Crops ›› 2017, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 72-78.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2017.06.013

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Effects of Mulching Ways on Soil Hydro-Thermal Condition and Yield of Sunflowers on Rainfed Farmland

Jia Youyu1,Zhang Xiong2,Gao Yu1,Zhang Jian1,3,Ren Yongfeng1,Yin Xiulan2,Zhao Peiyi1,Diao Shengpeng1,3,Nie Jing1,Di Caixia1,An Hao1   

  1. 1Institute of Resources and Environment and Testing Technology,IMAAAHS/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation (Inner Mongolia),Ministry of Agriculture/Wuchuan Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro- Environment,Ministry of Agriculture,Hohhot 010031,Inner Mongolia,China
    2Bureau of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Wuchuan County,Hohhot 011705,Inner Mongolia,China
    3College of Agronomy,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010019,Inner Mongolia,China;
  • Received:2017-07-21 Revised:2017-08-03 Online:2017-12-15 Published:2018-08-26
  • Contact: Peiyi Zhao

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Abstract:

This study was conducted to explore soil hydrothermal condition, sunflower yield and soil wind erosion on rainfed farmland covered with plastic film mulching. The results showed that soil surface temperature had the order: full of mulching in spring > partially-mulching in autumn > partially-mulching in spring as well as full of mulching > partially-covered and ridge mulching > ditch mulching in spring. Accumulated temperature of soil for full of mulching in spring and partially-mulching in autumn were increased by 71.7℃ and 55.42℃, respectively in the whole study period, compared with partially-mulching in spring. Emergence time of sunflower were advanced by 3 days and 1 day, Florescence time were advanced by 2 days and 1 day, Flowering phase was prolonged 3 days and 1 day. The empty-percentage was reduced to 8.44% and 7.05%, yield increasing rate was 19.82% and 9.84%, respectively. The water consumption was reduced to 5.82% and 8.11%, Water use efficiency were improved to 2.70kg/(hm 2·mm) and 0.73kg/(hm 2·mm); partially-mulching in autumn could reduce soil wind erosion by 73.87% compared with without membrane. Mulching in autumn was more beneficial to reservoir of winter snow and spring rain, reducing the surface evaporation and soil wind erosion. In conclusion, full of mulching in spring and half-mulching in autumn could improve soil temperature and water conservation in soil, advance the emergence time, flowering time and extend the flowering phase, increase yields and water use efficiency of sunflower. Partially-mulching in autumn could reduce soil wind erosion.

Key words: Rainfed farmland, Mulching way, Mulching time, Hydrothermal conditions, Sunflower, Soil wind erosion

Fig.1

Soil temperature changes of different treatments in whole growth period"

Fig.2

Soil temperature changes before July"

Table 1

The pondage of 0-100cm soil horizon in each growth period mm"

处理
Treatment		 播种前
Pre-sowing		 苗期
Seedling stage		 现蕾期
Budding stage		 开花期
Flowering stage		 收获时
At harvest time		 作物耗水量
Crop water consumption
春季半覆膜Spring half membrane 86.32Bb 140.15Aa 103.65Abc 66.71Bb 102.58Cc 217.05Aa
秋季半覆膜Autumn half membrane 95.58Aa 139.79Aa 104.42Aab 65.42Bb 106.67Bb 212.22Ab
春季全覆膜Spring all membrane 86.32Bb 139.53Aa 106.43Aa 69.97Aa 114.62Aa 195.01Bc
降水量Amount of precipitation 0 31.68 24.37 42.67 87.11 -

Table 2

Seedling emergence time and seedling emergence rate of different treatments %"

出苗时间(月/日)
Seedling emergence time		 5/21 5/22 5/23 5/24 5/25 5/26 5/27 5/28 5/29 5/30 5/31 6/01 6/02 6/03 6/04 6/05 6/06 6/07 6/08
春季半覆膜
Spring half membrane		 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 7.5
 14.8
 23.2
 36.4
 53.8
 59.7
 66.2
 78.9
 85.9
 90.0
 91.7
 93.3
 95.0
 100
 100
秋季半覆膜
Autumn half membrane		 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 5.4
 15.4
 23.1
 33.6
 53.6
 66.6
 70.6
 73.2
 78.4
 85.7
 86.9
 89.9
 90.4
 92.4
 100
 100
春季全覆膜
Spring all membrane		 0.0
 5.1
 7.2
 12.7
 14.0
 30.5
 39.5
 44.8
 57.3
 63.9
 71.7
 77.6
 83.5
 86.9
 91.1
 95.0
 98.3
 100
 100

