受气候变化及人类生产活动影响, 世界盐碱地范围不断扩大, 土壤盐碱化现已成为限制农业生产发展的重要因素。燕麦是一种耐盐碱性较强的作物, 为了评价燕麦种质资源耐盐碱性及筛选耐盐碱的燕麦种质, 本研究利用125 mmol L^-1 NaCl、Na₂SO₄和NaHCO₃ (物质的量比为1∶1∶1)的混合盐碱溶液对485份燕麦核心种质材料进行发芽胁迫处理, 测定了发芽期发芽势、发芽率、根长、芽长、根鲜重、芽鲜重、根干重和芽干重8项指标, 利用相关性分析、主成分分析、隶属函数分析及聚类分析等方法对参试燕麦种质进行了耐盐碱综合评价及筛选。结果表明: 盐碱胁迫对测定的8项指标均表现出抑制作用; 盐碱胁迫下各指标的隶属函数值之间, 及各指标隶属函数值与综合评价值之间均呈现出极显著的正相关性; 通过主成分分析将8项测定指标转换成了2个主成分, 累计方差贡献率为76.926%; 结合隶属函数分析与聚类分析共筛选出2份高耐盐碱型的燕麦材料: 燕1606和海阔夫斯基596号, 将485份燕麦种质的耐盐碱性划分成了5个等级, 其中高耐盐碱材料2份、耐盐碱材料49份、中等耐盐碱材料147份、盐碱敏感材料129份、盐碱极敏感材料158份; 综合相关性分析、主成分分析和逐步回归方程结果, 确定芽长作为发芽期燕麦耐盐碱筛选的首选指标, 其次根鲜重、芽鲜重、发芽势和发芽率也是进行发芽期燕麦耐盐碱综合评价及筛选的重要指标。

为了解黄淮麦区不同小麦主推品种在生育前期的光合生理特性及其干物质积累变化特点,且为筛选高光合育种亲本提供依据,以温麦6号、周麦18、矮抗58、百农418和百农419为试材,研究了其生育前期光合速率、叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶绿素荧光参数、叶面积指数(LAI)及干物质积累变化规律。结果表明,在生育前期,百农419表现出较强的光合生理特点,其SPAD值在1月10日、1月25日、2月10日、3月1日分别比温麦6号高出2.75%,3.55%,1.43%,20.50%,比周麦18高出8.76%,10.82%,15.80%,16.44%,比矮抗58高出14.19%,16.16%,2.05%,13.74%,比百农418高出14.67%,10.63%,6.01%,13.55%;最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和电子传递速率(ETR)在4个测定时期均最高,显著高于温麦6号,在1月10日、1月25日、2月10日3个时期显著高于周麦18;光合速率比温麦6号高出20.75%,14.08%,2.91%和13.40%,比周麦18高出44.49%,31.67%,14.96%和20.10%,比矮抗58高出76.11%,28.30%,9.43%和17.51%,比百农418高出49.95%,82.29%,31.40%和20.35%;LAI明显高于其他品种,最终表现为生育前期百农419干物质积累较多。不同小麦品种在生育前期的光合生理特性结果表明,百农419具有作为高光效育种亲本的潜力。

Climate change and water resource shortages have become important problems limiting winter wheat production in the North China Plain (NCP). Understanding the physiological characteristics of different wheat varieties and their relationship with crop growth and yield is of great importance for addressing climate change through a scientific approach, adopting reliable wheat varieties, and ensuring food production. This study was conducted throughout three winter wheat seasons from 2018 to 2021. The crop growth, physiological indicators, crop yields, and water productivity (WP) of 12 wheat varieties widely cultivated in the NCP were measured to investigate the relationships between physiological characteristics and crop yield. The results showed that among the three wheat seasons, the maximum plant height of each wheat variety was relatively stable, while the changes in maximum plant density (PDm), maximum leaf area index (LAIm), and maximum dry matter (DMm) were highly variable. The gas exchange parameters and fluorescence parameters of wheat flag leaves varied with growth stage, and certain varieties were sensitive to water stress. The wheat grain yield, seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETa), and WP of the 12 varieties were similar in the 2019–2020 and 2020–2011 seasons and were approximately 25%, 7%, and 19% higher than those in the 2018–2019 season, respectively, in which there were consecutive cool events in the winter and spring. Generally, the grain yields were positively correlated with PDm, LAIm, DMm, ETa, the harvest index, and WP, at a significance level of 0.01. The high-yield wheat varieties had higher photosynthetic rates in the middle and late grain-filling stages. Based on these relationships, high-yield wheat varieties may be selected to address climate change in the NCP as well as other regions in the world. Considering the variations in yield and WP in the three different climatic conditions, we recommend Yingbo700, Lunxuan103, Shimai26, Shinong086, Han6172, and Hanong1412 as high-yield and drought-resistant wheat varieties to be used in the NCP.

