黔西南州烟区烤烟高可用性上部叶适宜采收期研究

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.04.032

Abstract

Abstract:

Yunyan 87 was used as the experimental material to find out the suitable harvest time of high-availability upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco in the Southwestern Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture tobacco areas and to determine the mature harvest standard that is most suitable for local quality improvement. The effects of the harvest date of the upper six leaves (harvested 4 days in advance, normal, and delayed 4, 8, and 12 days) on the appearance quality, chemical composition, economic properties, and sensory quality were studied. The results showed that, with the delay of harvest date, the maturity of tobacco leaves and the nicotine content increased while the SPAD value and sugar-alkali ratio decreased. Properly delayed harvesting could improve the quality of the upper six tobacco leaves, reduce leaf thickness, improve porosity, increase oil content, increase aroma, reduce irritation, good sensory quality, and high economic benefits. Through the simulated regression equation of economic characters and sensory evaluation, it was concluded that the yield value was the highest when the upper tobacco leaves were harvested after a delay of 3.03 days. The total score of the upper tobacco leaves was the highest when the harvesting was delayed by 6.95 days. Based on the comprehensive economic benefits and sensory quality, the upper tobacco leaves in the tobacco areas of Southwest Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture should be appropriately delayed for 5-7 days. The SPAD values of the upper three leaves were 10.36-12.79 and the SPAD values of the lower three leaves were 11.82-13.82. It was more appropriate to harvest the lower three leaves first and then the upper three leaves, and then weave rods and install Kang. At this time, high-quality upper tobacco leaves with good yield and quality and high availability could be obtained.

Key words: Southwestern Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture, Flue-cured tobacco, Harvest date, Upper six leaves, Maturity level, SPAD value, Quality

Liu Xinya, Chen Xiaolong, Feng Yake, Liu Yang, Duan Weidong, An Xueqiang, Chen Fayuan, Cao Xingbing, Zhao Yuanyuan, Shi Hongzhi. Study on the Suitable Harvest Date of High Availability Upper Leaves of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Southwestern Guizhou[J].Crops, 2022, 38(4): 227-235.

Figures/Tables 13

Table 1

Fig.1

Table 2

Fig.2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Fig.3

Fig.4

Table 6

Table 7

Effects of different harvest dates on aroma components of tobacco leaves μg/g"

