作物杂志, 2025, 41(1): 46-53 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.01.006

遗传育种·种质资源·生物技术

特早熟杂交早稻选育策略及其基因渗入分析

雷享亮,1,2, 方军3, 袁晓泉2, 李丹2, 刘诗杰2, 詹婧昀2, 黄志华2, 彭金剑2, 江绍玫,4, 曾晓春,1

1江西农业大学农学院,330000,江西南昌

2抚州市农业科学研究所,344000,江西抚州

3中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所农业技术中心,150081,黑龙江哈尔滨

4江西财经大学统计与数据科学学院,330000,江西南昌

Breeding Strategy and Introgression Analysis on a Ultra-Early-Maturing Hybrid Rice

Lei Xiangliang,1,2, Fang Jun3, Yuan Xiaoquan2, Li Dan2, Liu Shijie2, Zhan Jingyun2, Huang Zhihua2, Peng Jinjian2, Jiang Shaomei,4, Zeng Xiaochun,1

1College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, China

2Fuzhou Institute of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou 344000, Jiangxi, China

3Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China

4College of Statistics and Data Science, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, China

通讯作者: 江绍玫,主要从事植物遗传育种工作,E-mail:13870621151@163.com曾晓春为共同通信作者,主要从事植物生理生态研究,E-mail:xchzeng2013@163.com

收稿日期: 2023-10-17   修回日期: 2023-11-20   网络出版日期: 2024-10-28

基金资助: 国家水稻产业技术体系项目(CARS-01-69)
江西省重大科技研发专项(20232ACF011001)
江西省水稻产业技术体系项目(JXARS-02-08)
抚州市科技局青年领军人才项目

Received: 2023-10-17   Revised: 2023-11-20   Online: 2024-10-28

作者简介 About authors

雷享亮,主要从事水稻遗传改良与选育工作,E-mail:77291629@qq.com

摘要

本文提出了利用偏粳型渐渗系与本地主推早稻品种双亲杂交选育的策略,并配制出超早熟高产杂交早稻组合。这在杂交早稻上利用籼粳亚种间杂交优势属首次报道。以湘陵628S(XL628S)和中早39(Zhongzao39)为改良亲本,分别与偏粳型渐渗系进行杂交,后经系统选育方法,培育出不育系Z01S和恢复系R1102。结果表明,Z01SR1102在长日照、短日照条件下均早抽穗、感温性强。杂交组合CZY1102Z01S/R1102)表现为分蘖力强、产量高、米质优、耐寒性好、抽穗期早。其播始历期47~73 d,比Zhongzao39在长江中下游双季春播短6.40 d,秋播短11.30 d;其正季种植产量8187.60 kg/hm2,比对照Zhongzao39减产不显著。基因渗入分析了Z01SR1102的粳型比例,分别比其原始亲本提高0.78%和6.34%。以上表明,该选育策略可行,且渐渗粳型血缘能有效克服亚种间生理障碍。

关键词: 杂交早稻; 早抽穗; 粳型渐渗; 亚种; 选育

Abstract

This article proposes a new strategy, using local early rice varieties (parents) hybridized with japonica introgression lines, and has created ultra-early-maturing and high-yielding hybrid early rice (HER). This is the first report in HER for utilizing the heterosis genus between indica and japonica subspecies. Using Xiangling 628S (XL628S) and Zhongzao39 as improved parents, hybridized with the japonica rice introgression materials, two lines of male sterile line Z01S and restorer line R1102 were bred through systematic breeding methods. The results showed that, Z01S and R1102 exhibited early heading and strong temperature sensitivity under long day and short day conditions. In addition, the new combination CZY1102 (Z01S/R1102) showed strong tillering ability, high yield, excellent rice quality, good cold-tolerance, and early heading. Compared with Zhongzao39, its period of heading date was as short as 47-73 days, which was 6.40 days shorter in spring and 11.30 days shorter in autumn. The actual yield during the main season was 8187.60 kg/ha, which were not significantly reduced compared to Zhongzao39. The proportion of japonica genotypes in Z01S and R1102 were increased by 0.78% and 6.34%, respectively, compared to their original parents. This indicates that the breeding strategy is feasible, and the japonica introgression can effectively overcome physiological barriers among subspecies.

