Crops ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (6): 209-217.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.06.029

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Screening of Suitable Mixed Sowing Methods for Annual Forage Crops in Rikaze Alpine Valley Region

Zhou Qilong()   

  1. Institute of Grasses Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850000, Tibet, China
  • Received:2022-05-28 Revised:2022-07-26 Online:2023-12-15 Published:2023-12-15

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Abstract:

In order to investigate the performance of forage and the suitable mixed sowing method for annual forage crops in the alpine valley region, four annual forage crops (Tibetan hulless barley, oat, rape, common vetch) in the Rikaze region were analyzed with the gray correlation system in the forage value of five mixed combinations (Tibetan hulless barley mixed with rape, oat mixed with rape, Tibetan hulless barley mixed with common vetch, oat mixed with common vetch, rape mixed with common vetch) and five mixed ratio (3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3), and the mixed effects were analyzed. The results showed that the forage value order of four crops sown alone was common vetch > rape > oat > Tibetan hulless barley. The optimal mixing ratio for the five mixed combinations was Tibetan hulless barley mixed with rape 4:6, oat mixed with rape 4:6, Tibetan hulless barley mixed with common vetch 3:7, oat mixed with common vetch 6:4, rape mixed with common vetch 6:4. The top three grey correlation system scores among the 29 mixed sowing treatments were oat mixed with rape 4:6, common vetch single sowing, and rape mixed with common vetch 6:4. The combined sowing of oat and rape (4:6), oat and common vetch (6:4), and rape and the common vetch (6:4) might be employed as high-quality forage planting models for demonstration in Rikaze based on yield and nutritional composition.

Key words: Tibetan hulless barley, Oat, Rape, Common vetch, Mixed cropping

Table 1

Seeding amounts of different treatments kg/hm2"

处理
Treatment		 青稞
Tibetan hulless barley		 油菜
Rape		 处理
Treatment		 燕麦
Oat		 油菜
Rape		 处理
Treatment		 青稞
Tibetan hulless barley		 箭筈豌豆
Common vetch
A3C7 67.5 10.5 B3C7 54 10.5 A3D7 67.5 84
A4C6 102.0 9.0 B4C6 72 9.0 A4D6 102.0 72
A5C5 112.5 7.5 B5C5 90 7.5 A5D5 112.5 60
A6C4 135.0 6.0 B6C4 108 6.0 A6D4 135.0 48
A7C3 157.5 4.5 B7C3 126 4.5 A7D3 157.5 36
处理
Treatment		 燕麦
Oat		 箭筈豌豆
Common vetch		 处理
Treatment		 油菜
Rape		 箭筈豌豆
Common vetch		 处理
Treatment		 单播
Single sowing
B3D7 54 84 C3D7 4.5 84 A 225
B4D6 72 72 C4D6 6.0 72 B 180
B5D5 90 60 C5D5 7.5 60 C 15
B6D4 108 48 C6D4 9.0 48 D 120
B7D3 126 36 C7D3 10.5 36 / /

Table 2

Analysis of variance on the mixed combination, mixed ratios, and the interaction between the mixed combinations and ratios (F value)"

变异来源
Variation source		 株高
Plant height		 鲜重
Fresh weight		 干重
Hay weight		 鲜干比
Fresh weight/dry weight		 粗蛋白
Crude protein		 粗脂肪
Crude fat		 粗灰分
Ash		 RFQ
混播组合Mixed combination 511.60** 105.74** 316.92** 58.33** 85.11** 3.58* 14.72** 59.34**
混播比例Mixed ratio 82.15** 11.59** 49.28** 13.46** 83.78** 30.72** 25.23** 42.01**
混播组合×混播比例
Mixed combination×mixed ratio		 95.29** 21.30** 45.65** 7.11** 17.38** 2.52* 7.12** 7.99**

Table 3

The forage agronomic characteristics and nutritional indexes of four forge crops"

处理
Treatment		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 鲜重
Fresh weight (kg/hm2)		 干重
Hay weight (kg/hm2)		 鲜干比
Fresh weight/dry weight		 粗蛋白
Crude protein (%)		 粗脂肪
Crude fat (%)		 灰分
Ash(%)
A 66.99±7.57c 33 794.47±3668.05b 6678.75±889.09b 5.08±0.34b 8.31±0.17c 1.60±0.10b 5.70±0.10c
B 103.59±5.13b 52 086.03±2592.70a 14 755.25±1130.16a 3.54±0.22c 7.55±0.28d 1.80±0.10b 5.77±0.15c
C 115.30±12.33a 49 038.01±2537.23a 8078.75±324.66b 6.08±0.38a 13.58±0.56b 2.07±0.06a 6.97±0.25b
D 42.40±5.02d 28 759.71±5812.38b 7431.45±255.74b 3.89±0.88c 20.03±0.29a 2.20±0.20a 7.77±0.06a

