Crops ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (3): 223-230.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.03.030

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Effects of Foliar Spraying Calcium Fertilizer on Lodging Resistance and Yield Formation of Spring Maize

Xu Rongqiong1(), Zhang Yifei1,2,3(), Du Jiarui1, Yin Xuewei1, Yang Kejun1(), Sun Yishan1, Li Zesong1, Li Guibin1, Lu Yuxin1, Liu Haichen1, Li Weiqing1, Li Jiayu1   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University / Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
    2Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
    3Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2023-03-08 Revised:2023-05-19 Online:2024-06-15 Published:2024-06-18

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Abstract:

This study employed a pot experiment to investigate the mechanism governing the lodging resistance of maize stalk and yield creation by adding calcium fertilizer on leaf surface. The test material was maize variety Xianyu 335, and five calcium concentration were established, namely 0 (LCK), 3 (LC1), 6 (LC2), 9 (LC3) and 12 g/L (LC4), respectively. Foliar spraying was applied at maize jointing stage. The results showed that compared with LCK, LC2 treatment could significantly reduce the ear height and center of gravity height of maize, and spraying appropriate amount of calcium fertilizer (LC2 and LC3) at jointing stage significantly increased the breaking strength and puncture strength of stem base. Foliar calcium application could promote the development of crusty tissue and vascular bundle, and significantly increase the contents of soluble sugar, cellulose and hemicellulose in the 3rd internode stem of maize, which reached the maximum under LC3 treatment. Foliar application of calcium fertilizer at LC2-LC4 levels could also significantly increase maize grain yield, in which the maximum number of rows per ear of LC2 was 16.35, and the maximum 100-grain weight of LC3 treatment was 31.36 g. According to the comprehensive performance of lodging resistance indexes, chemical composition of stems and grain yield composition of maize, the optimal range of calcium fertilizer concentration of maize leaves was 6-9 g/L, which could effectively shorten the internode length of the base, reduce the ear height, lower the gravity height of the center of maize, optimize the contents of nitrogen and potassium in stems and fiber structure, and promote the development of vascular bundle and effectively increase the internode density and fullness, which could enhance the mechanical strength, additionally, it could promote ear development, increase the number of rows per ear, 100-grain weight, and yield.

Key words: Maize, Calcium fertilizer, Foliar spraying, Lodging resistance characteristics, Yield

Fig.1

Plant height, ear height and height of gravity center of maize under different calcium application levels by foliar spraying The different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference at 0.05 level, the same below."

Table 1

Morphological and structural characteristics of the 3rd internode of the basal part under different calcium fertilizer treatments"

处理
Treatment		 节间长度
Internode length (cm)		 茎粗
Stem diameter (cm)		 茎壁厚度
Culm wall thickness (mm)		 截面面积
Area of cross section (cm2)		 截面扁平率
Oblateness
LCK 15.00±1.21a 2.093±0.059b 0.188±0.015b 3.42±0.11a 0.154±0.006a
LC1 13.09±1.19b 2.128±0.105ab 0.195±0.008b 3.54±0.37a 0.153±0.016a
LC2 11.64±1.12c 2.212±0.159a 0.218±0.018a 3.84±0.57a 0.153±0.007a
LC3 11.64±0.75c 2.189±0.123a 0.200±0.007b 3.75±0.42a 0.141±0.013a
LC4 12.93±1.03b 2.159±0.161ab 0.187±0.013b 3.65±0.55a 0.156±0.011a

Table 2

Mechanical properties of the basal 3rd internode and stems of maize under different calcium fertilizer treatments"