香气物质 Aroma material	上3片Upper three leaves					下3片Lower three leaves
香气物质 Aroma material	A4	CK	D4	D8	D12	A4	CK	D4	D8	D12
糠醛Furfural	19.76	22.55	23.55	25.53	29.89	20.98	21.48	21.81	24.33	24.13
糠醇Furfuralcohol	0.00	1.61	1.20	0.80	1.65	0.00	1.03	1.63	0.85	0.78
2-乙酰基吡咯2-acetylpyrrole	0.33	1.17	0.25	0.61	0.38	0.20	0.56	0.30	0.51	0.31
2-乙酰基呋喃2-acetylfuran	1.07	1.04	0.53	0.88	0.96	0.66	0.88	0.89	0.91	0.32
5-甲基糠醛5-methylfurfural	2.27	1.52	1.08	1.35	1.30	0.93	1.16	1.17	1.29	1.57
3,4-二甲基-2,5-呋喃二酮 3,4-isopropyl-2,5-furandione	1.21	1.42	1.17	1.13	1.96	0.84	1.69	1.66	1.54	1.26
2,6-壬二烯醛2,6-octadienal	1.10	2.07	2.83	1.63	2.56	1.70	2.04	2.25	1.63	2.25
棕色化反应产物总量 Total browning product	25.74d	31.37bc	30.63c	31.93b	38.70a	25.31d	28.83c	29.72bc	31.07ab	30.61a
愈创木酚Guaiacol	2.37	2.75	2.23	2.23	1.75	1.86	2.09	2.15	2.03	2.17
芳樟醇Linalool	0.76	0.91	0.75	0.77	1.15	0.72	0.94	0.95	0.92	0.73
6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one	0.51	0.61	0.56	0.42	1.21	0.55	0.65	0.79	0.92	0.50
藏花醛Safranal	0.52	0.74	0.85	0.64	0.50	0.49	0.92	0.68	0.73	0.49
β-环柠檬醛 β-Cyclocitral	0.74	0.97	0.81	0.87	0.83	0.78	0.88	0.88	0.82	0.60
β-大马酮 β-damascenone	21.27	19.65	18.94	19.25	15.30	19.71	19.57	18.81	18.26	16.05
β-二氢大马酮 β-damascenone	13.07	14.19	15.25	17.39	11.39	12.20	11.63	12.20	17.22	12.98
香叶基丙酮Geranylacetone	1.61	3.48	2.51	2.49	2.54	1.27	2.23	2.38	2.22	2.53
二氢猕猴桃内酯Dihydroactinidiolide	2.14	2.73	3.08	3.53	4.98	1.80	2.75	3.19	3.49	3.26
巨豆三烯酮1 Megastigmatrienone-1	1.96	1.69	1.87	2.02	1.75	1.41	1.59	1.59	1.52	2.28
巨豆三烯酮2 Megastigmatrienone-2	7.67	6.56	7.04	7.66	6.60	4.90	5.40	6.00	5.95	9.72
巨豆三烯酮3 Megastigmatrienone-3	6.16	6.80	7.38	7.61	6.95	6.95	6.92	6.50	6.31	5.91
3-羟基-β-二氢大马酮 3-hydroxy-β-damascenone	2.55	3.62	4.16	4.24	6.57	3.04	4.15	4.86	4.51	4.90
巨豆三烯酮4 Megastigmatrienone-4	11.96	11.75	11.80	13.09	12.54	8.73	9.34	10.40	10.32	15.78
螺岩兰草酮Snailvetiverketone	9.21	5.93	11.69	10.73	31.85	9.60	10.52	14.45	14.20	13.08
法尼基丙酮 (5E,9E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9, 13-trien-2-one	9.25	15.14	13.34	16.69	18.96	11.03	14.17	15.56	18.35	15.81
类胡萝卜素降解产物总量 Total various of carotenoids	91.76d	97.52c	102.26c	109.62b	124.87a	85.03d	93.76c	101.39b	107.79a	106.79a
苯甲醛Benzaldehyde	0.41	0.45	0.63	0.59	0.52	0.25	0.61	0.59	0.75	1.05
苯甲醇Benzalcohol	7.98	11.17	15.21	16.69	19.53	7.95	12.44	13.10	14.65	18.21
苯乙醇Phenethyl alcohol	6.23	5.67	3.01	4.25	5.62	2.54	5.33	4.36	4.11	4.55
苯乙醛Phenylacetaldehyde	1.96	2.07	3.87	4.30	4.58	0.70	2.36	2.16	2.64	3.20
苯丙氨酸降解产物总量 Total phenylalanine	16.57e	19.36d	22.72c	25.83b	30.25a	11.44d	20.74c	20.21c	22.14b	27.01a
茄酮Solanone	33.69d	34.05d	40.83c	47.57b	57.08a	29.60d	33.10c	36.91b	37.00b	41.08a
新植二烯Neophytadiene	598.82d	611.15d	675.84c	716.09b	839.38a	633.89c	646.95c	712.10b	742.42ab	753.22a
中性致香成分总量Total aroma	766.58d	793.45d	872.27c	931.03b	1090.28a	785.27b	823.39b	900.33a	940.42a	958.71a

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

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处理编号 Treatment mark	处理 Treatment	采收日期（月-日） Harvest date (month-day)
A4	提前4d	08-21
CK	正常采收	08-25
D4	延迟4d	08-29
D8	延迟8d	09-02
D12	延迟12d	09-06

部位 Position	处理 Treatment	叶面色调 Leaf tone	叶面落黄程度 Degree of leaf yellowness (%)	主脉变白程度 Whitening degree of main pulse (%)	支脉变白程度 Whitening degree of carbond (%)	绒毛脱落程度 Degree of leaf hair Shedding (%)	成熟斑 Mature spot
上3片 Upper three leaves	A4	黄绿	30~39	30~39	0~19	30~39	较少
上3片 Upper three leaves	CK	绿黄	40~49	40~49	20~39	50~59	较少
	D4	浅黄	80~89	60~69	50~59	70~79	稍有
	D8	浅黄	90~99	90~99	60~79	80~89	稍多
	D12	淡黄	90~99	90~99	80~99	90~99	较多
下3片 Lower three leaves	A4	绿黄	40~49	40~49	10~29	40~49	较少
下3片 Lower three leaves	CK	绿黄	50~59	60~69	30~49	50~59	稍有
	D4	浅黄	80~89	80~89	50~59	70~79	稍多
	D8	淡黄	90~99	90~99	60~79	90~99	较多
	D12	淡黄	90~99	90~99	80~99	90~99	较多