Understanding the agronomic and physicochemical characteristics related to grain yield and grain quality is an ongoing hotspot. In 2018 and 2019, high-yielding rice with good palatability (HYGP), high-yielding rice with poor palatability (HYPP), and low-yielding rice with good palatability (LYGP) were grown in paddy fields to explore the main traits underlying the better grain yield and overall palatability of HYGP. HYGP and HYPP demonstrated a 18.1–20.7% higher grain yield (p < 0.05) than LYGP; HYGP and LYGP gave an overall palatability from 75.2 to 77.0, higher (p < 0.05) than HYPP. The higher grain yield of HYGP compared to that of LYGP resulted from a larger sink size because of the spikelets per panicle and the higher total shoot biomass weight (p < 0.05). HYGP exhibited more (p < 0.05) panicles per m2 but lower spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight than HYPP and maintained a similar grain yield to HYPP. Compared with HYPP and LYGP, HYGP exhibited more (p < 0.05) biomass accumulation from heading to maturity, supported by the higher leaf area index, post-heading leaf photosynthetic rate, and SPAD values. HYGP had higher (p < 0.05) adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch branching enzyme activities at the middle and late grain-filling stages than HYPP and LYGP. HYGP and LYGP had a lower (p < 0.05) chalky area, chalky degree, amylose content, setback, grain protein content, and prolamin content than HYPP, while it had a higher (p < 0.05) gel consistency, breakdown, and ratio of glutelin content to prolamin content. Our results suggested that optimized yield components, more biomass accumulation through improved leaf photosynthetic capacities, a lower amylose content with coordinated enzyme activities involved in starch synthesis, and a lower grain protein content with a better composition were the main traits facilitating the better grain yield and overall palatability of rice in east China.

为探究栽培型木薯Ku50的高光效生理特性，选用野生型木薯W14，近缘野生型A4047以及栽培型木薯Ku50为材料，通过对其功能叶片光合色素含量，净光合速率（包括光合日变化及光强-光响应曲线）及不同光强条件下的叶绿素荧光参数[包括光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转换效率Y(Ⅱ)及非光化学淬灭系数NPQ]进行测定分析，研究不同品种木薯的光合生理特性。结果表明：栽培型木薯Ku50各项光合色素含量显著高于野生型木薯W14，与近缘野生型A4047无明显差异，推测Ku50及A4047具备更高的光合碳固定能力;光合日变化测定结果显示，净光合速率Ku50略大于A4047，均远大于W14，且Ku50及A4047不存在午间光抑制现象，而W14存在较明显午间光抑制现象，推测Ku50及A4047对强光的光能转化效率较高，耐强光性更强。进一步测定光强-光响应曲线结果显示，截至最大光强2500 μmol/(m²·s)，3种木薯品种均未达到光饱和点，且随着诱导光强的升高，其净光合速率同样呈现Ku50>A4047>W14的趋势，其中Ku50可达到约40 μmol/(m²·s)，A4047可达到约34 μmol/(m²·s)，而W14仅可达到约15 μmol/(m²·s)，表明Ku50的耐强光性更强，光能转化效率更高。此外，通过测定叶绿素荧光参数深入分析不同品种木薯对光能的吸收及分配利用，结果表明，在强光作用条件下，Ku50光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率[-Y(Ⅱ)]显著高于W14，略高于A4047，但无明显差异（P>0.05）;而Ku50的非光化学淬灭系数（-NPQ）则显著低于W14及A4047，表明Ku50耗散为热量的光能较低，反向证明Ku50其光能转化效率较高，与光合色素含量及净光合速率测定结果相统一。因此，研究结果表明，栽培型木薯Ku50高光效特性由强光诱导产生，且对强光的耐受性更强，利用率更高。

