 | 0.59 | 1 | -0.25 | -1.17 | -1.86 | -0.35 | 0.7 | 0.26 | -0.57 | -0.3 | 183 |
82 | -0.66 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.62 | -0.75 | -1.9 | -0.09 | 0.42 | 0.42 | -0.62 | -0.12 | 144 |
83 | -0.76 | 1.01 | 0.28 | 1.25 | 0.11 | -0.96 | 0.59 | 0.05 | -0.52 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 85 |
84 | -0.38 | -0.12 | 0.38 | 1.17 | 0.07 | -1.05 | 2.53 | 0.03 | -0.4 | -0.27 | 0.79 | 0.14 | 72 |
85 | 1.69 | -0.27 | 0.4 | -2.4 | 2.61 | -1.15 | -0.08 | 0.21 | -0.74 | 0.11 | -0.82 | 0.2 | 64 |
86 | 0.76 | -0.21 | 0.33 | -0.65 | 1.89 | -1.06 | 0.39 | 0.09 | 0.23 | -1.63 | -0.54 | 0.09 | 80 |
87 | 0.25 | 0.02 | -1.42 | 0.26 | -0.62 | 1.04 | 1.16 | 1.87 | -1.9 | -0.59 | 2.4 | 0.04 | 88 |
88 | -1.28 | -1.07 | -0.91 | -1.71 | 0.36 | -1.41 | 3.63 | 0.16 | 0.08 | -0.24 | -1.02 | -0.34 | 192 |
89 | -0.55 | 0.17 | -1.03 | -0.24 | -0.01 | -0.43 | -0.87 | -0.3 | 1 | -1.28 | -0.05 | -0.37 | 195 |
90 | 1.61 | 2.63 | 0.32 | -0.66 | 0.01 | 1.03 | -1.96 | -0.46 | 0.6 | -0.29 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 31 |
91 | -0.45 | 0.53 | -2.84 | 0.26 | -0.45 | 1.03 | 0.64 | 1.76 | 1.44 | 2.12 | -0.27 | 0.31 | 47 |
92 | 0.95 | -1.52 | 0.66 | 0.48 | -1.04 | 0.05 | -0.42 | -0.63 | 0.78 | 0.98 | -0.34 | 0.11 | 76 |
93 | 1.63 | 0.15 | 0.65 | 1.28 | -1.08 | 1.9 | -0.83 | -0.21 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.33 | 0.65 | 6 |
94 | -0.9 | 1.12 | 0.32 | -0.54 | -0.14 | -1.11 | -0.31 | 0.18 | -1.26 | 0.29 | -2.01 | -0.3 | 184 |
95 | -0.13 | 1.08 | 0.32 | 0.2 | 0.31 | -0.01 | 0.1 | -0.22 | -1.37 | -0.38 | 1.25 | -0.01 | 108 |
96 | 1.23 | 2.57 | 0.28 | 2.03 | -0.56 | 0.71 | -0.85 | -0.54 | 0.68 | 1.22 | -0.29 | 0.73 | 2 |
97 | 1.09 | -0.01 | -0.19 | 0.1 | 0.45 | 1.35 | 0.71 | -0.68 | 1.11 | 0.18 | -0.72 | 0.47 | 20 |
98 | 0.58 | 0 | 0.46 | -0.24 | 2.09 | 1.61 | -0.53 | -0.4 | -1.29 | 1.75 | -0.68 | 0.42 | 28 |
99 | 1.85 | 0.04 | 0.62 | 0.39 | -0.23 | 2.02 | -0.16 | -0.61 | 0.56 | 1.26 | -1.27 | 0.69 | 4 |
100 | 1.55 | 0.5 | 0.55 | -0.65 | -0.52 | 1.33 | 0.59 | -0.65 | 1.19 | -0.63 | 1.02 | 0.45 | 22 |
101 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 1.52 | -0.32 | -1.02 | 1 | -0.06 | -2 | 0.12 | -1.58 | -0.03 | 117 |
102 | 0.2 | 0.22 | 0.65 | -0.2 | -0.91 | 1.83 | -0.07 | -0.2 | -0.32 | 1.6 | -0.13 | 0.27 | 54 |
103 | -0.49 | -0.12 | 0.28 | 2.74 | 1.52 | 0.41 | 1.72 | -0.5 | -0.22 | -1.01 | -0.42 | 0.35 | 39 |
104 | 0.15 | 1.03 | 0.41 | -0.33 | -1.16 | -1.16 | 2.11 | 0.18 | -1.55 | 0.12 | 3.6 | 0.01 | 101 |
105 | 1.06 | 2.42 | 0.14 | 2.1 | 0.69 | -0.74 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.07 | -0.23 | -1.01 | 0.61 | 7 |
106 | -0.75 | 0.07 | 0.5 | -1.07 | 0.52 | 1.51 | 0.79 | -0.51 | 0.69 | -0.56 | -2.02 | 0.03 | 93 |
107 | 0.93 | -0.14 | -0.35 | 1 | 1.98 | 0.54 | 0.62 | -0.56 | 0.37 | 0.04 | -0.98 | 0.49 | 14 |
108 | 0.34 | -0.21 | 0.42 | 0.2 | 1.22 | -1.04 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.89 | 2.56 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 24 |
109 | -0.39 | -0.34 | -0.86 | -1.07 | 0.61 | 1.4 | 0.15 | -0.6 | 0.4 | 1.14 | -1.4 | 0 | 104 |
110 | -1.08 | 0.3 | -0.18 | 0.71 | 1.19 | 1.46 | 0.66 | 1.37 | -0.93 | 0.38 | -0.29 | 0.25 | 58 |
111 | -0.32 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 1.07 | -1.36 | -1.11 | 0.91 | -0.06 | -0.21 | 0.61 | 0.95 | -0.03 | 118 |
112 | 0.63 | -0.04 | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.44 | -1.06 | -1.19 | -0.05 | 0.3 | -1.09 | 0.57 | -0.08 | 133 |
