The grass tribe Paniceae includes important food, forage, and bioenergy crops such as switchgrass, napiergrass, various millet species, and economically important weeds. Paniceae are also valuable for answering scientific and evolutionary questions about C4 photosynthetic evolution, drought tolerance, and spikelet variation. However, the phylogeny of the tribe remains incompletely resolved.Forty-five taxa were selected from across the tribe Paniceae and outgroups for genome survey sequencing (GSS). These data were used to build a phylogenetic tree of the Paniceae based on 102 markers (78 chloroplast, 22 mitochondrial, 2 nrDNA). Ancestral state reconstruction analyses were also performed within the Paniceae using both the traditional and two subtype classification systems to test hypotheses of C4 subtype evolution.The phylogenetic tree resolves many areas of the Paniceae with high support and provides insight into the origin and number of C4 evolution events within the tribe. The recovered phylogeny and ancestral state reconstructions support between four and seven independent origins of C4 photosynthesis within the tribe and indicate which species are potentially the closest C3 sister taxa of each of these events.Although the sequence of evolutionary events that produced multiple C4 subtypes within the Paniceae remains undetermined, the results presented here are consistent with only a subset of currently proposed models. The species used in this study constitute a panel of C3 and C4 grasses that are suitable for further studies on C4 photosynthesis, bioenergy, food and forage crops, and various developmental features of the Paniceae.© 2015 Botanical Society of America.

In the temperate climate of South Korea, specific corn varieties are cultivated using plug trays. The cultivation process is initiated from February to March within greenhouse facilities, maintaining a temperature below 10 degrees Celsius. Following this, in April, seedlings are transplanted to enable an exceptionally early harvest for increased profitability. However, the subsequent elevation in indoor temperatures leads to seedling overgrowth. This study explores the effectiveness of three plant growth regulators—paclobutrazol, prohexadione-calcium, and diniconazole–on super sweet corn seedlings. Significantly, the application of prohexadione-calcium at 2 ppm during the first leaf stage substantially reduces seedling height and impedes the growth of both the first and second internodes. This impact extends to leaf-related traits, manifesting reductions in the area, length, and width of the third leaf. Furthermore, prohexadione-calcium induces a significant decrease in both fresh and dried shoot weight, while simultaneously augmenting root weight. This alteration results in a noteworthy shift in the root–shoot ratio, particularly at 2 ppm. Subsequent experiments have identified the optimal concentration of prohexadione-calcium at 15 ppm, effectively mitigating overgrowth in both hybrid and inbred corn varieties. These findings provide essential insights for practitioners seeking to efficiently manage corn seedling overgrowth. The study contributes to understanding the retardant effect of prohexadione-calcium on various morphological traits, offering practical applications for optimizing plant growth regulator concentrations in corn cultivation strategies.

通过探讨春玉米茎秆纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量及木质素合成相关酶活性对不同化控剂的响应, 明确化控剂调控茎秆抗倒伏能力的力学机制, 可为生产上化控剂的合理运用提供理论依据。2015年和2016年在东北农业大学向阳实验实习基地进行大田定位试验, 以玉米品种东农253为材料, 分别于六叶期喷施吨田宝(代号DTB)及DCPTA [2-(3,4-二氯苯氧基)三乙胺]和ETH (2-氯乙基膦酸)复配剂(代号KP), 对照为清水, 完全随机区组排列。分析玉米不同生育时期茎秆抗折力、抗倒伏指数、木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量及木质素合成关键酶的活性变化对不同化控剂处理的响应。喷施化控剂可显著提高茎秆4-香豆酸: CoA连接酶(4CL)和肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)活性, 以及纤维素含量、半纤维素含量、木质素含量、茎秆抗折力和抗倒伏指数, 显著降低实际倒伏率。相关分析表明, 茎秆抗倒伏指数与木质素含量、半纤维素含量呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别是0.67和0.64); 茎秆抗折力与纤维素含量呈极显著正相关(相关系数为0.89); 木质素含量与CAD活性呈极显著正相关(相关系数为0.89), 与4CL活性呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.51), 而与苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)和酪氨酸解氨酶(TAL)活性均没有显著相关性。六叶期喷施化控剂通过提高茎秆木质素合成相关酶的活性(特别是CAD和4CL的活性), 改善茎秆纤维品质性状, 显著增强了春玉米茎秆的抗倒伏能力。

