Crops ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4): 135-141.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.04.017

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Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Strategies on the Root and Shoot Development of Spring Maize under Long-Term Positioning Conditions

Li Zhehao1,2(), Ji Miyuan2, Lü Meng2, Ming Bo2, Li Shaokun2, Zhang Haiyan1, Xie Ruizhi2()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
    2Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2025-03-25 Revised:2025-04-29 Online:2025-08-15 Published:2025-08-12

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Abstract:

To clarify the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer management on the coordinated development of maize roots and shoots, based on the long-term positioning nitrogen fertilizer experimental platform, four nitrogen treatments were set up (N3: 300 kg N/ha; N2: 225 kg N/ha; N1: 150 kg N/ha; N0: 0 kg N/ha), from 2023 to 2024, two maize varieties, Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 were used as experimental materials to analyze the root and shoot characteristics at key growth stages. The results showed that the increased application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the yield of maize and the biomass of both aboveground and underground parts. However, there was no significant difference in yield between the N2 and N3 treatments. The dry matter accumulation at mature stage in the N3, N2, and N1 treatments increased by 106.5%-164.3%, 87.4%-125.7%, and 71.8%-87.4% respectively compared with N0 treatment. The peak of root dry weight occurred around 15 days after tasseling, and compared with N0 treatment, the N3, N2, and N1 treatments increased by 33.67%- 49.67%, 17.87%-21.89%, and 9.69%-18.38%, respectively. The root-shoot ratio followed a single-peak curve, with the peak occurring about 45 days after emergence, and the root-shoot ratio decreased with the increasing of nitrogen application, the N2 treatment reduced the root-shoot ratio by 11.1% and 25.7% compared with N1 and N0 treatments, respectively, but increased by 4.1% compared with N3 treatment. The results indicate that nitrogen fertilizer input affects maize yield increase, and when the nitrogen application exceeded 225 kg N/ha, the yield increase effect tends to saturate. Rational nitrogen management (medium nitrogen, N2) optimizes the allocation of dry matter, coordinates root and shoot growth, and improves fertilizer use efficiency and yield. This provides a basis for precise nitrogen fertilizer regulation and sustainable maize production.

Key words: Maize, Root-shoot ratio, Nitrogen supply, Long-term fertilization

Fig.1

Monthly temperature and precipitation changes during maize growing season from 2023 to 2024"

Table1

Application rates and time of nitrogen fertilizer treatments kg/hm2"

氮肥处理
Nitrogen fertilizer treatment		 基肥Base fertilizer 追肥Topdressing
播前Before sowing V8 VT
N0 0 0 0
N1 150 0 0
N2 150 75 0
N3 150 75 75

Table 2

Nutrient indicators of the soil (0-20 cm) before sowing"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有机质
Organic matter
(g/kg)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g/kg)		 碱解氮
Alkali hydrolyzed
nitrogen (mg/kg)		 有效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg/kg)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg/kg)		 pH
2023 N3 28.54a 1.03a 139.66a 39.34a 197.17a 5.66c
N2 27.31a 1.03a 137.55a 35.97ab 195.92a 6.01b
N1 26.40b 0.97b 124.16b 33.61b 192.13a 6.21a
N0 26.17b 0.95b 117.78b 32.55b 185.31b 6.26a
2024 N3 29.07a 0.98a 150.12a 49.44a 191.37a 5.78c
N2 28.50a 0.96ab 130.87b 43.48b 182.99ab 6.23b
N1 27.13a 0.95bc 127.08b 35.04c 179.36b 6.24b
N0 25.50a 0.93c 126.55b 32.33c 177.08b 6.71a

Table 3

Yield and growth period of different treatments"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 出苗日期（月-日）
Date of emergence
(month-day)		 抽雄日期（月-日）
Date of tasseling
(month-day)		 成熟日期（月-日）
Date of maturity
(month-day)		 籽粒产量
Yield
(t/hm2)		 收获指数
Harvest
index
2023 ZD958 N3 05-21 07-24 09-27 11.82a 0.53a
N2 05-21 07-24 09-27 11.56ab 0.53a
N1 05-21 07-24 09-27 11.04b 0.52a
N0 05-21 08-04 10-04 5.69c 0.46b
XY335 N3 05-21 07-24 09-27 12.44a 0.56a
N2 05-21 07-24 09-27 12.77a 0.55ab
N1 05-21 07-23 09-27 11.83b 0.53b
N0 05-21 08-04 10-04 5.63c 0.44c
2024 ZD958 N3 05-24 07-27 09-28 12.38a 0.51b
N2 05-24 07-27 09-28 12.46a 0.53a
N1 05-24 07-26 09-28 11.43b 0.52ab
N0 05-24 08-06 10-06 4.84c 0.45c
XY335 N3 05-24 07-27 09-28 13.11a 0.51a
N2 05-24 07-27 09-28 12.66ab 0.53a
N1 05-24 07-27 09-28 12.53b 0.53a
N0 05-24 08-06 10-06 4.55c 0.47b

Table 4

Difference of nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency among different treatments kg/kg"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 氮肥偏生产力
PEPN		 氮肥农学效率
AEN
ZD958 N3 40.33c 22.78c
N2 53.52b 30.11b
N1 74.91a 39.80a
N0 － －
XY335 N3 42.59c 25.62c
N2 56.55b 33.93b
N1 81.22a 47.29a
N0 － －

Fig.2

Trends of aboveground dry matter accumulation among different treatments"

Fig.3

Dynamics of underground dry matter accumulation among different treatments"

Fig.4

Dynamic of root-shoot ratio among different treatments"

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