113 | -0.48 | 1.55 | 0.27 | 0.19 | -0.01 | -1 | -0.52 | 0.11 | 0.44 | -0.27 | -1.01 | -0.02 | 112 |
114 | -0.54 | -0.03 | 0.43 | 0.2 | -0.47 | -1.14 | 1.11 | 0.05 | 0.11 | -0.01 | 0.11 | -0.08 | 134 |
115 | 1.41 | -0.66 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.13 | -1.07 | -0.55 | -0.15 | 0.99 | 0.52 | -0.76 | 0.28 | 52 |
116 | 1.19 | 1.99 | 0.34 | -0.48 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.38 | -0.2 | -0.38 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.48 | 18 |
117 | 0.22 | -1.01 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 0.24 | -1.14 | -0.63 | -0.09 | -1.26 | -0.2 | 0.73 | -0.27 | 175 |
118 | 0.83 | -0.14 | 0.53 | -1.3 | -0.33 | -1.23 | 0.96 | 0.1 | 0.92 | 0.62 | 0.79 | 0.16 | 68 |
119 | -0.07 | 2.55 | 0.27 | -0.37 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.18 | -0.07 | 0.58 | 0.68 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 41 |
120 | -0.65 | 2.02 | 0.25 | -0.65 | 0.2 | -1.04 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.72 | -0.25 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 94 |
121 | -0.13 | -0.17 | 0.38 | 1.65 | 0.51 | -0.72 | 1.04 | -0.17 | 1.39 | 0.65 | 1.12 | 0.39 | 36 |
122 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.87 | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.81 | -0.4 | -0.38 | 1.95 | -1.08 | 0.49 | 15 |
123 | -0.1 | 1.4 | 0.16 | 1.61 | 1.34 | -0.82 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.8 | -0.9 | -0.78 | 0.32 | 45 |
124 | -1.51 | 0.05 | -0.31 | -0.03 | 1.28 | 1.08 | 1.44 | -0.41 | 0.67 | -0.37 | 0.76 | 0.03 | 95 |
125 | 1.15 | -0.21 | 0.43 | -0.08 | 0.78 | -1.07 | 0.53 | 0 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 40 |
126 | 0.19 | -0.44 | -0.31 | -0.12 | 1.3 | 0.4 | -0.57 | -0.54 | -1.21 | -0.49 | 0.54 | -0.14 | 149 |
127 | 1.55 | -0.23 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 2.38 | -0.96 | -0.96 | -0.03 | -0.17 | -0.46 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 51 |
128 | 0.5 | 2.43 | 0.21 | -0.27 | 0.77 | -0.93 | -0.59 | 0.2 | 1.24 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.4 | 33 |
129 | 2.68 | 0.27 | -2.25 | 0.93 | -0.13 | 1.87 | -0.07 | -0.58 | -0.67 | 1.19 | 1.39 | 0.55 | 11 |
130 | 1 | 0.67 | -0.11 | -1.53 | -2.33 | -0.09 | 0.25 | -0.35 | 0.77 | 0.04 | -2.92 | -0.06 | 128 |
131 | -1.15 | 0.26 | -2.51 | -0.23 | 0.42 | -1.23 | -0.3 | -0.13 | -0.52 | 0.36 | 0.85 | -0.57 | 212 |
132 | 0.22 | 0.4 | 0.42 | -0.46 | 0.01 | -1.12 | 0.8 | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.79 | 1.06 | 0.16 | 69 |
133 | -2.03 | 0.07 | 0.37 | -2.41 | 1.31 | -0.51 | -0.63 | 0.08 | 0.25 | -0.81 | 0.59 | -0.58 | 213 |
134 | -0.03 | 0.8 | 0.4 | -0.41 | -0.31 | 0.89 | -1.43 | -0.56 | -3.12 | -0.53 | -1.08 | -0.38 | 198 |
135 | -0.67 | 1.11 | -0.74 | 0.24 | -0.26 | 0.84 | -1.65 | 2.98 | 0.17 | 1.25 | -0.01 | 0.23 | 59 |
136 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.4 | 0.81 | -0.84 | -1.07 | -0.81 | -0.09 | -1.45 | -0.33 | -0.13 | -0.28 | 178 |
137 | -0.45 | 0.46 | 0.46 | -2.52 | -0.03 | -1.29 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 1.15 | 0.4 | -0.65 | -0.19 | 162 |
138 | 0.24 | 0.35 | -3.2 | 1.67 | 0.14 | 0.65 | -0.58 | -0.96 | 0 | -0.57 | 0.68 | -0.18 | 160 |
139 | -0.94 | 0.31 | 0.53 | -1.11 | -0.75 | 1.46 | -0.15 | -0.57 | -2.38 | 0.48 | 0.13 | -0.37 | 196 |
140 | -0.58 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 1.67 | -0.48 | -0.98 | -2.11 | -0.17 | -1.39 | 0 | -1.67 | -0.37 | 197 |
