化肥减施对小麦-高粱系统土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2018.01.020

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当前我国农户的肥料施用量已远超全球平均水平,所造成的土壤退化问题十分严重,因此控制我国肥料施用量已经迫在眉睫。研究肥料减施对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响,设置农户常规用量（CK）、常规用量的75%（UA_75%）、常规用量的50%（UA_50%）、常规用量的25%（UA_25%）4个处理,通过对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性分析得出：短期化肥减施对机械稳定性团聚体分布几乎无影响,但显著增加了水稳性大团聚体（粒径>0.25mm）的数量。短期化肥减施对机械稳定性团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和分形维数（D）均无显著影响。UA_25%和 UA_50%处理增加了水稳性团聚体的MWD和GMD,降低了D值和团聚体破坏率（PAD）,提高了稳定率（WSAR）。肥料减施显著降低了冬小麦产量,而UA_50%和UA_75%处理对夏高粱产量的影响并不明显。综上所述,UA_50%处理能提高小麦-高粱系统的土壤团聚体稳定性、保证夏高粱产量,但肥料减施显著降低了冬小麦产量。

关键词: 化肥减施, 小麦-高粱, 土壤团聚体, 分布, 稳定性

Abstract:

The current amount of fertilizer application in China are far more than global average level, which causes serious soil degradation problem. Thus controlling the amount of fertilizer is imminent. In this experiment, the soil aggregates distribution and stability were studied by fertilizer reduction. Four treatments including conventional dosage (CK), 75% of conventional dosage (UA_75%), 50% of conventional dosage (UA_50%), and 25% of conventional dosage (UA_25%)were set up in the experiment. The results showed that the effect of fertilizer reduction on the mechanical stability aggregates distribution was not obviously different, but the number of water stability large aggregates was significantly increased based on analysis the distribution and stability of soil aggregates. Fertilizer reduction had no significant effects on the mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and fractal dimension (D) values of the mechanical stability aggregates. UA_25% and UA_50% increased the MWD and GMD values of the water stability aggregates, decreased the D value, declined the percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD), and improved the water stable aggregates stability rate (WSAR) value. Fertilizer reduction significantly reduced winter wheat yield, while UA_50% and UA_75% treatments had no significant effects on summer sorghum production. In summary, UA_50% treatment can improve the soil aggregates stability on two seasons crops and ensure the yield of summer sorghum, however, fertilizer reduction significantly reduced winter wheat yield.

Key words: Fertilizer reduction, Wheat-sorghum, Soil aggregates, Distribution, Stability

崔江辉,崔福柱,薛建福,郝建平,杜天庆,孙隆祥. 化肥减施对小麦-高粱系统土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2018 (1): 126–132

Jianghui Cui,Fuzhu Cui,Jianfu Xue,Jianping Hao,Tianqing Du,Longxiang Sun. Effects of Fertilizer Reduction on Distribution and Stability of Soil Aggregates Based on Wheat-Sorghum System[J]. Crops, 2018(1): 126–132

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土层(cm) Soil depth	pH	碱解氮(mg/kg) Available N	速效钾(mg/kg) Available K	速效磷(mg/kg) Available P	全氮(g/kg) Total N	全钾(g/kg) Total K	全磷(g/kg) Total P
0~10	7.95	66.25	229.99	9.27	1.56	16.87	0.89
10~20	7.99	28.25	175.88	1.18	1.31	16.87	0.81
20~30	8.16	22.91	130.29	0.55	1.04	29.76	1.84

