播期和播量对超晚播小麦群体生长、干物质积累及产量的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.02.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为明确北疆地区超晚播小麦适宜的播期和播量组合，以新冬18号为材料，主区设D1（10月25日）、D2（11月4日）、D3（11月14日）超晚播期处理，裂区设R1（750万粒/hm²）、R2（1000万粒/hm²）、R3（1250万粒/hm²）、R4（1500万粒/hm²）播量处理，选择当地常规播期和播量（9月25日、600万粒/hm²）为对照（CK），研究了播期和播量对北疆地区超晚播小麦群体生长、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明，与CK相比，超晚播小麦加大播量，总茎蘖数峰值推迟20 d出现，最终增加51.59%，叶面积指数（LAI）峰值增加3.15%，叶片面积减小，散射辐射透过率最低值减少7.57%，直射辐射透过率最低值减少5.74%，消光系数峰值增加0.71%，干物质积累量峰值减少29.32%，穗数增加20.57%，穗粒数、千粒重、产量分别减少38.71%、2.38%和7.60%。在超晚播条件下，相同播量下，总茎蘖数、干物质量、穗数及产量表现为D2>D1>D3，LAI、旗叶和倒二叶面积及消光系数表现为D1>D2>D3，散射和直射辐射透过率表现为D3>D2>D1，穗粒数和千粒重表现为D3>D1>D2；相同播期下，加大播量，产量先升高后降低，R2最高，总茎蘖数、LAI、消光系数及干物质积累量随之增加，叶片面积、散射和直射辐射透过率、穗粒数和千粒重随之减少。超晚播小麦适当加大播量，有利于产量提高，北疆超晚播小麦适宜的播期播量组合为11月4日播种1000万粒/hm²。

关键词: 播期, 播量, 超晚播小麦, 群体, 干物质, 产量

Abstract:

To clarify the suitable sowing date and sowing rate combination for extremely late-sown wheat in the northern region of Xinjiang, using Xindong 18 as the material, D1 (October 25th), D2 (November 4th), and D3 (November 14th) extremely late-sown treatments were set in the main plot, while R1 (750×10⁴ seeds/ha), R2 (1000×10⁴ seeds/ha), R3 (1250×10⁴ seeds/ha), and R4 (1500×10⁴ seeds/ha) sowing treatments were set in the split plot. Local conventional sowing date and sowing rate (September 25th, 600×10⁴ seeds/ha) were selected as the control (CK). The effects of sowing date and sowing rate on the growth, dry matter accumulation, and yield of extremely late-sown wheat population in northern Xinjiang were studied. The results showed that compared with CK, with the increase of sowing rate of extremely late-sown wheat, the peak of total tiller number was delayed by 20 d, and ultimately increased by 51.59%. The peak of leaf area index (LAI) increased by 3.15%, and the leaf area decreased. The lowest value of scattered radiation transmittance decreased by 7.57%, the lowest value of direct radiation transmittance decreased by 5.74%, the peak value of extinction system increased by 0.71%, the peak value of dry matter accumulation decreased by 29.32%, the number of spikes increased by 20.57%, the grains per spike, the 1000-grain weight, and the yield decreased by 38.71%, 2.38% and 7.60%, respectively. Under extremely late-sown conditions, with the same sowing rate, the total number of tillers, dry matter accumulation, the number of spikes and yield manifest D2>D1>D3, LAI, flag leaf and inverted second leaf size, and extinction coefficient manifest D1>D2>D3, scattered and direct radiation transmittance showed D3>D2>D1, spike number and 1000-grain weight manifest D3>D1>D2; At the same sowing date, increasing yield first increased and then decreased when the sowing rate was increased, reaching the highest at R2. The total number of tillers, LAI, extinction coefficient, and dry matter accumulation also increased, while leaf size, scattering and direct radiation transmittance, grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight decreased. The ideal combination of sowing date and sowing rate for extremely late-sown wheat in northern Xinjiang is 1000×10⁴ seeds/ha, sown on November 4th. In this experiment, increasing the sowing rate of extremely late-sown wheat appropriately is beneficial for improving yield.

Key words: Sowing date, Sowing rate, Extremely late-sown wheat, Group, Dry matter, Yield

田文强, 王泓懿, 聂凌帆, 孙刚刚, 张君, 张强斌, 于姗, 李家豪, 张金汕, 石书兵. 播期和播量对超晚播小麦群体生长、干物质积累及产量的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2025 (2): 115–122

Tian Wenqiang, Wang Hongyi, Nie Lingfan, Sun Ganggang, Zhang Jun, Zhang Qiangbin, Yu Shan, Li Jiahao, Zhang Jinshan, Shi Shubing. The Effects of Sowing Date and Sowing Rate on the Growth, Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Extremely Late-Sown Wheat Population[J]. Crops, 2025(2): 115–122