141 | -0.98 | 0.53 | -0.49 | 2.3 | 0.89 | -0.89 | -0.35 | -0.15 | 0.44 | -0.28 | 0.42 | 0 | 105 |
142 | 1.12 | -1.38 | -0.8 | -0.29 | -0.43 | 0.24 | -1.66 | -0.79 | 1.04 | 0.04 | -0.69 | -0.16 | 155 |
143 | -1.28 | -0.02 | 0.29 | 1.48 | 1.36 | -0.92 | -1.83 | -0.1 | 0.58 | 1.74 | -0.93 | -0.01 | 109 |
144 | -1.32 | 0.56 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.19 | -1.05 | -0.86 | 0.05 | 0.61 | -0.13 | -0.76 | -0.25 | 170 |
145 | -0.9 | -1.32 | 0.57 | 0.42 | -0.03 | 1.55 | -0.35 | -0.87 | -1.2 | -0.18 | 0.58 | -0.29 | 179 |
146 | 0.35 | -0.34 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.89 | -1.31 | -0.69 | -1.43 | -1.24 | 0.49 | -0.25 | 171 |
147 | -1.23 | -0.91 | 0.55 | 0.39 | -0.69 | 0.32 | -0.32 | -0.57 | 1.08 | 0.44 | 0.49 | -0.2 | 163 |
148 | -0.49 | -2.02 | 0.28 | 0.23 | -1.01 | 0.43 | -0.11 | 3.46 | 0.45 | -0.78 | -0.2 | -0.01 | 110 |
149 | -0.18 | 0.15 | -0.19 | -0.19 | -1.31 | -0.22 | 0.15 | -0.36 | 0.15 | 0.95 | 0.07 | -0.12 | 145 |
150 | -0.69 | 0.39 | -1 | -0.32 | -1.49 | -1.25 | -1.52 | -0.1 | -2.62 | 0.64 | -0.11 | -0.78 | 222 |
151 | -0.81 | 0.24 | 0.5 | -1.17 | -0.49 | 1.03 | -1.6 | -0.6 | 0.2 | -0.34 | 0.32 | -0.35 | 194 |
152 | -0.38 | -1.88 | 1.36 | 0.22 | -1.77 | -0.94 | 0.29 | 7.77 | 1.44 | 2.18 | 1.54 | 0.7 | 3 |
153 | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.46 | -0.31 | -1.08 | -0.28 | -0.03 | -1.94 | -0.47 | 0.55 | -0.22 | 165 |
154 | 0.89 | -0.05 | 0.45 | -0.16 | -0.57 | -1.15 | 1.23 | 0.03 | -1.08 | -0.93 | -0.27 | -0.03 | 119 |
155 | -1.49 | 0.03 | 0.44 | 0.3 | -0.06 | 0.14 | 0.4 | -0.36 | 1.67 | 0.3 | 0.01 | -0.02 | 113 |
156 | 1.13 | -0.24 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 1.21 | -0.07 | 1.71 | 0.39 | -0.76 | 0.74 | 0.44 | 23 |
157 | 0.42 | 0.49 | -0.78 | 0.3 | -0.73 | 1.31 | -0.92 | 1.31 | -0.42 | -1.07 | -1.62 | 0.03 | 96 |
158 | -1.34 | -1.07 | 0.39 | 0.14 | 1.38 | -1.1 | -0.81 | -0.02 | 0.49 | 0.2 | -0.31 | -0.29 | 180 |
159 | -0.66 | -0.17 | -0.89 | -0.85 | -0.75 | 0.96 | -1.69 | -0.81 | 0.72 | -0.51 | -0.83 | -0.48 | 207 |
160 | -0.29 | 0.92 | 0.29 | -0.53 | 1.63 | -1 | -1.09 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 1.65 | 0.71 | 0.16 | 70 |
161 | -1.05 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 1.63 | -0.74 | -1.04 | 0.3 | -0.08 | -0.46 | 0.87 | 0.34 | -0.11 | 142 |
162 | -0.08 | -0.05 | 0.28 | 1.67 | 1.18 | -0.92 | -0.11 | -0.08 | -1.81 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 97 |
163 | 0.3 | -1.08 | -0.62 | 0.85 | 0.61 | 0.73 | 0.02 | 3.03 | -0.8 | 0.04 | 1.47 | 0.31 | 48 |
164 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.4 | -0.08 | -0.14 | -1.11 | -1.05 | -0.02 | -0.37 | -0.55 | 0.49 | -0.23 | 168 |
165 | 0.24 | -2 | 0.52 | 1.01 | 0.2 | -0.14 | -0.29 | -0.53 | -0.94 | -1.62 | 0.89 | -0.29 | 181 |
166 | -0.67 | -0.13 | 0.39 | -0.19 | 0.71 | -1.11 | 1.08 | 0.1 | 0.72 | 0.23 | -0.54 | 0.03 | 98 |
167 | -0.27 | 0.38 | -2.41 | -1.2 | -0.99 | -1.37 | -0.17 | -0.09 | -2.43 | 0.24 | -0.21 | -0.78 | 223 |
168 | -1.14 | 0.04 | 0.37 | -0.03 | 0.76 | -0.09 | -0.11 | -0.23 | -0.32 | 0 | 0.49 | -0.17 | 157 |
169 | -1.41 | -0.66 | 4.08 | -1.07 | -0.37 | -0.12 | -0.19 | 0.07 | -0.05 | -0.36 | -0.27 | -0.14 | 150 |
170 | -0.02 | -0.95 | 0.9 | -0.07 | -0.67 | 0.51 | -1.24 | 3.66 | -2.23 | 0.25 | -0.57 | 0.01 | 102 |
171 | -0.7 | 0 | -1.15 | 0.32 | 2.08 | -1.03 | -1.26 | -0.1 | 0.89 | 0.32 | -0.12 | -0.13 | 146 |
172 | -0.33 | 0.25 | -2.51 | 0.27 | 0.22 | -1.17 | -1.62 | -0.27 | 0.78 | -0.37 | 2.19 | -0.46 | 206 |