Table 4

The RFQ of four forge crops"

处理Treatment NDF (%) ADF (%) DMI DDM RFV RFQ
A 52.63±2.05a 26.67±6.21bc 2.28±0.09c 68.13±4.84ab 120.65±11.78bc 168.21±22.97bc
B 55.43±0.93a 32.43±0.49ab 2.17±0.04c 63.63±0.38bc 106.81±2.34c 141.23±4.56c
C 45.33±1.05b 34.13±0.40a 2.65±0.06b 62.31±0.31c 127.90±2.61ab 182.35±5.09ab
D 34.37±1.78c 22.60±0.96c 3.50±0.18a 71.29±0.75a 193.30±9.57a 309.88±18.65a

Table 5

The forage agronomic characters and nutritional indexes of different mixed combinations"

处理
Treatment		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 鲜重
Fresh weight (kg/hm2)		 干重
Hay weight (kg/hm2)		 鲜干比
Dry weight/fresh weight		 粗蛋白
Crude protein (%)		 粗脂肪
Crude fat (%)		 灰分
Ash (%)
AC 86.58±20.39b 43 616.75±6025.15b 8638.90±1343.99c 5.09±0.58a 11.49±2.26cd 2.36±0.36a 7.01±0.71b
BC 99.34±15.23a 53 665.49±17 956.74a 14 530.40±4601.41a 3.69±0.39c 11.11±2.60d 2.47±0.48a 7.02±0.90b
AD 59.86±8.47e 27 004.49±3389.51c 6517.89±655.51d 4.14±0.27b 16.13±2.28a 2.52±0.38a 8.03±0.85a
BD 69.70±12.10d 38 309.93±9993.60b 11 721.64±2372.69b 3.24±0.28d 13.32±2.58bc 2.36±0.32a 7.29±0.49b
CD 77.88±11.16c 35 943.97±10 279.76b 9683.62±2661.81c 3.72±0.35c 14.85±3.67ab 2.60±0.37a 7.61±1.29ab

Table 6

The RFQ of different mixed combinations"

处理Treatment NDF (%) ADF (%) DMI DDM RFV RFQ
AC 48.85±4.49a 31.00±2.75a 2.48±0.23b 64.75±2.15b 124.45±13.86b 175.62±27.03b
BC 51.60±5.16a 30.42±4.58a 2.35±0.24b 65.20±3.57b 118.71±14.03b 164.43±27.37b
AD 41.98±3.01b 26.33±1.96b 2.87±0.22a 68.39±1.52a 152.47±14.39a 230.27±28.06a
BD 48.46±4.16a 28.90±2.85ab 2.49±0.20b 66.39±2.22ab 128.46±13.03b 183.44±25.41b
CD 41.49±5.07b 28.63±4.72ab 2.93±0.37a 66.60±3.68ab 152.25±26.24a 229.83±51.16a

Table 7

The forage agronomic characteristics and nutritional indexes of different mixed ratios"

