Crops ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (3): 257-264.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.03.035

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A New Cotton Seed Balling Technology and Its Influence on Cotton Seedling Emergence, Yield and Quality

Xie Zhangshu1(), Xie Xuefang2(), Zhou Chengxuan1, Xu Doudou1, Li Jiarui1, Tu Xiaoju1, Liu Aiyu1, Li Fei3, Gong Yangcang3, He Yunxin3, Wei Shangzhi4, Wu Bibo5, Zhou Zhonghua1()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
    2Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
    3Hunan Institute of Cotton Science, Changde 415101, Hunan, China
    4Huanggai Agricultural Comprehensive Service Centre, Linxiang, Yueyang 414303, Hunan, China
    5Hunan Bio-Mechanical and Electrical Vocational and Technical College, Changsha 410127, Hunan, China
  • Received:2024-03-01 Revised:2024-04-01 Online:2024-06-15 Published:2024-06-18

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Abstract:

JX0010, an early maturing cotton variety bred by the Cotton Research Institute of Hunan Agricultural University, were used as the test material, and the cotton seeds were balled with cassava modified benign starch, bentonite, diatomite, attapulgite and seedling substrate, and a re-split experiment of three factors including seed treatment, sowing date and sowing density were carried out in the experiment base of Hunan Agricultural University to explore the effects of seed balling on cotton emergence rate, growth period, fiber quality and yield. The results showed that the growth period of cotton after seed balling was 101-108 d, which was significantly shortened by 15-18 d compared with 116-126 d of direct seeding. The emergence rate and emergence hole rate of cotton seeds after balling treatment were 19.63%-25.00% and 14.82%-20.74%, and higher than those of direct seeding, respectively. Compared with seed direct seeding, the number of bolls per plant, single boll weight, seed cotton yield and lint yield of cotton after balling treatment were significantly increased. Seed treatment had no significant effect on fiber quality, but it changed to a certain extent under the interaction of various factors. Comprehensive analysis showed that the treatment of seed balling could improve the emergence rate of cotton seeds, shorten the growth period and achieve higher yield.

Key words: Cotton, Sowing density, Sowing date, Seed balling, Emergence rate, Yield, Quality

Fig.1

Germination test of balled cotton seed and control (a) Unballed cotton seed (left) and Balled seed (right), (b) 0 days after planting, balled cotton seed (left) and unballed cotton seed (right), (c) Three days after planting, balled cotton seed (left) and unballed cotton seed (right), (d) Six days after planting, balled cotton seed (left) and unballed cotton seed (right)."

Table 1

Effects of different treatments on cotton growth process and growth period"

处理
Treatment		 生育进程（月-日）Reproductive process (month-day) 生育时期Reproductive period (d) 生育期
Growth
period (d)
出苗
Emergence		 现蕾
Squaring		 开花
Blooming		 吐絮
Boll opening		 苗期
Seedling stage		 蕾期
Bud stage		 花铃期
Flower and boll stage
A1 B1 C1 05-31 07-05 07-25 09-16 35Bc 20Cc 53BCDcd 108De
C2 06-10 07-13 07-31 09-20 33Bc 18CDd 51CDde 102Efg
B2 C1 05-31 07-05 07-23 09-12 35Bc 18CDd 51CDde 104Ef
C2 06-10 07-14 07-31 09-19 34Bc 17Dd 50De 101Eg
A2 B1 C1 06-04 07-15 08-10 10-07 42Aa 26Aa 58Aa 126Aa
C2 06-14 07-24 08-17 10-11 40Aab 24ABb 55ABbc 119BCc
B2 C1 06-04 07-16 08-09 10-04 42Aa 24ABb 56ABab 122Bb
C2 06-14 07-23 08-15 10-08 39Ab 23Bb 54BCbc 116Cd

Table 2

Emergence rate and emergence hole rate of cotton under different treatments %"

处理
Treatment		 出苗率
Emergence rate		 出苗穴率
Emergence hole rate
A1 B1 C1 89.44a 97.78a
C2 95.56a 100.00a
B2 C1 92.22a 98.52a
C2 91.11a 99.26a
A2 B1 C1 64.44c 82.22bc
C2 71.67bc 78.89c
B2 C1 67.78c 77.04c
C2 75.93b 85.18b

Table 3

Variance analysis results of emergence rate and emergence hole rate of cotton under different treatments"

变异来源
Source of variation		 P值P-value
出苗率
Emergence rate		 出苗穴率
Emergence hole rate
种子处理Seed treatment 0.000** 0.000**
播种密度Seeding density 0.301 0.823
播期Sowing date 0.002** 0.129
种子处理×播种密度
Seed treatment×seeding density		 0.037*
 0.823
种子处理×播期
Seed treatment×sowing date		 0.025*
 0.708
播种密度×播期
Seeding density×sowing date		 0.273
 0.056
种子处理×播种密度×播期
Seed treatment×seeding
density×sowing date		 0.399

 0.017*

Table 4

Effects of different treatments on cotton yield characteristics"