173 | -1.53 | -1.27 | 0.56 | 0.27 | -1.37 | 0 | -0.66 | -0.51 | -0.81 | -0.54 | -0.14 | -0.68 | 220 |
174 | -1.6 | 0.11 | 0.45 | -1.26 | -0.73 | -1.28 | 0.76 | 0.2 | -0.96 | 0.43 | -0.33 | -0.51 | 210 |
175 | -0.09 | -0.42 | 0.61 | -1.01 | -1.1 | 0.46 | 0.77 | -0.47 | -0.24 | 0.78 | 0.71 | -0.07 | 130 |
176 | 0.74 | -0.86 | -0.83 | 0.85 | -1.22 | 0.54 | 0.44 | -0.85 | 0.41 | -0.02 | -3.1 | -0.01 | 111 |
177 | 0.73 | -0.17 | 0.42 | 1.59 | 0.4 | -0.96 | 0.21 | -0.14 | 0.75 | 1.88 | 0 | 0.49 | 16 |
178 | -0.01 | 0.05 | 0.44 | 0.2 | 0.88 | 1.42 | -0.08 | -0.65 | -0.17 | -0.35 | 0.66 | 0.16 | 71 |
179 | -0.87 | -0.03 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 1.09 | -0.8 | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.32 | -0.28 | 0.09 | -0.16 | 156 |
180 | -0.05 | -1.41 | -0.84 | 0.26 | 0.1 | 0.51 | 0.3 | -0.77 | 0.07 | 0.97 | 1.85 | -0.08 | 135 |
181 | -0.63 | -0.75 | 0.57 | 0.66 | -0.13 | 1.88 | -0.18 | -0.34 | -1.26 | -0.81 | -0.58 | -0.14 | 151 |
182 | -0.79 | 0.06 | 0.35 | -0.32 | 0.69 | -0.6 | -0.38 | -0.07 | -1.15 | -0.79 | 0.19 | -0.34 | 193 |
183 | -1.23 | -2.14 | -1.36 | 1.19 | -0.24 | 1.39 | 1.24 | 0.42 | -0.83 | 1.5 | 1.22 | -0.13 | 147 |
184 | 0.5 | -0.01 | 0.55 | -0.13 | 0.22 | 1.49 | 2.67 | -0.34 | -0.95 | 0.05 | -0.25 | 0.42 | 29 |
185 | -1.01 | 0.66 | 0.49 | -2.01 | -0.76 | 0.47 | 0.06 | -0.31 | 0.84 | -0.68 | -0.44 | -0.3 | 185 |
186 | 1.95 | 0.63 | -2.67 | -0.43 | 0.42 | 0.02 | -0.08 | 4.99 | 0.33 | 0.37 | -0.75 | 0.68 | 5 |
187 | 1.87 | 0.07 | 0.59 | 0.15 | -0.27 | 1.77 | -0.33 | -0.57 | -0.17 | 0.18 | -0.36 | 0.48 | 19 |
188 | -0.01 | -0.31 | 0.62 | -0.23 | -0.22 | 1.81 | -0.17 | -0.16 | 0.08 | -0.14 | -0.58 | 0.11 | 77 |
189 | 0.17 | -2.12 | 0.5 | 0.61 | 1.2 | -0.38 | -0.13 | -0.4 | -0.13 | -1 | -0.94 | -0.13 | 148 |
190 | 0.18 | -2.42 | 0.67 | 0.62 | -1.32 | -0.27 | -0.63 | -0.61 | -0.36 | -0.84 | -0.79 | -0.43 | 203 |
191 | -0.82 | -2.17 | -2.82 | -0.56 | -1.39 | 0.21 | 0.21 | -0.95 | 1.56 | 1.2 | -1.73 | -0.59 | 216 |
192 | -0.47 | 1.07 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.02 | -0.66 | -0.26 | -0.11 | 0.52 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 81 |
193 | -0.04 | -0.12 | 0.39 | 0.04 | 1.28 | -0.05 | 0.47 | -0.27 | 0.68 | 0.07 | 0.81 | 0.22 | 61 |
194 | 0.59 | -0.44 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.19 | -1.38 | -0.51 | -1.02 | 0.25 | -1.77 | -0.04 | 124 |
195 | -0.07 | 0.49 | 0.39 | -0.12 | 0.49 | -0.06 | -0.31 | -0.25 | 0.54 | 0.4 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 73 |
196 | 0.84 | -0.01 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.17 | 0.72 | -0.46 | -0.65 | 0.51 | 0.3 | 2.03 | 0.32 | 46 |
197 | 1.4 | -2.69 | 0.62 | 2.98 | 0.18 | 0 | -0.36 | -0.83 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 25 |
198 | -0.25 | -0.01 | 0.43 | -0.08 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.14 | -0.36 | 0.81 | -0.71 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 99 |
199 | -0.04 | -0.69 | 1.95 | -1.29 | 1.3 | 0.63 | -0.26 | -0.35 | 0.74 | 1.12 | 1.65 | 0.28 | 53 |
200 | -0.33 | 0.84 | -3.2 | 0.38 | -1.16 | -1.25 | 0.21 | -0.26 | 1.06 | -1.27 | -0.65 | -0.49 | 209 |
201 | 0.48 | 0.31 | 0 | -1.99 | -1.79 | 1.21 | -0.19 | -0.26 | -0.74 | 1.88 | 0.93 | -0.06 | 129 |
202 | -0.81 | 0.19 | -0.93 | -2.08 | 0.24 | 0.67 | 0.29 | -0.49 | 0.6 | -0.4 | 1.49 | -0.32 | 189 |
203 | 0.44 | -1.81 | 0.72 | -0.36 | -1.97 | 0.17 | -1.72 | -0.69 | -0.31 | 0.1 | 0.95 | -0.45 | 205 |
204 | 0.39 | -1.54 | -2.12 | -2.27 | 0.05 | 1.3 | -1.86 | -0.51 | -1.83 | 0.78 | 3.04 | -0.65 | 218 |