Table 3

Flowering time and flowering rate of different treatments %"

开花时间(月/日)
Flowering time		 7/20 7/21 7/22 7/23 7/24 7/25 7/26 7/27 7/28 7/29 7/30 7/31 8/01 8/02 8/03 8/04 8/05
春季半覆膜
Spring half membrane		 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.9
 1.2
 6.9
 15.3
 18.8
 22.4
 43.1
 55.4
 78.7
 90.3
 96.4
 99.1
 100.0
 100
秋季半覆膜
Autumn half membrane		 0.0
 0.0
 1.2
 2.3
 5.6
 10.6
 16.4
 22.5
 32.9
 43.8
 61.6
 88.3
 96.0
 98.4
 99.1
 100.0
 100
春季全覆膜
Spring all membrane		 0.0
 0.7
 3.3
 5.8
 17.6
 22.2
 40.8
 56.8
 67.3
 74.6
 81.3
 84.5
 94.3
 97.1
 98.6
 99.5
 100

Table 4

Growth index of different treatments"

处理
Treatment		 株高Plant height (cm) 单株叶面积Leaf area per plant (cm2) 单株干物质重Weight of dry matter per plant (g)
苗期
Seedling
stage		 现蕾期
Budding
stage		 开花期
Flowering
stage		 收获期
Harvest
stage		 苗期
Seedling
stage		 现蕾期
Budding
stage		 开花期
Flowering
stage		 苗期
Seedling
stage		 现蕾期
Budding
stage		 开花期
Flowering
stage		 收获期
Harvest
stage
春季半覆膜
Spring half membrane		 17.60Bb
 47.03Bc
 100.00Bb
 116.00Bb
 933.33Cc
 1 601.67Cc
 5 083.35Cc
 10.49Bc
 29.31Bb
 235.61Cc
 706.82Cc
秋季半覆膜
Autumn half membrane		 21.07Aa
 48.77Bb
 101.00Bb
 116.67Bb
 1 005.33Bb
 1 742.50Bb
 5 961.80Bb
 10.77ABb
 21.70Cc
 260.93Bb
 782.78Bb
春季全覆膜
Spring all membrane		 21.13Aa
 64.37Aa
 105.00Aa
 123.67Aa
 1 565.00Aa
 2 568.33Aa
 7 575.88Aa
 11.12Aa
 56.36Aa
 351.70Aa
 1 055.11Aa

Table 5

Yield characters of different treatments"

处理
Treatment		 花盘直径(cm)
Disc diameter		 茎粗(cm)
Stem diameter		 百粒重(g)
Hundred grain
weight		 产量(kg/hm2)
Yield		 增产率(%)
Yield increasing rate		 空秕率(%)
Empty abortive
rate		 水分利用效率
[kg/(hm2·mm)]
Water use efficiency
春季半覆膜
Spring half membrane		 17.80Aa
 5.93Bb
 5.55Bb
 1 966.8Cc
 -
 12.14Aa
 9.45Cc
秋季半覆膜
Autumn half membrane		 17.83Aa
 5.97Bb
 5.61Bb
 2 160.5Bb
 9.84
 5.09Bb
 10.18Bb
春季全覆膜
Spring all membrane		 18.20Aa
 6.40Aa
 6.02Aa
 2 356.8Aa
 19.82
 3.70Cc
 12.15Aa

Table 6

Effect of preventing for soil wind erosion by autumn half emebrance g/lap"

项目Item 对照
Control		 秋季半覆膜
Autumn half membrane
风蚀前干土重
Dry soil weight before wind erosion		 1 036.27
 1 036.27
重复1 Repeat 1 957.74 1 005.92
重复2 Repeat 2 989.36 1 037.48
重复3 Repeat 3 978.26 1 026.38
重复4 Repeat 4 977.42 1 025.54
重复5 Repeat 5 952.88 1 000.00
重复6 Repeat 6 978.95 1 029.07
重复7 Repeat 7 986.04 1 034.17
重复8 Repeat 8 960.05 1 008.14
重复9 Repeat 9 970.85 1 024.07
重复10 Repeat 10 952.70 999.87
均值Average 970.42 1 019.07
风蚀量Wind-blown mass 65.85 17.21
风蚀降低率(%)
Wind-blown decreasing amplitude		 -
 73.87
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