部位 Position	处理 Treatment	颜色 Color	油分 Oil	疏松度 Fraction void	成熟度 Maturity	色度 Chrominance	身份 Identity	残伤面积 Residual injury area (%)
上3片 Upper three leaves	A4	柠檬黄	稍有	紧密	尚熟	中	厚	10~15
上3片 Upper three leaves	CK	橘黄	有	稍密	尚熟	中	厚	10~15
	D4	橘黄	有	尚疏松	成熟	强	稍厚	15~20
	D8	橘黄	多	尚疏松	成熟	浓	中等	20~25
	D12	橘黄	稍有	尚疏松	完熟	弱	稍薄	25~30
下3片 Lower three leaves	A4	柠檬黄	稍有	稍密	尚熟	弱	稍厚	10~15
下3片 Lower three leaves	CK	橘黄	有	稍密	成熟	中	稍厚	10~15
	D4	橘黄	多	尚疏松	成熟	强	中等	15~20
	D8	橘黄	有	尚疏松	成熟	浓	中等	25~30
	D12	橘黄	稍有	尚疏松	完熟	中	稍薄	30~35

部位 Position	处理 Treatment	产值（元/hm²） Output value (yuan/hm²)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)	均价（元/kg) Mean price (yuan/kg)	单叶重 Weight per leaf (g)	上等烟比例 First-class tobacco proportion (%)
上3片 Upper three leaves	A4	16 549.40d	796.23cd	20.78c	17.69cd	47.96c
上3片 Upper three leaves	CK	23 710.81b	965.75a	24.55b	21.46a	65.54b
	D4	24 746.45a	901.53b	27.45a	20.03b	73.78a
	D8	20 104.36c	824.63c	24.38b	18.33c	66.83b
	D12	14 349.29e	745.65d	19.24d	16.57d	39.82d
下3片 Lower three leaves	A4	20 878.27d	874.35bc	23.88c	19.43b	49.70c
下3片 Lower three leaves	CK	24 920.84b	929.43ab	26.81b	20.65a	68.93a
	D4	27 947.71a	960.30a	29.10a	21.34a	70.82a
	D8	22 429.27c	843.84c	26.58b	18.75b	64.48b
	D12	15 402.02e	781.43d	19.71d	17.37c	37.56d

部位 Position	处理 Treatment	叶长 Leaf length (cm)	叶宽 Leaf width (cm)	单叶叶面积 Single leaf area (cm²)	叶片厚度 Leaf thicken (mm)	叶质重 Leaf density (g/m²)	含梗率 Midrib ratio (%)	拉力 Tensile strength (N)	平衡含水率 Equilibrium moisture content (%)
上3片 Upper three leaves	A4	67.82ab	20.58b	36.33b	0.25a	83.06a	31.73a	2.58b	19.73a
上3片 Upper three leaves	CK	70.30a	22.92a	38.71a	0.23b	78.42b	28.64b	3.14a	19.45a
	D4	67.20b	23.30a	37.93a	0.23b	75.69b	26.52c	2.68b	18.44a
	D8	65.50b	21.17b	35.94b	0.22c	64.69c	21.90d	2.59b	18.46a
	D12	65.18b	21.04b	35.75b	0.18d	63.62c	25.40c	2.06c	19.66a
下3片 Lower three leaves	A4	75.60a	23.42b	40.81ab	0.23a	76.23a	29.56a	2.74ab	19.56b
下3片 Lower three leaves	CK	77.00a	24.64a	42.09ab	0.22a	75.82a	28.20a	2.89a	22.16a
	D4	78.14a	24.72a	42.53a	0.21b	66.75b	26.67b	2.88a	21.94a
	D8	76.17a	23.57ab	41.10ab	0.18c	62.80bc	23.21c	2.64b	19.19b
	D12	74.62a	23.19b	40.33b	0.18c	61.66c	24.33c	2.16c	19.75b

Study on the Suitable Harvest Date of High Availability Upper Leaves of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Southwestern Guizhou

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