土层(cm) Soil depth	处理 Treatment	d≥10mm	10mm>d≥7mm	7mm>d≥5mm	5mm>d≥3mm	3mm>d≥2mm	2mm>d≥1mm	1mm>d≥0.5mm	0.5mm>d≥0.25mm	d<0.25mm
0~10	UA_25%	17.63±1.63a	7.88±1.75b	7.07±0.89a	9.20±0.73ab	9.49±0.48a	17.20±0.54ab	15.76±1.63a	8.20±1.21a	7.56±1.41a
	UA_50%	16.66±0.94a	16.74±4.30a	9.19±1.23a	10.32±0.83a	9.83±0.41a	15.13±1.09b	11.95±1.87a	5.49±1.42a	4.69±1.09b
	UA_75%	13.53±0.98b	10.95±0.58ab	7.52±0.31a	9.83±0.38ab	10.44±0.19a	17.55±0.15a	15.15±0.54a	8.18±0.50a	6.86±0.19a
	CK	14.38±1.19b	14.55±1.30ab	8.09±0.43a	8.09±0.45b	9.18±0.46a	16.32±0.48ab	14.77±1.01a	8.43±1.01a	6.19±0.68a
10~20	UA_25%	17.31±0.51a	13.21±0.61a	7.69±0.91ab	9.41±0.40a	9.59±0.16a	16.21±0.60a	13.49±0.92a	7.59±0.94a	5.48±0.89a
	UA_50%	13.71±0.46b	16.24±2.30a	8.75±0.62ab	10.41±0.72a	10.85±0.57a	16.55±0.87a	12.26±0.83a	6.50±0.73a	4.74±0.36a
	UA_75%	16.14±0.66a	15.79±1.23a	6.93±0.69b	9.65±0.49a	10.26±0.70a	16.58±0.85a	13.88±0.77a	6.37±0.61a	4.40±0.54a
	CK	14.85±0.20ab	15.12±1.04a	9.50±0.69a	9.36±0.41a	9.43±0.75a	15.29±0.70a	13.08±0.38a	7.59±1.01a	5.77±1.52a
20~30	UA_25%	18.17±0.18a	12.23±1.81a	6.36±0.21a	7.99±0.24a	8.59±0.30b	15.48±0.06a	15.50±0.73a	9.33±0.91a	6.35±0.98ab
	UA_50%	14.94±0.70b	14.40±1.18a	8.46±0.98a	9.02±0.36a	8.81±0.26ab	15.36±0.82a	14.03±1.30a	8.47±1.12a	6.51±0.65ab
	UA_75%	13.28±1.25b	13.29±0.86a	8.05±0.81a	8.38±0.61a	9.74±0.31a	17.43±1.35a	16.63±0.75a	8.31±0.72a	4.89±0.63b
	CK	15.01±0.32b	13.58±0.97a	8.62±0.63a	8.72±0.86a	9.08±0.38ab	15.21±0.13a	13.99±0.65a	8.41±0.46a	7.38±0.52a

土层(cm) Soil depth	处理 Treatment	d≥5mm	5mm> d≥3mm	3mm> d≥2mm	2mm> d≥1mm	1mm>d≥0.5mm	0.5mm>d≥0.25mm	d<0.25mm
0~10	UA_25%	0.02±0.01b	0.13±0.07a	0.31±0.02a	0.28±0.01ab	3.74±0.57a	13.38±2.40a	82.90±2.30c
	UA_50%	0.18±0.07a	0.03±0.01a	0.20±0.01a	0.36±0.02ab	2.57±0.15ab	9.50±0.55b	87.15±0.58b
	UA_75%	0.06±0.01ab	0.06±0.01a	0.22±0.02a	0.51±0.02a	1.93±0.31b	6.97±0.76c	90.26±1.23a
	CK	0.07±0.01ab	0.22±0.02a	0.18±0.03a	0.12±0.01b	2.45±0.17ab	8.83±0.76bc	88.14±0.78ab
10~20	UA_25%	0.01±0.00c	0.01±0.00c	0.12±0.01b	0.20±0.02b	3.41±0.69b	10.91±1.60a	85.35±2.31ab
	UA_50%	0.83±0.06a	0.63±0.04a	0.69±0.02a	0.90±0.03a	8.71±0.30a	13.01±1.82a	75.23±1.80b
	UA_75%	0.14±0.02b	0.74±0.04a	0.44±0.02ab	0.58±0.03ab	2.67±0.38b	8.03±1.69a	87.39±4.67ab
	CK	0.11±0.01b	0.17±0.03b	0.30±0.02ab	0.35±0.01b	1.92±0.42b	7.95±1.40a	89.21±3.03a
20~30	UA_25%	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00a	0.07±0.01a	0.28±0.02ab	1.19±0.05a	7.05±0.52a	91.41±0.49b
	UA_50%	0.18±0.01a	0.02±0.00a	0.25±0.02a	0.13±0.07b	0.85±0.03a	4.81±0.52b	93.77±1.26a
	UA_75%	0.23±0.02a	0.09±0.01a	0.14±0.01a	0.06±0.01bc	1.22±0.06a	4.93±0.57b	93.33±0.78ab
	CK	0.01±0.00b	0.00±0.00a	0.13±0.04a	0.40±0.02a	1.14±0.02a	6.85±0.23a	91.46±1.48b