There is a need to standardize the NDF procedure. Procedures have varied because of the use of different amylases in attempts to remove starch interference. The original Bacillus subtilis enzyme Type IIIA (XIA) no longer is available and has been replaced by a less effective enzyme. For fiber work, a new enzyme has received AOAC approval and is rapidly displacing other amylases in analytical work. This enzyme is available from Sigma (Number A3306; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). The original publications for NDF and ADF (43, 53) and the Agricultural Handbook 379 (14) are obsolete and of historical interest only. Up to date procedures should be followed. Triethylene glycol has replaced 2-ethoxyethanol because of reported toxicity. Considerable development in regard to fiber methods has occurred over the past 5 yr because of a redefinition of dietary fiber for man and monogastric animals that includes lignin and all polysaccharides resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes. In addition to NDF, new improved methods for total dietary fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides including pectin and beta-glucans now are available. The latter are also of interest in rumen fermentation. Unlike starch, their fermentations are like that of cellulose but faster and yield no lactic acid. Physical and biological properties of carbohydrate fractions are more important than their intrinsic composition.

幼苗徒长问题严重影响幼苗质量,因此,有效防止幼苗徒长对花椰菜育苗意义重大。该研究以花椰菜为试验对象,共设有9个处理,在不同时期喷施不同浓度的调环酸钙(Pro-Ca),研究对花椰菜苗期生长的影响。结果表明,合适时间喷施一定浓度调环酸钙可有效抑制花椰菜幼苗株高,提高茎粗、生长函数(G值)、根冠比和壮苗指数,提升壮苗质量;此外还会提高叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO₂浓度、气孔导度,促进光合作用;但对花椰菜幼苗的根系形态特性没有显著影响(P>0.05)。综合分析表明,A1B2组即幼苗齐苗时(播种后1周)施用150 mg·L^-1调环酸钙效果最好。因此,合理施用调环酸钙可有效调控幼苗株型,提高幼苗素质,利于壮苗培育。

倒伏是影响燕麦产量和品质的重要因子之一，开展燕麦抗倒伏生理机制研究对指导燕麦抗倒伏育种具有重要意义。本研究以燕麦品种蒙燕1号、坝燕6号为抗倒伏材料，以定燕2号和青引2号为易倒伏材料，分析不同倒伏类型燕麦品种茎秆基部伸长节间形态特征，酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维，纤维素和木质素及其合成关键酶活性的差异，探讨茎秆基部第2伸长节间形态特征与木质素含量及其合成酶活性同燕麦抗倒伏能力之间的相互关系。结果表明，相比于易倒伏品种，抗倒伏品种倒伏程度轻，田间实际倒伏率低。易倒伏品种茎秆基部第2伸长节间长度较抗倒伏品种高34.17%、抗倒伏品种茎秆基部第2伸长节间粗度、秆壁厚、茎重、密度、充实度、抗折力、穿刺强度分别较易倒伏品种高29.11%、26.18%、25.80%、27.97%、34.61%、36.23%、36.60%，抗倒伏品种茎秆中木质素和纤维素含量显著（P<0.05）高于易倒伏品种。木质素含量与茎秆基部第2伸长节间抗折力和穿刺强度极显著（P<0.01）正相关，相关系数（r=0.9862，r=0.9638），与田间实际倒伏率显著（P<0.05）负相关，相关系数（r=-0.9407）。抗倒伏品种茎秆木质素合成酶酪氨酸解氨酶（TAL）、苯丙氨酸转氨酶（PAL）、肉桂醇脱氢酶（CAD）和4-香豆酸：CoA连接酶（4CL）活性高，促使茎秆基部第2伸长节间积累了大量的木质素，提高了细胞壁木质化强度，增大了茎秆机械强度，进而增强燕麦抗倒伏能力。