205 | 0.05 | 0.42 | -2.23 | -1.62 | -2.38 | -0.21 | -0.58 | -0.55 | 0.36 | 1.44 | 1.36 | -0.48 | 208 |
206 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.49 | -1.71 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.06 | -0.38 | -0.37 | -0.01 | -0.95 | -0.03 | 120 |
207 | -0.13 | -1.65 | 1.23 | -0.47 | 1.47 | 0.11 | -0.4 | -0.38 | -0.01 | 0.15 | 0.02 | -0.02 | 114 |
208 | 0.03 | -0.05 | 1.17 | -0.07 | -0.38 | -0.11 | 0.56 | -0.23 | 0.7 | -1.28 | 0.49 | 0.04 | 89 |
209 | 0.04 | -1.98 | 0.61 | 0.54 | -0.31 | 0.31 | -0.77 | -0.7 | 0.65 | -0.43 | 1.1 | -0.18 | 161 |
210 | -1.53 | 1.13 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.3 | -0.54 | -0.49 | -0.01 | -0.51 | -0.32 | -0.2 | -0.3 | 186 |
211 | -0.16 | 0.68 | -0.36 | -0.27 | 0.28 | -0.1 | -0.97 | -0.3 | -1.18 | -0.39 | 1.19 | -0.26 | 174 |
212 | 0.34 | -0.07 | 0.55 | -0.36 | -0.74 | 0.06 | 1.97 | -0.32 | 0.95 | 0.15 | -0.06 | 0.26 | 56 |
213 | -1.06 | 1.61 | 0.35 | 0.08 | -1.03 | -0.09 | 1.43 | -0.13 | 0.47 | -0.6 | 1.31 | 0 | 106 |
214 | -0.56 | -1.38 | -0.03 | -0.67 | -1.48 | 0.13 | 1.07 | -0.56 | 0.02 | 0.87 | 1.19 | -0.29 | 182 |
215 | -0.69 | 0.22 | 0.53 | -0.06 | -2.02 | -0.22 | -0.09 | -0.31 | -0.7 | 0.36 | 0.58 | -0.33 | 190 |
216 | -2.02 | -0.32 | 0.5 | -1.69 | -0.43 | -0.31 | -1.05 | -0.17 | 0.39 | 0.15 | -1.72 | -0.65 | 219 |
217 | -1.17 | -0.36 | 0.62 | -1.14 | -1.65 | 0.42 | 0.17 | -0.48 | 1.71 | 0.42 | 0.27 | -0.25 | 172 |
218 | -1.47 | 0.1 | 0.51 | -2.03 | -0.64 | -0.07 | 0.45 | -0.17 | 1.22 | -0.76 | -0.77 | -0.4 | 199 |
219 | -0.51 | 0.11 | 0.51 | -1.27 | -0.57 | 0.51 | 0.16 | -0.43 | 0.47 | -0.91 | -0.39 | -0.22 | 166 |
220 | -1.59 | 0.18 | 0.53 | -1.72 | -0.09 | 1.42 | 0.03 | -0.45 | 0.94 | -0.09 | 0.39 | -0.23 | 169 |
221 | 0.49 | 0.08 | 0.52 | -1.14 | 0.6 | 1.54 | -0.88 | -0.59 | 0.4 | -0.35 | -0.46 | 0.11 | 78 |
222 | -0.25 | -0.05 | 0.32 | -0.2 | 1.43 | -1.04 | -1.2 | 0.04 | -0.35 | -0.09 | 0.32 | -0.15 | 153 |
223 | 0.07 | -0.12 | 0.31 | -1.69 | 3.04 | -0.36 | 0.96 | 0.06 | -3.29 | -0.19 | 0 | -0.09 | 138 |
表6 5份优异和5份欠佳彩色水稻各指标表现
Table 6
家系 Family line | PH | CL | EPP | GP | SSR | TGW | URGL | URGW | URGT | URGCG | URAC | D值 D-value | 排名 Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
42 | 90.80a | 66.80a | 10.40ab | 92.67c | 72.36ab | 21.30a | 4.40de | 2.60b | 2.00a | 14 | 6115.05c | 0.82 | 1 |
96 | 84.40a | 63.40a | 7.60c | 115.22ab | 87.73a | 20.64ab | 5.70a | 3.00a | 2.00a | 7 | 20.74f | 0.73 | 2 |
152 | 73.80b | 50.60b | 8.20bc | 126.44a | 87.21a | 16.33d | 5.10b | 2.00d | 2.00a | 14 | 12 011.04a | 0.70 | 3 |
99 | 88.60a | 68.40a | 9.40abc | 120.44a | 86.78a | 20.53ab | 5.10b | 2.50b | 2.00a | 14 | 754.99e | 0.69 | 4 |
186 | 90.40a | 68.20a | 9.20abc | 101.78bc | 84.82a | 21.07a | 4.90bc | 2.50b | 1.50c | 14 | 8421.58b | 0.68 | 5 |
173 | 49.00e | 33.20d | 5.40d | 46.67de | 41.32c | 17.06cd | 4.90bc | 2.20cd | 2.00a | 6 | 21.28f | -0.68 | 220 |
216 | 45.60e | 32.60d | 4.00d | 60.00d | 62.35b | 18.89bc | 4.20de | 2.40bc | 2.00a | 5 | 18.59f | -0.65 | 219 |
204 | 70.40b | 44.20bc | 3.60d | 88.22c | 40.23c | 18.92bc | 4.00e | 2.10d | 1.60b | 13 | 939.26d | -0.65 | 218 |
71 | 56.80d | 40.20c | 10.80a | 41.00e | 33.40c | 19.60ab | 5.00bc | 2.40bc | 1.50c | 8 | 53.62f | -0.60 | 217 |
191 | 63.20c | 47.00bc | 8.20bc | 101.67bc | 85.51a | 17.01cd | 4.60cd | 2.00d | 1.50c | 8 | 59.27f | -0.59 | 216 |
同列不同小写字母代表P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences at P < 0.05.