指标 Index	处理 Treatment	机械稳定性团聚体Mechanical stability aggregates			水稳性团聚体Water-stable aggregates
指标 Index	处理 Treatment	0~10cm	10~20cm	20~30cm	0~10cm	10~20cm	20~30cm
MWD	UA_25%	3.88±0.46ab	4.31±0.28a	4.16±0.29a	0.20±0.01a	0.18±0.01b	0.16±0.00a
	UA_50%	4.65±0.64a	4.33±0.28a	4.18±0.28a	0.19±0.01ab	0.33±0.02a	0.16±0.01a
	UA_75%	3.81±0.07b	4.40±0.10a	3.94±0.10a	0.17±0.01bc	0.22±0.02ab	0.17±0.01a
	CK	4.11±0.30ab	4.32±0.24a	4.12±0.24a	0.18±0.01b	0.18±0.02b	0.16±0.01a
GMD	UA_25%	1.36±0.02b	1.46±0.08a	1.40±0.08a	0.45±0.00a	0.44±0.01ab	0.42±0.00a
	UA_50%	1.56±0.02a	1.50±0.07a	1.43±0.09a	0.44±0.00b	0.48±0.04a	0.42±0.00a
	UA_75%	1.37±0.01ab	1.50±0.03a	1.40±0.04a	0.43±0.00c	0.44±0.01ab	0.42±0.00a
	CK	1.41±0.07ab	1.47±0.09a	1.40±0.04a	0.43±0.00bc	0.43±0.01b	0.43±0.00a
D	UA_25%	2.29±0.15a	2.21±0.05a	2.27±0.05a	2.89±0.01c	2.91±0.02ab	2.95±0.00b
	UA_50%	2.13±0.19a	2.16±0.04a	2.27±0.07a	2.92±0.00b	2.83±0.09b	2.96±0.01a
	UA_75%	2.26±0.07a	2.14±0.09a	2.18±0.10a	2.94±0.01a	2.91±0.03ab	2.96±0.01ab
	CK	2.25±0.09a	2.21±0.06a	2.30±0.06a	2.93±0.00ab	2.93±0.02a	2.95±0.01b

处理 Treatment	团聚体破坏率(%) Percentage of aggregates destruction			团聚体稳定率(%) Water-stable aggregates stability rate			产量(kg/hm²) Yield
处理 Treatment	0~10cm	10~20cm	20~30cm	0~10cm	10~20cm	20~30cm	小麦Wheat	高粱Sorghum
UA_25%	80.79±2.01c	84.5±1.96ab	90.82±0.56b	4.45±0.42a	3.60±0.46b	2.12±0.12a	7 925.03±31.48c	5 567.33±14.51b
UA_50%	86.55±0.44b	74.03±1.05b	93.32±1.14a	3.20±0.14b	4.50±0.35a	1.51±0.26b	8 568.28±19.06b	6 086.33±32.36a
UA_75%	89.54±1.09a	86.80±2.01ab	92.99±0.62ab	2.36±0.26c	2.68±0.27c	1.67±0.16ab	8 783.02±22.88b	6 104.61±52.93a
CK	87.36±0.77ab	88.48±2.93a	90.78±1.36b	2.95±0.20b	2.36±0.27c	2.11±0.31a	9 452.63±65.75a	6 118.81±41.64a