【目的】 探讨春季不同追氮模式对小麦各节间茎秆抗倒伏能力、木质素积累及籽粒产量的影响,明确高施氮量条件下适宜的春季追氮模式,为小麦高产稳产抗逆应变栽培提供技术支撑。【方法】 于2017—2018和2018—2019年2个小麦生长季,以倒伏敏感型品种山农16和抗倒伏品种济麦22为供试材料,在高施氮量300 kg·hm^-2基施1/3条件下设置4种春季追肥模式,分别为等量二次性追氮和剩余一次性追氮,即起身期﹕孕穗期1/3﹕1/3（T1）,拔节期﹕开花期1/3﹕1/3（T2）,孕穗期一次性追施剩余2/3氮（T3）和拔节期一次性追施剩余2/3氮（CK）。深入研究春季不同追氮模式对冬小麦植株茎秆抗折力、木质素积累、木质素合成关键酶基因的表达丰度及籽粒产量的调控效应。【结果】 抗倒伏品种济麦22的各节间茎秆抗折力、木质素积累量以及单体含量均高于倒伏敏感型品种山农16,2种类型品种开花期T1、CK处理的抗折力高于T2和T3处理,木质素积累量、单体的含量表现为T1>T3>CK>T2,灌浆期和成熟期各处理间抗折力、木质素积累量以及单体的含量表现为T1>T3>T2>CK。灌浆期山农16和济麦22在T1处理下抗折力较CK、T2、T3处理分别增加24.69%、19.97%、13.15%和26.92%、15.36%、5.87%;山农16和济麦22在T1处理下的各生育阶段木质素积累量平均值分别较CK、T2、T3处理提高了21.71%、15.45%、8.85%和25.19%、21.75%、15.83%;成熟期2个品种T1处理的木质素S型单体含量平均值分别较CK、T2、T3处理高18.82%、18.48%、8.39%。不同追氮模式处理的木质素合成相关酶基因（苯丙氨酸解氨酶:PAL、咖啡酸3氧甲基转移酶:COMT、香豆酸-3-羟基氧化酶:C3H、肉桂酰辅酶 A 还原酶:CCR、肉桂酸4羟化酶:C4H等）表达均随生育进程呈下降趋势,其表达量高低依次为T1>T3>T2>CK。孕穗期追氮处理模式的千粒重高于其他处理,因T1处理可提高穗粒数以及群体有效穗数,其最终籽粒产量较高。同一时期相同处理各节间茎秆木质素积累量、单体含量均呈现为I1>I2>I3>I4>I5的趋势。【结论】 高施氮量300 kg·hm^-2基施1/3条件下起身与孕穗期等量二次性追氮模式较其他春季追氮模式处理显著提高了小麦开花后茎秆各节间抗折能力、木质素积累量、木质素合成途径相关酶基因的表达以及籽粒产量。因此,起身与孕穗期等量二次性追氮模式可作为黄淮海麦区高施氮量300 kg·hm^-2基施1/3条件下的春季适宜追氮模式。

【目的】明晰栽培条件互作对谷子叶片光合特性、茎秆生物力学性质指标的耦合影响,为运用谷子茎秆生物力学性质进行抗倒伏特性评价,为优化谷子种植栽培条件及抗倒伏优种筛选提供合理农艺措施和理论支持。【方法】采用裂区试验设计方法,主区选取4个在生产中具有代表性的谷子品种,副区为基于不同的播种密度与施肥量、播种密度与水分、水分与施肥量互作处理栽培条件,系统研究了栽培措施对谷子生长发育以及茎秆抗倒伏生物力学性质的影响。【结果】（1）除水分对谷子茎秆节平均直径影响不显著外,谷子品种、施肥量、播种密度及水分4个因素对谷子的产量、光合生理特性及茎秆形态特性均有极显著影响（P＜0.001）;（2）谷子的千粒重、产量均随施肥量和水分的增加而增加;随播种密度的增加,千粒重呈下降趋势,产量呈现先上升后下降趋势;谷子旗叶SPAD值及最大荧光值（Fm）开花期显著高于灌浆期,开花期旗叶SPAD值、灌浆期旗叶Fm可作为谷子育种的目标性状;（3）播种密度对谷子田间倒伏率的影响最大,其次是水分、品种,施肥量的影响最小;（4）谷子茎秆倒数第二节的抗拉倒力与株高、节平均长度及茎秆节含水率显著负相关,与节平均直径显著正相关。【结论】不同农艺措施互作栽培条件下,单因子对谷子的产量、植株光合生理特性及茎秆力学性能影响最大;选择优良品种、合理密植（≤70万株/hm²）、适当水肥是提升谷子籽粒品质、增加产量、减少田间倒伏率的有效措施。