2.5 不同家系11个性状聚类分析
223个家系采用平方欧式距离和瓦尔德法进行系统聚类分析,可将其分为6大类群(图2),各类群间指标差异明显(表7)。类群Ⅰ包括家系181、134、167、215、60等29个家系,该类群株高、秆长、单株有效穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和糙米粒长的数值最低;类群Ⅱ包括家系200、89、195、112、171等58个家系,该类群糙米粒长最高,糙米粒色等级和糙米花色苷含量最低;类群Ⅲ包括家系67、156、27、135、87等22个家系,该类群糙米粒厚最低,糙米粒色等级和糙米花色苷含量最高;类群Ⅳ包括家系5、16、142、180、129等41个家系,该类群株高、秆长、穗粒数最高;类群Ⅴ包括家系114、61、17、84、31等33个家系,该类群单株有效穗数最高;类群Ⅵ包括家系66、113、123、28、10等40个家系,该类群千粒重、糙米粒宽最高。
表7 各类群家系11个指标
Table 7
类群 Group | 株高 PH (cm) | 秆长 CL (cm) | 单株有 效穗数 EPP | 穗粒数 GP | 结实率 SSR (%) | 千粒重 TGW (g) | 糙米粒长 URGL (mm) | 糙米粒宽 URGW (mm) | 糙米粒厚 URGT (mm) | 糙米粒 色等级 URGCG | 糙米花 色苷含量 URAC (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 56.98 | 39.54 | 6.32 | 55.82 | 52.89 | 18.50 | 4.56 | 2.48 | 1.99 | 7.28 | 318.76 |
Ⅱ | 63.59 | 44.96 | 6.58 | 63.77 | 63.18 | 21.35 | 5.10 | 2.45 | 1.94 | 3.26 | 19.50 |
Ⅲ | 68.28 | 49.43 | 7.95 | 72.28 | 65.93 | 19.67 | 5.09 | 2.37 | 1.85 | 13.91 | 4436.95 |
Ⅳ | 83.28 | 61.67 | 10.46 | 94.41 | 79.83 | 20.87 | 5.06 | 2.48 | 1.92 | 5.17 | 347.05 |
Ⅴ | 69.67 | 49.82 | 10.73 | 85.15 | 57.66 | 19.08 | 4.76 | 2.46 | 1.88 | 6.30 | 212.50 |
Ⅵ | 71.26 | 51.57 | 8.61 | 76.99 | 77.48 | 21.96 | 4.84 | 2.62 | 1.99 | 5.68 | 85.86 |
平均值Mean | 68.84 | 49.50 | 8.44 | 74.74 | 66.16 | 20.24 | 4.90 | 2.47 | 1.93 | 6.93 | 903.44 |
图2
2.6 高花色苷家系筛选
对223个家系糙米花色苷含量进行方差分析,结果如表1所示,F值为2725.36,远大于1,P值<0.0001,差异极显著,说明223个家系糙米花色苷含量间的差别有统计学意义。223个家系与高亲龙锦1号糙米花色苷含量间的差别被进一步执行Dunnett’s t检验,结果如表8所示。高亲龙锦1号的糙米花色苷含量为4489.36 mg/kg,有8个家系的糙米花色苷含量显著增加(P<0.05),占223个家系的3.59%。其中家系152、186、37、170、148的糙米花色苷含量均值分别为12 011.04、8421.58、6903.07、6437.14、6349.22 mg/kg,分别高出龙锦1号7521.68、3932.22、2413.71、1947.78、1859.87 mg/kg,并且这8个高花色苷家系的糙米粒色均为第14等级,果皮颜色呈黑色。
表8 223个家系与龙锦1号糙米花色苷含量差异显著性比较
Table 8
家系与龙锦1号比较 Group comparison | 均值差 Difference between means (mg/kg) | 99%均值差的同时置信区间 Simultaneous 99% confidence limits | 标记 Mark | |
---|---|---|---|---|
152-LJ | 7521.68 | 7370.64 | 7672.73 | * |
186-LJ | 3932.22 | 3781.18 | 4083.27 | * |
37-LJ | 2413.71 | 2262.66 | 2564.75 | * |
170-LJ | 1947.78 | 1796.73 | 2098.82 | * |
148-LJ | 1859.87 | 1708.82 | 2010.92 | * |
42-LJ | 1625.69 | 1474.65 | 1776.74 | * |
163-LJ | 1297.96 | 1146.92 | 1449.01 | * |
135-LJ | 1029.63 | 878.58 | 1180.67 | * |
“*”代表P < 0.05水平差异显著。
“*”represents significant differences at P < 0.05.
3 讨论
3.1 色稻糙米花色苷含量差异
色稻糙米含有的花色苷作为一种天然色素,安全无毒,同时又具有抗氧化、降血脂、抗炎、抗肿瘤等生理功能,因此筛选和培育高花色苷含量水稻品种具有重要的经济、健康和产业效益。叶宁等[22]利用pH示差法测定来源于福建、云南、四川、贵州、广东和浙江等省份的124份色稻糙米花色苷含量,发现花色苷含量变异范围为80.60~220.10 mg/kg,其中黑米品种HY023的糙米花色苷含量最高,为220.10 mg/kg,而红米品种HY102的糙米花色苷含量最低,为80.60 mg/kg。徐清宇等[23]研究发现,在白米糙米中未检测到总花色苷,色稻糙米中花色苷含量变异范围为70~10 080 mg/kg,其中黑米品种陕黑的糙米花色苷含量最高,而红米品种曹妃红最低。王诗文[24]以66份不同基因型水稻品种为试验材料,研究发现糙米花色苷含量变异范围为5.10~1217.90 mg/kg,其中黑米品种3D942的糙米花色苷含量最高。付俊生[25]测定140份水稻品种的糙米花色苷含量,发现其变异范围为1190~3958 mg/kg,平均含量为1030 mg/kg,其中黑稻-3的糙米花色苷含量最高。Ryu等[26]以10份不同果皮颜色水稻品种为试验材料,利用HPLC法检测其糙米花色苷含量变异范围为0~4930 mg/kg。
本研究以创制的水稻重组自交系群体223个家系为试验材料,研究发现糙米花色苷含量变异范围为2.30~12 011.04 mg/kg。高亲龙锦1号的糙米花色苷含量为4489.36 mg/kg,有8个家系的糙米花色苷含量显著增加(P<0.05),占223个家系的3.59%,并且这8个高花色苷家系的糙米粒色均为第14等级,果皮颜色呈黑色。与前人[22⇓⇓⇓-26]的研究相比可知,本研究创制的水稻重组自交系群体223个家系的糙米花色苷含量变异范围更加广泛,糙米花色苷含量高于吉林黑米龙锦1号和山东省色稻区域试验对照品种津原黑1号,说明利用组合育种技术培育出适应山东地区种植的具有生产价值的高花色苷含量水稻新品种是可行的。
3.2 色稻糙米花色苷含量与其他性状相关性
糙米总花色苷含量与总酚、总类黄酮含量、ABTS抗氧化活性、DPPH抗氧化活性、矢车菊素- 3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷均呈极显著正相关[23]。王诗文[24]以198份黑米、62份红米和10份白米种质为试验材料,研究发现糙米花色苷含量与总黄酮含量呈极显著正相关,与总抗氧化能力呈显著正相关。黑米花色苷含量与果皮颜色色度指标L值、a值、b值、C值均呈负相关,与H0值呈正相关;红米花色苷含量与果皮颜色色度指标L值、b值、C值、H0值呈负相关,与a值呈正相关[24]。常汇琳[27]研究发现,糙米花色苷含量与穗长呈显著正相关,与千粒重呈极显著负相关;糙米原花色素含量与单株产量呈显著负相关,与结实率呈正相关。孙明茂等[21]研究发现,糙米总花色苷含量与糙米粒色等级呈极显著正相关,与糙米千粒重呈极显著负相关;糙米粒色等级与糙米千粒重呈极显著负相关。
3.3 色稻农艺性状的变异分析
本研究表明,223个家系的株高为45.60~98.60 cm,均值为69.09 cm,变异系数为14.84%;秆长为30.20~71.60 cm,均值为49.67 cm,变异系数为17.32%;单株有效穗数为2.60~17.00,均值为8.37,变异系数为33.28%;穗粒数为11.89~191.33,均值为74.75,变异系数为33.11%;结实率为15.57%~94.25%,均值为66.92%,变异系数为25.79%;千粒重为13.48~25.87 g,均值为20.50 g,变异系数为10.39%。本研究结果的株高、单株有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率的变异范围与前人[27⇓⇓⇓-31]研究结果相比,上限相差不大,但下限比前人测量数值低。千粒重的变异范围与前人研究结果相比偏低,原因可能是旱作栽培水分不足导致前期营养生长和后期生殖生长受到一定程度的抑制。
4 结论
本试验结果表明,家系42的综合排名最高,其余依次为家系96、152、99、186,说明这5个彩色水稻家系的综合表现较好。高亲龙锦1号的糙米花色苷含量为4489.36 mg/kg,有8个家系的糙米花色苷含量显著高于龙锦1号。这8个高花色苷家系的糙米粒色均为第14等级,果皮颜色呈黑色。家系152、186既属于优异彩色水稻家系又属于高花色苷家系,为创制的优异高花色苷水稻新种质。
参考文献
International rice genome sequencing project: the effort to completely sequence the rice genome
,DOI:10.1016/s1369-5266(99)00047-3 PMID:10712951 [本文引用: 1]