处理
Treatment		 单株铃数
Bolls per plant		 单铃质量
Single boll weight (g)		 衣分
Lint percentage (%)		 籽指
Seed index (g)		 籽棉产量
Seed cotton yield (kg/hm2)		 皮棉产量
Lint yield (kg/hm2)
A1 B1 C1 33.4±0.40a 4.4±0.13a 40.7±0.14a 10.7±0.72a 3724.80±8.89b 1516.35±3.80b
C2 33.8±0.87a 4.3±0.21a 40.7±0.15a 10.6±0.69a 3672.15±5.70b 1495.80±2.46bc
B2 C1 32.7±1.16a 3.9±0.02bc 40.5±0.17a 10.9±0.62a 4882.20±12.65a 1979.10±4.89a
C2 32.9±0.75a 4.1±0.04ab 40.7±0.39a 10.6±0.44a 5197.35±5.89a 2113.20±2.71a
A2 B1 C1 23.0±0.80b 3.8±0.33bc 40.9±0.52a 10.8±0.35a 2213.10±13.31d 904.35±4.89d
C2 22.8±3.70b 3.8±0.25c 40.7±0.17a 11.0±0.99a 2161.80±14.05d 880.20±5.75d
B2 C1 22.8±1.56b 3.8±0.21bc 40.7±0.24a 10.5±0.32a 3303.00±24.34c 1345.95±9.94c
C2 25.5±1.40b 3.8±0.12c 40.6±0.17a 10.5±0.51a 3648.30±14.12bc 1482.15±6.13bc

Table 5

Variance analysis results of yield characteristics of cotton under different treatments"

变异来源
Source of variation		 P值P-value
单株铃数
Bolls per plant		 单铃质量
Single boll weight		 衣分
Lint percentage		 籽指
Seed index		 籽棉产量
Seed cotton yield		 皮棉产量
Lint yield
种子处理Seed treatment 0.000** 0.000** 0.469 1.000 0.000** 0.000**
播种密度Seeding density 0.742 0.070 0.295 0.560 0.000** 0.000**
播期Sowing date 0.275 0.854 0.715 0.845 0.113 0.116
种子处理×播种密度Seed treatment×sowing date 0.152 0.064 1.000 0.336 0.753 0.789
种子处理×播期Seed treatment×sowing date 0.489 0.555 0.342 0.560 0.926 0.992
播种密度×播期Seeding density×sowing date 0.353 0.284 0.759 0.795 0.035* 0.034*
种子处理×播种密度×播期
Seed treatment×seeding density×sowing date		 0.255
 0.267
 0.907
 0.896
 0.932
 0.967

Table 6

Effects of different treatments on cotton fiber quality"

处理
Treatment		 上半部平均长度
Average length of upper half (mm)		 整齐度指数
Uniformity index (%)		 断裂比强度
Fiber strength (cN/tex)		 马克隆值
Micronaire value		 伸长率
Elongation rate (%)
A1 B1 C1 30.13±0.40b 86.80±0.17a 32.00±0.36a 5.30±0.10ab 6.73±0.06a
C2 30.77±0.32ab 86.67±0.81a 33.00±1.10a 5.37±0.06a 6.83±0.06a
B2 C1 30.40±0.30b 86.90±0.40a 31.83±0.21a 5.37±0.06a 6.73±0.06a
C2 30.67±0.23ab 86.97±0.06a 32.97±0.67a 5.17±0.06b 6.76±0.06a
A2 B1 C1 30.70±0.46ab 85.67±1.46a 32.77±0.64a 5.20±0.10b 6.73±0.06a
C2 30.70±0.10ab 86.90±0.85a 32.43±0.25a 5.37±0.06a 6.77±0.06a
B2 C1 30.07±0.49b 87.07±0.72a 31.83±0.74a 5.23±0.06ab 6.73±0.06a
C2 31.20±0.78a 86.80±0.46a 31.93±0.50a 5.17±0.12b 6.77±0.06a

Table 7

Variance analysis results of cotton fiber quality in different treatments"

变异来源
Source of variation		 P值P-value
上半部平均长度
Average length of the upper half		 整齐度指数
Uniformity index		 断裂比强度
Fiber strength		 马克隆值
Micronaire value		 伸长率
Elongation rate
种子处理Seed treatment 0.334 0.47 0.424 0.090 0.49
播种密度Seeding density 0.963 0.18 0.128 0.034* 0.49
播期Sowing date 0.011* 0.47 0.080 0.800 0.05
种子处理×播种密度
Seed treatment×seeding density		 0.675
 0.47
 0.243
 0.800
 0.49
种子处理×播期Seed treatment×sowing date 0.744 0.41 0.033* 0.090 0.49
播种密度×播期Seeding density×sowing date 0.292 0.30 0.585 0.001** 0.49
种子处理×播种密度×播期
Seed treatment×seeding density×sowing date		 0.049*
 0.18
 0.772
 0.800
 0.49

Fig.2

Schematic diagram of untreated and balled seeds (a) Untreated cotton seeds, (b) Balled cotton seeds."

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