处理
Treatment		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 鲜重
Fresh weight
(kg/hm2)		 干重
Hay weight
(kg/hm2)		 鲜干比
Fresh weight/
dry weight		 粗蛋白
Crude protein
(%)		 粗脂肪
Crude fat (%)		 灰分
Ash (%)
A3C7 114.15±4.69ab 46 319.51±3652.80def 9281.03±964.16hij 5.00±0.17bc 8.57±0.38ij 2.43±0.08bcdefg 6.23±0.37ijk
A4C6 63.25±4.37op 38 509.07±2602.70ghi 8859.35±682.35ij 4.35±0.05def 13.47±0.64def 2.79±0.18abc 7.37±0.15efgh
A5C5 71.90±4.89klm 36 258.96±2039.65ghij 6517.91±277.12mn 5.57±0.29ab 14.19±1.45de 2.40±0.20bcdefgh 8.00±0.44abcdef
A6C4 78.55±5.31ij 46 480.90±2467.19def 9722.16±724.83ghi 4.79±0.10cd 10.64±0.83ghi 2.40±0.20bcdefgh 6.50±0.30hijk
A7C3 105.05±5.64de 50 515.31±2960.93cde 8814.06±1183.77ij 5.77±0.46a 10.60±0.66hi 1.80±0.20ij 6.93±0.31ghi
B3C7 106.94±2.05cde 39 730.22±1436.72fgh 10 952.17±641.31fg 3.63±0.16ghij 14.20±2.72de 2.58±0.27bcdef 7.03±0.93fghi
B4C6 111.75±5.50abc 78 304.25±7974.92a 21 537.87±1416.22a 3.66±0.56ghij 11.44±1.02fgh 2.90±0.46ab 7.20±0.40fghi
B5C5 73.75±4.29jkl 52 875.79±4407.12cd 13 889.53±507.17de 3.81±0.38efghi 8.01±0.30j 1.80±0.40ij 6.40±0.30hijk
B6C4 109.65±8.76bcd 64 597.52±11465.57b 17 045.52±505.22b 3.79±0.69efghi 9.36±1.12hij 2.47±0.35bcdefg 7.20±1.10fghi
B7C3 94.60±5.31f 32 819.67±2579.38hijkl 9226.91±352.00hij 3.55±0.16ghij 12.55±1.02efg 2.61±0.28bcde 7.24±1.63fgh
A3D7 47.90±3.60s 28 480.00±2048.76klm 7072.76±258.50lm 4.03±0.25efg 18.42±1.36ab 2.60±0.40bcde 8.60±0.40abcd
A4D6 57.70±4.68qr 27 129.93±963.94klm 6453.26±510.93mn 4.22±0.29defg 17.66±1.03bc 2.90±0.20ab 8.67±0.25abc
A5D5 64.45±4.92nop 31 501.57±2257.45ijkl 7174.34±360.92lm 4.39±0.09de 12.64±0.97efg 2.30±0.30cdefgh 6.87±0.31ghij
A6D4 59.65±3.91pq 22 758.15±1800.47m 5626.91±120.58n 4.04±0.30efgh 16.37±1.11bc 2.70±0.10abcde 8.73±0.15ab
A7D3 69.60±4.78lmn 25 152.82±1068.73lm 6262.18±363.12mn 4.03±0.31efgh 15.58±1.13cd 2.10±0.30fghi 7.30±0.30efgh
B3D7 75.90±4.47jk 43 363.05±1180.26efg 12 766.40±394.15e 3.40±0.06hij 13.96±1.30de 2.27±0.17defghi 7.66±0.46defg
B4D6 65.50±7.02no 31 726.08±3083.91ijkl 10 370.84±603.26fgh 3.06±0.14j 13.46±1.98def 2.72±0.17abcd 7.29±0.16efgh
B5D5 54.40±4.12r 31 501.57±5879.93ijkl 10 046.95±982.96fghi 3.12±0.32ij 13.39±0.88def 2.39±0.25cdefgh 7.11±0.23fghi
B6D4 65.95±5.26no 30 794.68±3948.18jkl 9866.86±253.47fghi 3.12±0.36ij 16.40±1.06bc 2.51±0.17bcdefg 7.80±0.10bcdefg
B7D3 86.75±4.71gh 54 164.27±1851.76c 15 557.17±1431.63c 3.50±0.28hij 9.39±1.01hij 1.93±0.27hij 6.61±0.28hijk
C3D7 61.80±4.40opq 26 872.77±2421.74klm 7427.81±354.84klm 3.62±0.23ghij 17.51±1.06bc 2.65±0.22abcde 8.63±0.45abc
C4D6 89.80±6.56fg 43 298.76±1484.02efg 11 148.47±746.86f 3.90±0.34efgh 9.56±0.25hij 2.50±0.30bcdefg 5.97±0.65jk
C5D5 84.45±4.68h 28 672.86±2331.44jklm 7282.84±391.49lm 3.95±0.49efgh 16.31±2.06bc 2.47±0.25bcdefg 8.23±0.60abcde
C6D4 71.30±4.72klm 29 830.06±1832.15jklm 8685.74±545.62ijk 3.45±0.39hij 18.44±2.01ab 3.10±0.30a 8.80±0.20a
C7D3 82.05±3.30hi 51 045.41±6389.97cd 13 873.23±1068.47de 3.67±0.17fghij 12.43±0.80efg 2.30±0.30cdefgh 6.40±0.30hijk
A 66.99±7.57mno 33 794.47±3668.05hijk 6678.75±889.09mn 5.08±0.34bc 8.31±0.17j 1.60±0.10j 5.70±0.10k
B 103.59±5.13e 52 086.03±2592.70cd 14 755.25±1130.16cd 3.54±0.22ghij 7.55±0.28j 1.80±0.10ij 5.77±0.15k
C 115.30±12.33a 49 038.01±2537.23cde 8078.75±324.66jkl 6.08±0.38a 13.58±0.56def 2.07±0.06ghij 6.97±0.25ghi
D 42.40±5.02t 28 759.71±5812.38jklm 7431.45±255.74klm 3.89±0.88efgh 20.03±0.29a 2.20±0.20efghi 7.77±0.06cdefg