The International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP) involves researchers from ten countries who are working to completely and accurately sequence the rice genome within a short period. Sequencing uses a map-based clone-by-clone shotgun strategy; shared bacterial artificial chromosome/P1-derived artificial chromosome libraries have been constructed from Oryza sativa ssp. japonica variety 'Nipponbare'. End-sequencing, fingerprinting and marker-aided PCR screening are being used to make sequence-ready contigs. Annotated sequences are immediately released for public use and are made available with supplemental information at each IRGSP member's website. The IRGSP works to promote the development of rice and cereal genomics in addition to producing genome sequence data.
Black rice (Oryza sativa L.): a review of its historical aspects, chemical composition, nutritional and functional properties, and applications and processing technologies
,
Weedy rice as a novel gene resource: a genome-wide association study of anthocyanin biosynthesis and an evaluation of nutritional quality
,DOI:10.3389/fpls.2020.00878 PMID:32595693 [本文引用: 1]
The pericarp color of rice grains is an important agronomic trait affected by domestication, and the color pigment, anthocyanin, is one of the key determinants of rice nutritional quality. Weedy rice, also called red rice because its pericarp is often red, may be a novel gene resource for the development of new rice. However, the genetic basis and nutritional quality of anthocyanin are poorly known. In this study, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to find novel and specific QTLs of red pericarp in weedy rice. The known key gene site of red pericarp was detected as the common genetic basis of both weedy and cultivated rice, and another 13 associated signals of pericarp color that were identified may contribute specifically to weedy rice pericarp color. We then nominated three pericarp color genes that may contribute to weedy rice divergence from cultivated rice based on selection sweep analysis. After clarifying the distribution and growth dynamics of pigment in weedy rice caryopsis, we compared its nutritional quality with cultivated rice. We found that sampled weedy rice pericarps had much greater quantities of anthocyanin, beneficial trace elements, free amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acids than the cultivated rice. In conclusion, the gene resources and novel genetic systems of rice anthocyanin biosynthesis explored in this study are of great value for the development of nutritious, high anthocyanin content rice.Copyright © 2020 Wang, Zhao, Zhang, Liu, Hua, Jia, Song, Ma and Sun.
In vitro and in vivo anti- hyperglycemic activities of taxifolin and its derivatives isolated from pigmented rice (Oryzae sativa L. cv. Superhongmi)
,
Anthocyanin extract from black rice significantly ameliorates platelet hyperactivity and hypertriglyceridemia in dyslipidemic rats induced by high fat diets
,DOI:10.1021/jf201079h PMID:21568342 [本文引用: 1]
Our previous studies have demonstrated that anthocyanin extract from black rice (AEBR) inhibits atherosclerosis. Whether dietary AEBR supplementation can affect platelet function, an important factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, remains unclear. The aim of the present study is to explore the effects and mechanisms of dietary AEBR supplementation on platelet function and lipid profile in dyslipidemic rats. We demonstrated herein that thromboxane A(2), the thrombogenic ratio of thromboxane A₂ and prostacyclin, serum calmodulin, and soluble P-selectin were significantly decreased in rats fed a high fat diet supplemented with AEBR. AEBR supplementation also remarkably lowered serum triglyceride and raised hepatic CPT-1 mRNA expression. These findings suggest that dietary intake of AEBR reduces platelet hyperactivity, hypertriglyceridemia, and body weight gain, and facilitates in the maintenance of optimal platelet function in dyslipidemic rats induced by high fat diets.
Comparative analysis of rice reveals insights into the mechanism of colored rice via widely targeted metabolomics
,
How anthocyanin biosynthesis affects nutritional value and anti-inflammatory effect of black rice
,
A comparative study of dietary fiber content, in vitro starch digestibility and cooking quality characteristics of pigmented and non-pigmented traditional and improved rice (Oryza sativa L.)