Keywords: Early hybrid rice; Early heading; Japonica introgression; Subspecies; Breeding

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本文引用格式

雷享亮, 方军, 袁晓泉, 李丹, 刘诗杰, 詹婧昀, 黄志华, 彭金剑, 江绍玫, 曾晓春. 特早熟杂交早稻选育策略及其基因渗入分析. 作物杂志, 2025, 41(1): 46-53 doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.01.006

Lei Xiangliang, Fang Jun, Yuan Xiaoquan, Li Dan, Liu Shijie, Zhan Jingyun, Huang Zhihua, Peng Jinjian, Jiang Shaomei, Zeng Xiaochun. Breeding Strategy and Introgression Analysis on a Ultra-Early-Maturing Hybrid Rice. Crops, 2025, 41(1): 46-53 doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.01.006

抽穗期是水稻重要生育期之一,决定着水稻的种植区域和季节适应性[1],同时对水稻产量和品质产生影响[2]。植物抽穗期受到内在遗传背景及外部环境条件共同影响。除遗传背景外,苗龄和激素等内在信号也会影响植物抽穗期[3]。影响植物抽穗期的外部因素主要包括光周期、温度和营养利用效率[4-5]。以水稻为研究对象,其抽穗期的控制基因被陆续克隆,主要包括Hd、Ehd、Ghd、DTH、OsMADS、OsCOLO、OsphyHd3a/RFT1等系列基因,这些基因相互作用形成了水稻抽穗期复杂的光周期调控和自主调控网络[6]

目前,水稻抽穗期研究报道主要集中于粳稻品种和中晚熟籼稻品种,关于南方早稻品种生育期研究报道较少。据统计[7],早稻品种生育期正季播始历期在76~83 d,在南方稻区以一季稻种植时,抽穗期可缩短至60 d。早熟杂交稻都通过籼型早熟恢复系选育实现,缩小了双亲血缘差异,导致杂交优势利用不明显,容易造成“早而不优、优而不早”的局面[8],在籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用又常出现超亲晚熟现象,使得杂交早稻应用受到制约,且生产上高产常规早稻品种其产量已接近杂交早稻水平。

本研究以湘陵628S和中早39为原始改良亲本,分别与本实验室创制的粳型渐渗水稻新材料进行杂交,通过系统选育方法,培育出的两系杂交组合Z01S/R1102在早稻季播始历期71~73 d,一季稻种植季缩短至47 d。本研究对新组合Z01S/R1102主要农艺性状、大米质量指标进行了研究,对双亲粳型基因渗入情况进行了分析。这为籼粳杂交早稻育种提供借鉴,为感温条件下早抽穗分子机理等研究贡献材料,同时,可为双季稻与油菜种植茬口衔接及救灾备荒提供可用种源。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

1.1.1 不育系Z01S

2021年2月,以湘陵628S(XL628S)为受体,以自育偏粳型渐渗系21S不育系为供体,进行有性杂交。2021年6月,混收F1代群体后进行系统选育,至2023年5月,经过3年6代的选育,选育出超早熟株系Z01S

1.1.2 恢复系R1102

2020年10月,以中早39为供体,自主选育的偏粳型渐渗系R1073为受体,在人工气候室进行杂交获得F1代种子,随后到海南三亚播种F1代。2021年4月在江西播种F2代,选择抽穗时间短、结实率高的单株。2021年7月,播种105、110、107等13个F3代株系。2022年3月,在海南基地收获F4代,其中1102株系抽穗期表现整齐,一致性好,F5代开始试制种。截至2023年6月加代至F7代,田间一致性好。