为探究减氮配施有机肥对燕麦光合特性和产量的影响，本研究以‘青海甜燕麦’(Avena sativa‘Qinghai’)为试验材料，设不施氮(CK)、常规施肥施氮(T1)、75%氮肥+有机肥(T2)、50%氮肥+有机肥(T3)、75%氮肥(基肥∶拔节肥=3∶7)+有机肥(T4)和50%氮肥(基肥∶拔节肥=3∶7)+有机肥(T5)6个处理并测定了燕麦的的生长发育、光合生理和营养品质指标。结果表明：75%氮肥配施有机肥分期施用能获得较高的秸秆产量和种子产量，比常规施氮水平分别提高10.16%和5.54%；在抽穗、开花和乳熟期75%氮肥配施有机肥分期施用对‘青海甜燕麦’的生长发育、光合生理指标、营养品质起到改善作用；相关性表明种子产量与千粒重、单株小穗数、单株穗粒数和穗长呈显著正相关关系(P<0.001)，相关性系数分别达0.69，0.75，0.85和0.93。综上，给燕麦按比例分期施用75%氮肥配施有机肥在青海省湟中地区效果最佳。

为客观评价燕麦种质资源农艺性状的遗传多样性,本试验对50份国外引进燕麦种质资源的27个农艺性状进行了形态多样性指数分析,并对其中的16个数量性状进行相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析,结果表明:遗传多样性指数最高的是穗长 (H'=2.04),变异系数最大的是营养枝数(63.36%);鲜草产量与干草产量、株高、分蘖数等呈极显著正相关(P&#x0003C;0.01);聚类分析将50份燕麦种质资源分为4大类群,第&#x02160;类群为早熟种质,具有植株高大、单株鲜草产量高、茎节数和小穗多、茎秆粗壮等特点,可作为选育多目标性状的优良种质或材料;第&#x02161;类群为中晚熟种质,但有益性状不明显;第&#x02162;类群属于中熟种质,植株分蘖能力强,种子千粒重高,可作为选育高产分蘖能力强的优良亲本;第&#x02163;类群属于晚熟种质,植株茎秆粗壮,可作为选育抗倒品种的优良亲本。主成分分析将16个数量性状指标集中在累计贡献率达77.00%的5个主成分中:第一主成分与燕麦牧草产量密切相关;第二主成分载荷最高的是单株营养枝数;第三主成分载荷最高的是生殖枝数;第四和五主成分主要反映茎节数和株高。综上所述,川西北地区引进的50份国内外燕麦种质资源的遗传多样性丰富,综合评价表明,种质Golden Yellow、Lightning、Golden Rain &#x02161;、Bambull &#x02161;可以作为亲本以改良当地燕麦品种。

以典型籼稻七山占和典型粳稻秋光构建的重组自交系(RILs)F10的202个株系为试材,研究剑叶气孔性状与光合特性及其相互关系的结果表明:七山占气孔密度显著高于秋光,RILs呈接近正态的连续分布,峰值接近中亲值,向正负双向表现明显的超亲遗传;按程氏指数分类,气孔密度表现为偏粳型&gt;偏籼型&gt;籼型&gt;粳型,且粳型与籼型、偏籼型、偏粳型的差异分别达到了极显著水平,而籼型与偏籼型、偏粳型的差异不明显;气孔密度和气孔大小与光合特性的相关性均未达到显著水平,总体上气孔导度与光合速率和蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关,但是不同类型气孔导度与光合速率的关系以及气孔导度的主要影响因素还有待进一步深入研究。

为了解山西省小麦种质资源的产量和农艺性状特征，以山西省建国以来审定品种为材料，在系统获得抽穗期、小穗数、千粒重、穗粒数、株高、穗长、穗颈长、穗下节间、沟数、分蘖、旗叶面积、旗叶长、旗叶宽等17个农艺性状表型数据基础上，进行农艺性状演变趋势及关联分析。结果表明，在育种过程中不同性状的变异程度不同，其中穗颈长的变异系数最高，小穗数的变异系数最低；随着品种选育时间变化，农艺性状也随之发生变化。株型方面，平均株高由110～120 cm降低到75～90 cm，整体株型得到明显改进，由高秆披叶变为矮杆直叶，受光状态显著改善；产量性状方面，分蘖数趋于稳定，千粒重、穗粒数和小穗数不断提高；小穗数和穗粒数与千粒重相关性未达到显著水平，穗粒数与小穗数呈显著正相关，说明在山西省小麦发展历程中小穗数和穗粒数有协同提高趋势。关联分析发现33个SSR标记与农艺性状显著关联，单个标记对表型变异的解释率为5.6%～25.3%，这些标记可为分子标记辅助育种提供理论参考。