图/表 8

图1

图2

表1

播期和播量对小麦叶层结构的影响

播期 Sowing date	播量 Sowing rate	旗叶Flag leaf				倒二叶Inverted second leaf				倒三叶Inverted third leaf			倒四叶Inverted forth leaf
播期 Sowing date	播量 Sowing rate	长 Length (cm)	宽 Width (cm)	面积 Area (cm²)		长 Length (cm)	宽 Width (cm)	面积 Area (cm²)		长 Length (cm)	宽 Width (cm)	面积 Area (cm²)	长 Length (cm)	宽 Width (cm)	面积 Area (cm²)
CK		19.17a	1.56a	30.30a		22.58a	1.34a	30.52a		19.55a	1.20a	23.67a	15.49a	1.10a	17.23a
DR		17.49a	1.28b	22.62b		20.14b	1.12b	22.81b		17.38b	0.92b	16.26b	13.58b	0.74b	10.32b
D1	R1	20.03a	1.45a	29.02a		22.10a	1.30a	28.68a		19.58a	1.05a	20.63a	15.57a	0.91a	14.28a
	R2	18.60ab	1.34ab	25.19b		21.11a	1.20b	25.42b		17.83b	1.00ab	18.01b	13.94b	0.84a	11.93b
	R3	18.36ab	1.31b	24.30b		20.80a	1.13b	23.55b		17.46b	0.93b	16.42b	13.80b	0.81a	11.27b
	R4	17.46b	1.06c	18.68c		18.63b	0.97c	18.28c		15.74c	0.79c	12.60c	12.41b	0.65b	8.14c
	平均	18.61a	1.29a	24.30a		20.66a	1.15a	23.98a		17.65a	0.94a	16.92a	13.93a	0.80a	11.41a
D2	R1	18.75a	1.39a	26.08a		21.18a	1.20a	25.49a		18.16a	0.95a	17.41a	13.71a	0.76a	10.70a
	R2	18.66a	1.36a	25.68a		20.95a	1.19a	25.09a		17.75a	0.95a	16.80a	13.59a	0.74a	10.00a
	R3	18.00a	1.30a	23.55a		20.80a	1.13a	23.57a		17.28a	0.93a	16.10a	13.08a	0.72a	9.60a
	R4	15.96b	1.09b	17.63b		17.06b	0.97b	16.63b		15.20b	0.77b	11.72b	12.09a	0.60b	7.24b
	平均	17.84a	1.28a	23.23a		20.00ab	1.12ab	22.69ab		17.10a	0.90a	15.51b	13.12a	0.70b	9.39b
D3	R1	16.63a	1.36a	22.65a	21.13a		1.19a	25.20a	19.31a		1.04a	20.07a	15.88a	0.79a		12.84a
	R2	16.59a	1.32ab	21.88a	20.45ab		1.07b	22.06b	17.75b		0.94b	16.78b	13.49b	0.74a		10.10b
	R3	15.76a	1.23bc	19.61ab	19.57b		1.06b	20.84bc	17.06b		0.92b	15.81b	13.13b	0.73ab		9.78b
	R4	15.18a	1.13c	17.18b	17.97c		1.04b	18.91c	15.47c		0.81c	12.72c	12.33b	0.63b		8.00b
	平均	16.04b	1.26a	20.33b	19.78b		1.09b	21.75b	17.40a		0.92a	16.34ab	13.70a	0.72b		10.18b
F值F-value	D	17.94^**	0.64ns	10.41^**	3.05^*		3.87^*	4.69^*	1.24ns		1.80ns	2.48ns	2.19ns	8.13^**		6.80^**
	R	7.33^**	31.84^**	22.52^**	26.93^**		32.21^**	36.39^**	26.31^**		24.27^**	31.98^**	12.28^**	15.80^**		19.28^**
	D×R	0.59ns	0.90ns	0.93ns	0.86ns		1.05ns	1.87ns	0.51ns		0.73ns	0.75ns	0.95ns	0.46ns		0.74ns

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

表2

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播期Sowing date	播量Sowing rate	穗数Spike number (×10⁴/hm²)	穗粒数Grains per spike	千粒重1000-grain weight (g)	产量Yield (kg/hm²)
CK		649.88b	51.90a	42.78a	9733.79a
DR		783.56a	31.81b	43.80a	8994.44b
D1	R1	616.75d	42.75a	44.92a	9344.42a
	R2	785.25c	34.05ab	44.68a	9383.53a
	R3	866.75b	27.20b	43.00b	9041.31ab
	R4	983.63a	23.50c	42.50b	8756.85b
	平均	813.09b	31.88ab	43.77b	9131.53a
D2	R1	642.63d	38.65a	44.45a	9380.47ab
	R2	829.75c	32.05b	43.70ab	9625.14a
	R3	914.50b	26.65c	43.09bc	9199.58ab
	R4	1016.50a	22.80c	42.64c	9022.70b
	平均	850.84a	30.04b	43.47b	9306.97a
D3	R1	512.13d	41.70a	45.58a	8230.08b
	R2	654.13c	36.05b	44.50b	8451.56ab
	R3	737.25b	30.20c	43.90b	8811.16a
	R4	843.50a	26.10c	42.69c	8686.51ab
	平均	686.75c	33.51a	44.17a	8544.83b
F值F-value	D	198.41^**	5.79^**	4.09^**	21.75^**
	R	457.63^**	78.27^**	6.34^**	1.90ns
	D×R	0.94ns	0.50ns	42.71^**	2.78ns