Table 8

The RFQ of different mixed ratios"

处理Treatment NDF (%) ADF (%) DMI DDM RFV RFQ
A3C7 51.73±7.04bcde 32.53±2.06abcd 2.35±0.35fghi 63.56±1.61efgh 115.58±14.21klmn 158.34±27.71klmn
A4C6 44.00±1.43hi 28.14±1.66defgh 2.73±0.09cde 66.98±1.29abcde 141.74±7.22defgh 209.35±14.08defgh
A5C5 45.75±1.05ghi 28.52±0.88cdefg 2.62±0.06cdef 66.68±0.68bcdef 135.65±4.39defghij 197.46±8.56defghij
A6C4 51.27±1.72bcdef 31.47±1.26abcdef 2.34±0.08fghi 64.38±0.99cdefgh 116.86±2.23jklmn 160.82±4.34jklmn
A7C3 51.47±2.09bcdef 34.34±1.32ab 2.33±0.09fghi 62.15±1.03gh 112.40±2.84lmn 152.14±5.54lmn
B3C7 45.51±3.57ghi 26.44±9.46fgh 2.65±0.21cdef 68.30±7.37abc 139.47±6.36defghi 204.92±12.41defghi
B4C6 49.76±2.70cdefg 31.78±2.35abcdef 2.42±0.13efghi 64.14±1.83cdefgh 120.02±3.09jklmn 166.99±6.03jklmn
B5C5 57.32±1.96a 31.80±3.49abcdef 2.10±0.07i 64.13±2.72cdefgh 104.04±1.35n 135.84±2.64n
B6C4 56.06±2.37ab 31.43±2.09abcdef 2.14±0.09hi 64.42±1.62cdefgh 106.95±2.19mn 141.49±4.26mn
B7C3 49.33±3.09defgh 30.66±2.00abcdef 2.44±0.15defgh 65.02±1.57cdefgh 123.06±10.69hijklmn 172.91±20.84hijklmn
A3D7 37.16±1.51k 24.23±2.10gh 3.23±0.13ab 70.02±1.63ab 175.60±11.27ab 275.36±21.98ab
A4D6 42.56±2.07ij 26.73±1.90efgh 2.82±0.14c 68.08±1.48abcd 149.12±10.39cde 223.73±20.26cde
A5D5 43.49±1.89ij 27.82±1.65defgh 2.76±0.12cd 67.23±1.28abcde 143.90±3.57defg 213.55±6.97defg
A6D4 44.26±0.89ghi 26.42±1.07fgh 2.71±0.05cde 68.32±0.83abc 143.62±1.38defg 213.00±2.69defg
A7D3 42.44±2.36ij 26.45±2.17fgh 2.83±0.16c 68.29±1.69abc 150.13±12.02cd 225.71±23.45cd
B3D7 46.48±1.97efghi 27.39±3.15defgh 2.58±0.11cdefg 67.56±2.45abcde 135.24±0.89defghijk 196.66±1.73defghijk
B4D6 47.52±2.41defghi 27.63±1.89defgh 2.53±0.13cdefg 67.37±1.47abcde 132.21±9.66defghijkl 190.77±18.83defghijkl
B5D5 47.59±1.76defghi 29.23±3.01bcdefg 2.52±0.09cdefg 66.13±2.35bcdefg 129.26±0.81efghijkl 185.02±1.57efghijkl
B6D4 45.63±3.22ghi 27.56±0.96defgh 2.64±0.19cdef 67.43±0.75abcde 137.99±11.27defghi 202.03±21.98defghi
B7D3 55.06±3.50abc 32.67±1.83abcd 2.19±0.14hi 63.45±1.43efgh 107.59±9.27mn 142.74±18.07mn
C3D7 36.13±3.56k 23.59±2.99gh 3.34±0.33ab 70.53±2.33ab 183.20±24.40ab 290.18±47.59ab
C4D6 46.09±3.37fghi 35.26±3.77a 2.61±0.19cdefg 61.43±2.93h 124.72±15.23ghijklm 176.15±29.69ghijklm
C5D5 43.17±5.40ij 27.22±2.15defgh 2.81±0.36c 67.70±1.68abcde 147.75±22.41def 221.06±43.69def
C6D4 38.43±3.90jk 26.48±2.24fgh 3.14±0.32b 68.27±1.74abc 166.13±12.68bc 256.90±24.72bc
C7D3 43.63±3.38ij 30.60±1.89abcdef 2.76±0.21cd 65.06±1.47cdefgh 139.43±13.74defghi 204.84±26.80defghi
A 52.63±2.05abcd 26.67±6.21efgh 2.28±0.09ghi 68.13±4.84abcd 120.65±11.78ijklmn 168.21±22.97ijklmn
B 55.43±0.93ab 32.43±0.49abcde 2.17±0.04hi 63.63±0.38defgh 106.81±2.34mn 141.23±4.56mn
C 45.33±1.05ghi 34.13±0.40abc 2.65±0.06cdef 62.31±0.31fgh 127.90±2.61fghijkl 182.35±5.09fghijkl
D 34.37±1.78k 22.60±0.96h 3.50±0.18a 71.29±0.75a 193.30±9.57a 309.88±18.65a