1.1.3 杂交组合Z01S/R1102

杂交水稻组合Z01S/ R1102由两系不育系Z01S与恢复系R1102杂交而成,暂定名超早两优1102,田间代号CZY1102

1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 种植方式

试验于2023年进行,采用湿润覆膜育秧,早稻播种时间为3月17日,4月19日同期移栽;晚稻播种时间为7月31日,8月17日同期移栽。移栽株行距均为20 cm×20 cm,单本栽插。其他耕作管理措施与大田生产相同,以国审早稻品种中早39(Zhongzao39)为对照,采用随机区组排列,3次重复。每小区种20行,每行栽植6蔸。

1.2.2 农艺性状田间调查分析

各小区均分别记载播种期、抽穗期和收获日期。成熟后,从中间区域连续取样10株,分别调查株高、有效穗数、单株粒重、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,晒干调查产量等性状。

1.2.3 米质分析

参照《食用稻品种品质:NY/T 593-2021》[9]测定出糙率、精米率、整精米率、粒长、长宽比、垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉、胶稠度、碱消值级、透明度和水分等性状,取平均值。

1.2.4 籼粳分型及基因分析

参考邓伟等[10]方法并进行改良,将水稻基因组按每200 kb一个bin分区,每条染色体的3′末端不足500 kb的算作一个bin,共分成750个bin区段。以典型的籼稻南京11和南特,典型的粳稻Balilla、日本晴和农垦58为参照品种。在全基因组水平上利用GSR40K提取与典型籼稻一致且与典型粳稻不一致的标记数共13 956个,在每一个bin区段内,利用提取的不一致的SNP标记,以Balilla基因型为粳稻的标准单倍型,对于每个bin,当与Balilla基因型一致的标记数比例≥0.8时,则该bin判定为粳稻区段;当与Balilla基因型不一致的标记数比例≥0.8时,则该bin判定为籼稻区段,其他情况则判定为无法区分籼粳区段;最终利用籼粳稻区段数占总区段数的比例进行籼粳稻的区分。

采用GSR40K SNP芯片检测方法[11]进行基因分析。

1.2.5 不育系Z01S显性效益分析

Zhongdao39、R1102分别与Z01S、XL628S进行杂交。其F1代种子分别于2023年3月17日和7月10日播种,抽穗时调查上述二期双亲及F1代抽穗期,调查数各15株。单株抽穗期是指从播种至主穗抽出1 cm所经历的天数,以单株抽穗期的平均值为群体抽穗期表型值。

1.2.6 苗期耐冷性试验

苗期的耐冷性多用冷处理后放置常温,恢复后调查幼苗的存活率。采用蒋向辉等[12]方法进行改良,选用常温萌发的种子,长至半粒谷长,播入有泥土的营养小钵中,让其长至二叶一心期(发芽后第10天)时,置于10 ℃冰箱处理2 d(每个处理50株),将低温处理的幼苗放于常温下恢复3 d后,分别统计死苗数,并计算活苗率。

1.3 数据处理

使用Microsoft Excel 2010进行数据处理,用SPSS 26.0进行方差分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 亲本表型及基因型

2.1.1 两系不育系Z01S的表型

Z01S为籼型两用核不育系(图1),经2022年12月在三亚F5及2023年5月江西的F6分期播种试验研究,结果表明,在江西春播播始历期72~76 d,夏秋播播始历期48~50 d,三亚短日播始历期58~62 d,其主茎叶片数9~11。

图1

图1   XL628SZ01S表型比较

(a) 单株表型;(b) 穗型。

Fig.1   Comparison of phenotypes between XL628S and Z01S

(a)Single plant phenotype; (b) Main panicle shape.