处理
Treatment		 抗折力
Breaking
resistance (N)		 穿刺强度
Puncture strength
(N/mm2)		 秆型指数
Stem index
(%)		 弯曲力矩
Bending moment
(g·cm)		 断面模数
Section modulus
(mm3)		 弯曲应力
Bending stress
(g·cm)		 抗断弯矩
Breaking moment
(g·cm)
LCK 717.24±69.46c 79.86±5.87d 0.74±0.00ab 248 980.83±19 864.75a 658.75±49.44c 152.93±15.46d 179 310.00±17 364.56c
LC1 712.80±183.68c 99.02±7.07c 0.71±0.05b 235 151.97±3003.29ab 731.72±93.78c 257.09±32.09c 178 200.00±14 934.23c
LC2 830.96±79.52b 125.08±5.76a 0.76±0.03a 220 496.64±2364.53bc 874.86±125.14a 317.99±22.27b 241.0.00±17 696.14a
LC3 892.76±104.58ab 114.10±10.41b 0.76±0.02a 211 908.57±18 112.93cd 796.81±85.41ab 322.46±24.23b 223 190.00±14 848.67ab
LC4 964.72±240.06a 91.88±5.16c 0.73±0.04ab 202 756.04±2496.15d 729.47±129.67bc 392.02±16.66a 207 740.00±19 879.96b

Fig.2

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in the basal 3rd internode of maize under different levels of calcium fertilizer"

Fig.3

Soluble sugar, cellulose and hemicellulose contents in the basal 3rd internode of maize under different levels of calcium fertilizer"

Table 3

Quantitative parameters of microstructure of maize stems under different levels of calcium fertilizer"

处理
Treatment		 硬皮组织厚度
Stem wall thickness (mm)		 皮层厚度
Cortex thickness (μm)		 大维管束数目
Number of big vascular bundles		 小维管束数目
Number of small vascular bundles
LCK 0.75±0.02c 53.59±2.05d 142.3±3.3c 198.7±14.3d
LC1 0.77±0.02bc 64.78±2.77c 190.5±20.7b 268.8±18.8c
LC2 1.07±0.13a 80.09±1.02b 208.7±7.3a 293.8±13.8ab
LC3 0.89±0.06bc 85.42±3.14a 223.7±6.9a 301.3±3.2a
LC4 0.81±0.06c 87.89±0.09a 188.2±4.1c 275.9±3.9bc

Fig.4

Changes of microstructure of maize stems under different levels of calcium fertilizer"

Table 4

Quantitative parameters of microstructure of large vascular bundle in the center of maize stems under different levels of calcium fertilizer"

处理
Treatment		 韧皮部面积
Area of phloem (mm2)		 木质部面积
Area of xylem (mm2)		 大维管束平均面积
Area of big vascular bundles (mm2)		 维管束内厚壁细胞厚度
Vascular bundles sheath thickness (μm)
LCK 0.0347±0.0019c 0.0155±0.0018b 0.0502±0.0033c 51.34±3.92c
LC1 0.0421±0.0051b 0.0259±0.0020a 0.0680±0.0060b 56.72±3.29b
LC2 0.0442±0.0045ab 0.0263±0.0016a 0.0705±0.0049ab 62.73±3.69a
LC3 0.0502±0.0044a 0.0281±0.0017a 0.0783±0.0054a 57.01±1.54b
LC4 0.0414±0.0033b 0.0267±0.0035a 0.0682±0.0072b 50.93±3.90c

Fig.5

Microstructure changes of large vascular bundles in the center of maize stems under different levels of calcium fertilizer"

Table 5

Grain yield and its components of maize under different levels of calcium fertilizer"

处理
Treatment		 穗行数
Row number
per ear		 行粒数
Kernel
number
per row		 百粒重
100-grain
weight
(g)		 籽粒产量
（g/株）
Grain yield
(g/plant)
LCK 15.60±0.10b 35.13±0.85a 27.76±1.07c 152.13±5.58bc
LC1 15.53±0.20b 36.40±0.75a 29.61±0.68b 167.38±7.13b
LC2 16.35±0.25a 36.15±0.55a 29.87±0.40b 176.55±5.07a
LC3 16.10±0.31ab 36.35±0.15a 31.36±0.49a 183.53±3.98a
LC4 15.67±0.58b 36.90±1.60a 29.51±0.21b 170.63±12.79b
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