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作物杂志,2025, 第1期: 89–98 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.01.011

所属专题： 水稻专题

• 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 • 上一篇    下一篇

增施穗氮肥缓解水稻穗分化期高温伤害的生理机制研究

闫娜(), 谢可冉, 高逖, 胡秋倩, 崔克辉()   

  1. 作物遗传改良全国重点实验室/农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/华中农业大学植物科学技术学院，430070，湖北武汉
  • 收稿日期:2023-12-10 修回日期:2024-01-24 出版日期:2025-02-15 发布日期:2025-02-12
  • 通讯作者: 崔克辉，主要从事作物生理与栽培研究，E-mail：cuikehui@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:闫娜，主要从事水稻高温逆境生理研究，E-mail：1587331422@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31871541)

Physiological Mechanism of Increased Panicle Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Alleviating High-Temperature Damage during the Rice Panicle Initiation Stage

Yan Na(), Xie Keran, Gao Ti, Hu Qiuqian, Cui Kehui()   

  1. National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Tillage in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2023-12-10 Revised:2024-01-24 Online:2025-02-15 Published:2025-02-12

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摘要：

全球气候变暖导致的极端高温天气严重影响水稻生产，幼穗分化期高温影响水稻幼穗发育和颖花育性，进而导致产量下降。本试验在盆栽条件下选取高温抗性品种汕优63（SY63）和高温敏感品种两优培九（LYPJ），在幼穗分化二期设置低穗肥（LN，0.072 g N/kg）、高穗肥（HN，0.144 g N/kg）2个不同穗氮肥施用量和连续15 d的白天高温处理（高温处理白天和夜间平均温度为35.6 ℃/27.5 ℃，以29.6 ℃/26.8 ℃为对照温度）。结果表明，与对照温度相比，LN和HN处理下高温导致LYPJ产量分别下降36.9%和24.8%，颖花育性分别降低22.8%和8.1%，对SY63产量和颖花育性无显著影响，表明增施穗氮肥显著促进了高温下LYPJ产量形成。增施穗氮肥显著提高了花前穗非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量，提高了花后茎鞘NSC向穗的转运量。穗NSC积累量、茎鞘NSC转运量与颖花育性、结实率和产量均呈正相关。因此，高温下增施穗氮肥可能通过促进茎鞘同化物积累与再分配缓解穗分化期高温伤害。

关键词: 水稻, 穗氮肥, 幼穗分化期高温, 茎鞘同化物再分配, 产量

Abstract:

The extreme high temperatures caused by global warming seriously affect rice production. The high temperature during the panicle initiation stage impacts the panicle development and spikelet fertility of rice, leading to the yield decline. The high-temperature resistant variety Shanyou 63 (SY63) and the high-temperature sensitive variety Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ) were selected for experiment under potted conditions. Two panicle nitrogen fertilizer application rates (low panicle fertilizer, LN, 0.072 g N/kg soil; high panicle fertilizer, HN, 0.144 g N/kg soil) were set in the second stage of panicle initiation and subjected to daytime high temperature treatment (The average temperature under control treatment was 29.6 ℃/26.8 ℃ during the day and night, the high temperature treatment reached 35.6 ℃/27.5 ℃) for successive 15 days. The results showed that compared with the control temperature, the high temperature treatment decreased the yield by 36.9% and 24.8% under LN and HN treatments in LYPJ, and spikelet fertility by 22.8% and 8.1%, respectively. There was no significant effect on yield and spikelet fertility in SY63 under high temperature treatment, indicating that increased panicle nitrogen fertilizer application rate significantly promoted the yield formation in LYPJ under high temperature. The increased panicle nitrogen fertilizer application rates increased the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in pre-flowering panicles, and promoted the post-flowering transport of NSC from stems to panicles. The accumulation of panicle NSC and the transport of stem NSC are positively correlated with spikelet fertility, seed-setting rate and yield. Therefore, increasing the panicle nitrogen fertilizer application rates may promote the accumulation and redistribution of assimilates in stems under high temperature, thereby alleviating high- temperature damage during panicle initiation stage.

Key words: Rice, Panicle nitrogen fertilizer, High temperature during panicle initiation stage, Redistribution of assimilates of stem, Yield

图1

高温处理期间温室内平均温度和相对湿度 数据为高温处理期间每天同一时间点的4个探头所测温度的平均值（n=4）。

表1

幼穗分化期高温下增施穗氮肥对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响

品种
Variety		 氮处理
N treatment		 温度处理
Temperature
treatment		 产量（g/株）
Yield (g/plant)		 有效穗数（/株）
Effective panicle
number (per plant)		 穗粒数
Spikelet per
panicle		 结实率
Seed-setting
rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)
LYPJ LN CK 25.2±0.9a 10.7±0.3a 116.6±2.6a 85.5±3.1a 23.7±0.4a
HDT 15.9±1.0c 10.3±0.7a 112.8±9.6a 59.3±6.1c 22.9±0.6a
HN CK 25.8±1.3a 11.7±0.7a 116.4±10.0a 82.5±3.5a 23.3±0.6a
HDT 19.4±0.8b 12.0±0.6a 100.8±0.7a 72.7±0.8b 22.1±0.2a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) *** ns ns *** *
N处理 (N) * * ns * ns
T×N ns ns ns * ns
SY63 LN CK 27.9±1.1b 10.0±0.0b 130.2±3.8a 82.0±3.0a 26.2±0.7a
HDT 27.6±1.4b 11.3±0.7b 117.6±6.0ab 77.5±0.7a 26.9±0.5a
HN CK 34.8±2.5a 15.7±0.7a 109.5±8.6ab 77.6±1.1a 26.2±0.8a
HDT 31.7±1.3ab 14.7±0.3a 105.1±6.3b 77.3±1.2a 26.7±0.8a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ns ns ns ns ns
N处理 (N) * *** * ns ns
T×N ns * ns ns ns