表1来看,Z01S与原始亲本XL628S相比,播始历期、株高、分蘖、穗粒数、剑叶长、穗长都达极显著差异。株高下降15.10 cm,穗粒数、剑叶长、穗长分别下降39.68、7.96 cm、3.47 cm,而分蘖数显著提高接近2倍。

表1   XL628SZ01S 2023年夏季农艺性状比较

Table 1  Comparison of agronomic traits between XL628S and Z01S in the summer of 2023

农艺性状Agronomic traitXL628SZ01S
播始历期Days to flowering (d)57.00±1.2048.00±1.23**
株高Plant height (cm)69.00±0.7353.90±0.99**
分蘖数Tillers number11.00±0.8920.00±1.38**
穗粒数Grains per panicle161.47±4.49121.79±3.77**
剑叶长Length of flag leaf (cm)28.94±1.2020.98±0.57**
穗长Length of panicle (cm)21.61±0.1718.14±0.22**
千粒重1000-grain weight (g)23.36±0.2922.76±0.09
长宽比Length-width ratio3.14±0.043.22±0.01

**”表示P < 0.01水平差异显著,下同。

**”indicates significant difference at P < 0.01 level, the same below.

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2.1.2 两系不育系Z01S的遗传效益分析

选择用XL628S、Z01S分别与Zhongzao39、R1102进行杂交,并在3月17日和7月10日分期播种,测试其F1代与双亲间的抽穗期差异。结果(图2)表明,2个时期的结果一致性好。其中,XL628SZhongzao39、R1102的F1代抽穗期处于两者中间。而Z01SR1102测交F1,在3月17日和7月10日播种的抽穗期分别为72.1、48.1 d,都要早于双亲(图2a~b)。3月17日田间的表型更加明显(图2c)。Z01S与zhongzao39测交结果显示也处于双亲中间值。上述结果推测,Z01S中有非感光不完全显性早熟基因,R1102中存在着有别于Zhongzao39的基因与Z01S进行互作,实现其超亲早抽穗。

图2

图2   不育系XL628SZ01S和2个恢复系及其F1抽穗期的比较

(a) 2023年3月17日播种;(b) 2023年7月10日播种;(c) Z01S、R1102CZY1102田间生育期表型,CZY1102R1102早抽穗6 d(6月12日摄)。

Fig.2   Comparison of heading date of sterile lines XL628S, Z01S, two restorer lines and F1

(a) Sowing on March 17, 2023; (b) Sowing on July 10, 2023; (c) Phenotypes of Z01S, R1102, and CZY1102 in field, CZY1102 heading six days earlier than R1102 (taken on June 12).


2.1.3 早熟恢复系R1102的表型及基因型

早熟恢复系R1102Zhongzao39通过与R1073杂交后,系统选育而成。其田间群体及其与Zhongzao39表型比较如图3所示,粳型直立,着粒密。株高较对照下降14 cm,千粒重增加,谷粒长宽比下降,理论减产14.37%(表2)。基因组的比对(图4)显示,12对染色体都有不同程度的交换,其中,第4、5号染色体末端少量重组,第11号染色末端蓝色区段杂合,与Zhongzao39的遗传相似度87.26%,基因组相似度71.45%(表3)。

图3

图3   早熟恢复系R1102Zhongzao39表型比较

(a)单株;(b) R1102田间群体;(c) 穗型;(d) 大米外观;(e) 粒型。

Fig.3   Comparison of phenotype between early maturing restorer line R1102 and Zhongzao39

(a) Single plant; (b) R1102 field population; (c) Main panicle shape; (d) Rice appearance; (e) Grain shape.


表2   早熟恢复系R1102Zhongzao39农艺性状比较

Table 2  Comparison of agronomic traits between early maturing restorer line R1102 and Zhongzao39

农艺性状Agronomic traitZhongzao39R1102
株高Plant height (cm)94.10±0.7380.06±1.06**
有效穗数Effective panicle number8.30±0.429.03±0.63
穗粒数Grains per panicle204.83±6.83158.99±6.63**
结实率Seed-setting rate (%)87.46±0.0185.07±0.01
长宽比Length-width ratio2.26±0.002.09±0.00**
千粒重1000-grain weight (g)24.99±0.0826.90±0.21**
理论产量Theoretical yield (kg/hm2)9241.057912.50
理论产量增幅
Theoretical yield increase (%)

-14.37

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图4

图4   早熟恢复系R1102Zhongzao39基因型比较

Fig.4   Comparison of genotype between early maturing restorer line R1102 and Zhongzao39