Table 9

Weight association and ranking of different treatments"

处理
Treatment		 加权关联度
Weight association		 组内排名
Ranking in the group		 总排名
Overall ranking		 处理
Treatment		 加权关联度
Weight association		 组内排名
Ranking in the group		 总排名
Overall ranking
A3C7 0.5046 3 17 B3D7 0.5171 2 16
A4C6 0.5189 1 14 B4D6 0.4993 3 19
A5C5 0.5183 2 15 B5D5 0.4765 5 27
A6C4 0.4840 5 25 B6D4 0.5242 1 12
A7C3 0.5045 4 18 B7D3 0.4953 4 22
B3C7 0.5409 3 9 C3D7 0.5975 2 4
B4C6 0.7282 1 1 C4D6 0.4841 5 24
B5C5 0.4657 5 28 C5D5 0.5360 3 10
B6C4 0.5693 2 7 C6D4 0.6292 1 3
B7C3 0.4954 4 21 C7D3 0.5221 4 13
A3D7 0.5967 1 5 A 0.4275 4 29
A4D6 0.5721 2 6 B 0.4847 3 23
A5D5 0.4790 5 26 C 0.5567 2 8
A6D4 0.5317 3 11 D 0.6458 1 2
A7D3 0.4982 4 20

Table 10

Hay yield increase effect of mixed combination and mixed ratios %"

混播组合
Mixed combination		 混播比例Mixed ratio
3:7 4:6 5:5 6:4 7:3
青稞:油菜Tibetan hulless barley:rape 21.18 17.83 -11.67 34.31 24.16
燕麦:油菜Oat:rape 8.63 100.36 21.66 41.05 -27.65
青稞:箭筈豌豆Tibetan hulless barley:common vetch -1.84 -9.50 1.69 -19.38 -9.30
燕麦:箭筈豌豆Oat:common vetch 32.59 0.10 -9.43 -16.56 23.88
油菜:箭筈豌豆Rape:common vetch -2.59 44.97 -6.09 11.07 75.95

Table 11

Crude protein quality-increase effects of mixed combination and mixed ratios %"

混播组合
Mixed combination		 混播比例Mixed ratio
3:7 4:6 5:5 6:4 7:3
青稞:油菜Tibetan hulless barley:rape -28.58 17.42 29.65 2.13 7.17
燕麦:油菜Oat:rape 20.64 2.44 -24.18 -6.04 34.10
青稞:箭筈豌豆Tibetan hulless barley:common vetch 11.54 15.11 -10.80 25.94 31.74
燕麦:箭筈豌豆Oat:common vetch -14.28 -10.49 -2.90 30.76 -16.86
油菜:箭筈豌豆Rape:common vetch -3.23 -45.22 -2.95 14.11 -19.88
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