图2

幼穗分化期高温下增施穗氮肥对水稻花粉和颖花育性的影响 不同小写字母表示同一品种在不同温度、不同穗氮肥处理下同一性状在P < 0.05水平上差异显著（LSD法）。ns表示在P < 0.05水平无显著差异；“*”、“**”和“***”分别代表在P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平存在显著差异。

表2

幼穗分化期高温下增施穗氮肥对水稻Pn和Tr的影响

品种Variety 氮处理N treatment 温度处理Temperature treatment Pn [μmol/(m2·s)] Tr [mmol/(m2·s)]
LYPJ LN CK 26.7±0.7a 7.4±0.4b
HDT 26.0±0.7ab 9.6±0.3a
HN CK 27.5±0.9a 6.8±0.3b
HDT 23.7±0.8b 9.1±0.3a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) * ***
N处理 (N) ns ns
T×N ns ns
SY63 LN CK 21.7±1.1c 6.6±0.5b
HDT 23.5±0.6bc 8.9±0.2a
HN CK 28.2±0.8a 7.0±0.2b
HDT 24.6±0.4b 9.0±0.2a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ns ***
N处理 (N) ** ns
T×N * ns

表3

幼穗分化期高温下增施穗氮肥对花前叶片和穗NSC含量和积累量的影响

品种
Variety		 氮处理
N treatment		 温度处理
Temperature treatment		 叶片NSC含量
Leaf CNSC (mg/g)		 叶片NSC积累量（g/株）
Leaf TMNSC (g/plant)		 穗NSC含量
Panicle CNSC (mg/g)		 穗NSC积累量（g/株）
Panicle TMNSC (g/plant)
LYPJ LN CK 35.5±1.0c 0.36±0.0c 259.2±13.1a 0.28±0.0a
HDT 44.9±3.3ab 0.48±0.0ab 209.3±11.2c 0.10±0.0b
HN CK 39.1±1.1bc 0.47±0.0b 263.5±6.3a 0.29±0.0a
HDT 48.3±3.3a 0.55±0.0a 223.7±16.3b 0.10±0.0b
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ** ** ** ***
N处理 (N) ns ** ns ns
T×N ns ns ns ns
SY63 LN CK 44.5±2.5a 0.53±0.0b 255.5±16.4a 0.28±0.0a
HDT 43.2±2.6a 0.52±0.0b 231.2±13.6a 0.21±0.0b
HN CK 45.0±3.5a 0.66±0.0a 241.7±14.6a 0.23±0.0ab
HDT 46.7±0.4a 0.69±0.0a 214.2±8.8a 0.19±0.0b
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ns ns ns *
N处理 (N) ns ** ns ns
T×N ns ns ns ns

表4

幼穗分化期高温下增施穗氮肥对茎鞘NSC相关性状的影响

品种
Variety		 氮处理
N treatment		 温度处理
Temperature
treatment		 抽穗期
NSC含量
CNSC at heading
(mg/g)		 抽穗期NSC
积累量（g/株）
TMNSC at heading
(g/plant)		 成熟期
NSC含量
CNSC at maturity
(mg/g)		 成熟期NSC
积累量（g/株）
TMNSC at maturity
(g/plant)		 NSC
转运量
ATMNSC
(mg/g)		 NSC
转运效率
ARNSC
(%)		 NSC转运量
对产量贡献率
ACNSC (%)
LYPJ LN CK 202.7±4.4ab 2.7±0.1b 117.2±4.3a 1.6±0.1a 1.1±0.2a 41.4±5.2a 4.6±0.8a
HDT 170.0±1.7c 2.1±0.1c 117.0±3.2a 1.5±0.0a 0.6±0.1b 27.3±2.4b 3.5±0.3b
HN CK 218.9±6.8a 3.1±0.1a 117.0±3.2a 1.5±0.1a 1.5±0.2a 50.6±5.2a 6.0±0.5a
HDT 191.9±3.0bc 2.8±0.1ab 116.8±4.0a 1.5±0.1a 1.2±0.0a 46.1±1.6a 6.6±0.3a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ** ** ns ns * ns ns
N处理 (N) * *** ns ns ** * **
T×N ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
SY63 LN CK 224.0±3.1a 4.3±0.2a 122.0±2.7a 2.3±0.1a 2.0±0.2a 46.9±3.1a 7.3±0.6a
HDT 231.0±5.8a 4.3±0.5a 123.2±5.2a 2.3±0.1a 2.0±0.4a 44.9±4.6a 7.1±0.6a
HN CK 232.4±4.0a 4.8±0.1a 126.5±3.6a 2.4±0.2a 2.3±0.1a 48.8±3.1a 6.7±1.2a
HDT 216.7±1.2a 4.2±0.2a 125.7±3.6a 2.2±0.1a 2.0±0.3a 46.9±4.5a 6.5±1.2a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
N处理 (N) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
T×N * ns ns ns ns ns ns

表5

高温处理下水稻育性和产量与NSC相关指标的相关性

指标Index 颖花育性Spikelet fertility 花粉育性Pollen fertility 结实率Seed-setting rate 产量Yield
茎鞘NSC积累量TMNSC in stems 0.73** 0.86*** 0.82*** 0.87***
叶片NSC积累量TMNSC in leaves 0.54 0.54 0.55* 0.59*
穗NSC积累量TMNSC in panicles 0.56* 0.80** 0.66* 0.78**
ATMNSC 0.73** 0.78** 0.77** 0.75**
ARNSC 0.80** 0.69* 0.76** 0.54
ACNSC 0.74** 0.62* 0.69* 0.42
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