表3   R1102Zhongzao39的纯合度、遗传相似度和基因组相似度比较

Table 3  Comparison of homozygosity ratio, genetic similarity and genomic identity of R1102 with Zhongzao39 %

材料
Material
纯合度
Homozygosity ratio
遗传相似度
Genetic similarity
基因组相似度
Genomic identity
Zhongzao3999.94
R110299.1287.2671.45

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2.1.4 早熟恢复系R1102分期播种的抽穗期

为探究R1102的抽穗期性状,在2022-2023年对R1102Zhongzao39进行分期播种试验(表4),即2022年11月20日在海南三亚播种(2022HN),2023年3月17日在江西抚州播种(2023FZ01),2023年6月11日在江西抚州播种(2023FZ02),2023年7月10日在江西抚州播种(2023FZ03)。

表4   2022-2023年Zhongzao39R1102播种与栽插时间

Table 4  Dates of sowing and transplanting of R1102 and Zhongzao39 during 2022-2023

项目Item2022HN2023FZ012023FZ022023FZ03
日期Date播种11-2003-1706-1107-10
移栽12-0604-1506-2807-28
秧龄Seedling age (d)17331718

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图5表明,在不同播期内,与籼稻中早39相比,R1102抽穗期差异有所不同。随着生长期内的温度升高,这种抽穗期差相差更大。2023FZ01的条件下,播始历期相差5 d,而在2023FZ02条件下,始历期最短,抽穗期差最长(14 d)。其早熟性经过多点测试确认,R1102的感温性强。

图5

图5   R1102Zhongzao39各播种时期抽穗期比较

Fig.5   Comparison of heading stage between R1102 and Zhongzao39 at sowing dates


2.2 新组合CZY1102表型

田间表现统计结果(表5图6)显示,与对照相比,新组合CZY1102在春季(3月17日)播种抽穗期早6.40 d,秋季(7月31日)播种抽穗期短11.30 d,且存在生育期比亲本都短的超亲优势的可能。CZY1102在春季播种时间株高为79.35 cm,有效穗数12.80,穗粒数133.88,长宽比2.71,这4个性状与Zhongzao39的差异达极显著水平,其表现为分蘖力强,抽穗期早。CZY1102产量8187.60 kg/hm2,比Zhongzao39减产4.48%,差异不显著。

表5   中早39与CZY1102农艺性状差异分析

Table 5  Differences analysis of agronomic traits between CZY1102 and Zhongzao39

农艺性状Agronomic traitZhongzao39CZY1102
株高Plant height (cm)94.10±0.7279.35±0.39**
播始历期Days to flowering (d)78.50±0.5072.10±0.10**
有效穗数Efficient panicle number8.30±0.4212.80±0.65**
穗粒数Grains per panicle204.84±6.83133.88±5.78**
结实率Seed-setting rate (%)87.46±0.0185.23±0.02
千粒重1000-grain weight (g)24.99±0.1224.52±0.17*
长宽比Length-width ratio2.24±0.002.71±0.01**
单株粒重
Weight of seeds per plant (g)
34.28±2.52
32.74±1.97
产量Yield (kg/hm2)8571.15±39.828187.60±31.17
实际产量增幅
Actual yield increase (%)

-4.48

*”表示P < 0.05水平差异显著。

*”indicates significant difference at P < 0.05 level.

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图6

图6   CZY1102Zhongzao39 2023年抽穗期及米质差异分析

(a)单株;(b) 春季群体表型;(c) 2023年春秋两季抽穗期差异;(d)~(e) 秋季群体表型;(f) 米样。

Fig.6   Difference analysis of heading date and rice quality between CZY1102 and Zhongzao39 in 2023

(a) Single plant; (b) Population in spring; (c) Difference of heading date between spring and autumn in 2023; (d)-(e) Population in autumn; (f) Grains.