,
Black rice extract extends the lifespan of fruit flies
,
Anthocyanin and phenolic acid profiles in purple, red and non-pigmented rice during germination
,
Anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity in bran extracts of some Thai black rice varieties
,
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin contents, antioxidant activity, and in situ degradability of black and red grains
,DOI:10.5713/ajas.17.0655 PMID:29514441 [本文引用: 1]
An experiment was conducted to assess the antioxidant contents and activities of colored rice grains and to evaluate their nutritive characteristics in terms of chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradation.Ten cultivars of colored rice grains (Oryza sativa L.) collected from several areas of Japan were studied, and control rice without pigment, maize, barley, and wheat grains were used as control grains. Their chemical compositions, pigment, polyphenol contents, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and degradation characteristics were determined.The starch contents of the colored rice grains were in the range of 73.5% to 79.6%, similar to that of the control rice grain. The black and red rice grains contained anthocyanin (maximum: 5,045.6 μg/g) and proanthocyanidin (maximum: 3,060.6 μg/g) at high concentrations as their principal pigments, respectively. There were significantly (p<0.05) positive relationships among the pigment contents, polyphenol content, and TAC values in the colored and control rice grains, indicating that the increase in pigment contents also contributed to the increased polyphenol content and TAC values in the colored rice grains. The dry matter and starch degradation characteristics, as represented by c (fractional degradation rate of slowly degradable fraction) and by the effective degradability, of the colored rice grains and the control rice grain were ranked as follows among commonly used grains: wheat>barley ≥rice>maize. The colored rice grains also included the most-digestible starch, since their potential degradable fraction and actual degradability at 48 h incubation were almost 100%.Colored rice grains have high potential to be used as antioxidant sources in addition to starch sources in ruminants.
Genetic resources of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with colored pericarp
,
The birth of a black rice gene and its local spread by introgression
,DOI:10.1105/tpc.15.00310 PMID:26362607 [本文引用: 1]
The origin and spread of novel agronomic traits during crop domestication are complex events in plant evolution. Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) has red grains due to the accumulation of proanthocyanidins, whereas most cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) varieties have white grains induced by a defective allele in the Rc basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene. Although the events surrounding the origin and spread of black rice traits remain unknown, varieties with black grains due to anthocyanin accumulation are distributed in various locations throughout Asia. Here, we show that the black grain trait originated from ectopic expression of the Kala4 bHLH gene due to rearrangement in the promoter region. Both the Rc and Kala4 genes activate upstream flavonol biosynthesis genes, such as chalcone synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase, and downstream genes, such as leucoanthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, to produce the respective specific pigments. Genome analysis of 21 black rice varieties as well as red- and white-grained landraces demonstrated that black rice arose in tropical japonica and its subsequent spread to the indica subspecies can be attributed to the causal alleles of Kala4. The relatively small size of genomic fragments of tropical japonica origin in some indica varieties indicates that refined introgression must have occurred by natural crossbreeding in the course of evolution of the black trait in rice. © 2015 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.
Genome-wide association study of pericarp color in rice using different germplasm and phenotyping methods reveals different genetic architectures
,
How rice organs are colored:the genetic basis of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice
,
Identification of candidate genes and clarification of the maintenance of the green pericarp of weedy rice grains
,
OsCOP1 regulates embryo development and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
,
粳稻龙锦1号/香软米1578杂交组合F5家系群糙米总花色苷含量变异及相关性分析
,DOI:10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2017.02.003 [本文引用: 3]
随着环境污染加剧和人们对自身健康关注度的提高,功能性食品在全球范围内蓬勃发展。彩色稻米作为稻米家族中的一员,由于富含微量元素、花色苷、生物碱等功能性成分,已成为当前功能性食品研究开发的热点之一。本研究利用粳稻品种龙锦1号/香软米1578 杂交组合214个F5家系,对水稻糙米总花色苷含量、粒色等级和千粒重的变异及其相关性进行了分析。糙米粒色等级变异范围为1~9,平均值为4.98,变异系数为57.87%;糙米总花色苷含量变异范围为0~5459.34 mg/kg,平均值为834.47 mg/kg,变异系数为191.96%;糙米千粒重变异范围为11.96~26.24 g,平均值为17.75 g,变异系数为12.89%。糙米总花色苷含量、粒色等级和千粒重在F5家系中不符合正态分布,表现为右偏态,其中糙米总花色苷含量的偏斜程度最大。糙米总花色苷含量和千粒重的峰度系数为正值,表明为尖顶峰;而糙米粒色等级的峰度系数为负值,表明为平顶峰。糙米总花色苷含量与粒色等级呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.69;糙米总花色苷含量、粒色等级均与千粒重呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.20和-0.34。与高亲龙锦1号相比,27个家系的糙米总花色苷含量极显著提高,占214个F5家系的12.62%,将为高花色苷水稻种质创新奠定基础。
基于主成分分析和聚类分析的不同水稻品种营养品质评价研究
,DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2022.06.001 [本文引用: 3]
为了评价不同颜色糙米品种的营养品质,以3个红米品种、8个黑米品种和8个普通糙米品种为材料,对其5项基本营养成分、13种矿质元素含量和9项活性物质含量等27项营养品质指标进行比较分析,并采用主成分分析和聚类分析对不同水稻品种进行营养品质评价。结果表明,不同品种稻米的总淀粉、膳食纤维和脂肪含量在较小范围内波动;有色米品种的矿质元素含量变化范围较大,普通糙米品种的变化范围较小;总酚、总黄酮、ABTS和DPPH抗氧化活性间存在极显著的相关性,其在有色米品种中的含量显著高于普通糙米品种,且大多数黑米品种的含量显著高于红米品种;总花色苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷在黑米品种中含量比较高。对稻米基本营养成分和矿物质元素等指标进行主成分分析,提取了6个主成分,其累积方差贡献率达80%左右,可以较好反映稻米的营养品质。对19个水稻品种稻米的所有营养品质参数进行聚类分析,可以将水稻品种分为有色米类和普通糙米类;将所有品质指标分为五类,其两类主要是矿质元素,一类主要是活性物质,两类主要是基本营养成分。该研究结果可为稻米营养品质的评价提供科学依据,也可为生产功能性稻米新产品提供新思路。
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of anthocyanin pigments in some varieties of black rice
,
Yield and nutritional properties of improved red pericarp Thai rice varieties
,
/
〈 | 〉 |