2.3 米质分析结果

采用NY/T 593-2021进行检测,结果(表6)表明,CZY1102糙米率和精米率都要高于Zhongzao39,长宽比2.47,中短粒。垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉、胶稠度都低于Zhongzao39。结果显示,不育系Z01SR1102测配,长宽比为中位数,垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉、消减值等4个性状值下降,且透明度由3级变为1级,更加趋于优质化。对早熟恢复系R1102的米质分析,其糙米率和精米率较Zhongzao39分别多1.3%和0.9%,垩白粒率和垩白度都明显要高于Zhongzao39。尤其是直链淀粉(26.8%)和胶稠度(30.0 mm)、碱消值级(6.6),符合NY/T 3836-2021米粉专用稻标准一级。

表6   CZY1102R1102Zhongzao39米质比较

Table 6  Quality analysis of grains from CZY1102, R1102 and Zhongzao39

质量指标Quality indexZhongzao 39CZY1102R1102
糙米率Brown rice recovery (%)80.9281.3582.20
精米率Head rice rate (%)66.8467.9667.70
整精米率Perfect head rice rate (%)62.2360.5561.50
米粒长Rice length (mm)5.255.875.30
长宽比Length-width ratio1.962.471.90
垩白粒率Chalky grain rate (%)70.056.089.0
垩白度Chalkiness degree (%)18.612.527.2
直链淀粉Amylose (%)26.022.326.8
胶稠度Gel consistency (mm)60.057.030.0
碱消值级
Level of alkali spreading value
4.55.06.6
透明度级Transparency level213
水分Moisture (%)12.3012.4712.20

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2.4 籼粳分型

CZY1102组合的双亲Z01SR1102,与4个对照品种典型籼稻类型南京11(NJ11)、Zhongzao39XL628S、典型粳稻类型日本晴(Nipponbare)的芯片检测结果如图7。典型籼稻南京11的籼型比例为85.93%,粳型比例为5.78%;典型粳稻日本晴的粳型比例为99.05%。

图7

图7   籼粳水稻典型品种(系)芯片检测分析

Fig.7   SNP testing analysis of typical varieties (lines) indica and japonica rice


Zhongzao39的籼型比例为80.48%,粳型比例为9.34%,而改良后的R1102籼型比例为71.69%,粳型比例为15.68%,其籼型比例比原始亲本Zhongzao39下降8.79%,粳型比例增加6.34%。不育系XL628S的籼型比例为71.25%,粳型比例为11.79%,而改良的不育系Z01S籼型比例为75.42%,粳型比例为12.57%,其籼型比例比原始亲本XL628S增加3.17%,粳型比例增加0.78%,详见表7CZY1102组合的双亲都有不同程度的渗入粳型血缘。

表7   7个水稻品种(系)籼粳特性分类

Table 7  Classification of seven rice varieties (lines) by indica and japonica

品种(系)
Variety (line)
总区段数
Total
区段数Section number籼型比例
Indica rate (%)
粳型比例
Japonica rate (%)
籼型区Indica粳型区Japonica不能判断区Undeterminable
XL628S1798128121230571.2511.79
Z01S1798135622621675.4212.57
Zhongzao391798144716818380.489.34
R11021798128928222771.6915.68
Nipponbare179851781120.2899.05
Balilla17980179800.00100.00
NJ111798154510414985.935.78

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2.5 苗期耐低温试验

通过10 ℃低温处理,表8表明,渗入粳型的Z01SR1102活苗率分别为54.67%和28.00%,与对照Zhongzao39存在着极显著性差异,且CZY1102的活苗率介于双亲之间,达47.33%。这一结果表明,该组合能适应南方水稻早稻生产前期中低温天气,这可能与其渗入了粳稻成分有关。

表8   4个水稻材料苗期耐10 ℃低温能力差异分析

Table 8  Difference analysis of chilling tolerance of four rice materials treated at 10 ℃ during seedling stage

指标IndexZhongzao39Z01SR1102CZY1102
活苗率
Live seedlings
rate (%)
10.67±2.0154.67±5.18**28.00±1.67**47.33±2.69**

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3 讨论

在长江中下游早稻品种中,目前选育全生育期105~110 d的早中熟早稻是主流。全生育期100~105 d的早熟类型不多,100 d以内的超早熟就更少。主要原因是早熟与高产的矛盾,许多早熟早稻品种的产量、米质或生育期达不到生产要求而难以推广应用。化感2205[13]、陵早2号[14]是目前应用推广较成功的特早熟早稻品种,它们在江西早稻季播始历期分别为60和65 d左右,但品种齐穗期较长。肖叶青等[15]利用优质早熟早籼赣早籼49号与野败不育系丰A测交后连续成对回交,在BC6F1群体中,选育出株高57 cm、播始历期45~66 d的三系不育系03A(赣审稻2006052)。以03A为母本选育的03优华占和03优66等通过审定的品种属于晚稻中熟和早稻中熟类型,生育期分别为112.9和108.8 d[16]。统计资料[17]显示,2024年全国早稻播种面积475.48万hm2,比2023年增加2.17万hm2,增长0.5%;而早稻面积最大省份湖南和江西,2024年早稻种植面积分别为121.09万hm2和120.68万hm2,两省早稻种植面积总和超过全国早稻种植面积的一半。为适应“稻―稻―油”三熟制模式生产方式转变,必须解决双季稻与油菜种植茬口衔接问题,其中一个关键环节可以选育超早熟品种,但难度较大。“稻―稻―油”三熟制配套水稻品种,除其非感光且生育期足够短以外,还必须具备耐低温、早生快发和稳产等农艺特性。

水稻非感光品种的抽穗期遗传非常复杂,目前认为有4种遗传类型,而以相同生态类型且抽穗期相差不大的品种间杂交,一般表现为多基因控制的遗传方式[8]。水稻育种界一直在寻求解决籼粳亚种间F1代生育期超亲问题的途径[18-19],并对其机制进行研究[20-22]。李和标等[19]试验发现,亚种间F1的生育期是否严重超亲取决于双亲是否带有互补的显性感光基因,虽然双亲早抽穗,但其测配的F1依然会出现超亲晚熟。因此,在长江中下游早稻背景条件下带有双亲感光基因的品种不易获得生育期短且产量理想的目标性状。前人[5,23]则提出了在籼粳亲本选配中利用光钝感基因、不受日长影响的促进抽穗关键基因以及微效基因进行分子设计育种。Ef-cd已被证实是一个显性早熟基因,位于水稻第3染色体短臂,正向调控另一重要开花基因OsSOC1/OsMADS50的表达[24-25]。前人[25-26]利用Ef-cd基因解决超亲晚熟问题,并分别以蜀恢881、汕优63和II优838品种为背景,获得导入Ef-cd基因近等基因系,可显著提早水稻抽穗期7~20 d,但对产量没有明显影响,甚至在多个地区具有不同程度的增产效果。

本研究创制的恢复系R1102和两系核不育系Z01S均为非感光、强感温水稻新材料。经过一年两季的种植测试结果显示,组合CZY1102亦表现出强感温特性,并表现为超亲早抽穗。而Z01SZhongzao39的F1的抽穗期处于其双亲中位值。可以认为,R1102Zhongzao39在基因组上存在差异,与Z01S中的非感光不完全显性早熟基因互作调控,从而促进水稻早抽穗。经分析,初步排除是Ef-cd的等位基因,该早稻背景下可能存在一个新机制,需要进一步探索。后续将对CZY1102组合开展多年多点测试,促进其尽早通过品种审定,为我国早稻生产提供新种源。同时,还将围绕R1102Z01S早抽穗基因互作及其分子机理等内容展开研究,为培育更多优秀超早熟水稻材料提供参考。

4 结论

特早熟杂交早稻新组合CZY1102的结实率为85.23%,产量为8187.60 kg/hm2,比Zhongzao39减产不显著,产量较为理想。双亲(Z01SR1102)的粳型比例分别比其原始亲本(Zhongzao39)提高0.78%和6.34%。渐渗粳型血缘能有效克服了亚种间生理障碍,且在苗期有较强的抗寒性,实现了早生快发。

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