Crops ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 24-32.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.04.004

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Genetic Diversity Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Maize Landraces in Southwest China

Li Qingchao1(), Zhang Dengfeng2, Li Chunhui2, Yang Shan1, Liu Jianxin1, Wu Xun3()   

  1. 1Bijie Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bijie 551700, Guizhou, China
    2Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    3Institute of Drought Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550000, Guizhou, China
  • Received:2024-01-26 Revised:2024-03-19 Online:2024-08-15 Published:2024-08-14

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Abstract:

Totall 785 maize landraces from Southwest China were used to investigate the relationships between phenotypic traits of maize germplasm resources in Southwest China and to identify and screen elite germplasm resources. The 13 phenotypic traits were comprehensively evaluated by means of membership function, Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index, grey correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of the 13 phenotypic traits ranged from 10.5% to 84.0%, and the genetic diversity index ranged from 1.597 to 1.999. The grey correlation analysis revealed the relationships between the traits and yield, extensive correlations among the traits, and the abundant genetic variation in the landraces were evaluated. The 785 landraces were divided into three groups according to the method of K-means systematic clustering, including 168, 405 and 212 landraces, respectively. Finally, 15 landraces with the best performance were screened out.

Key words: Maize, Landrace, Phenotypic traits, Genetic diversity, Comprehensive evaluation

Table 1

Coefficient of variation analysis for 13 phenotypic traits of maize landraces from different provinces (cities) of Southwest China"

性状
Trait		 平均值
Mean		 标准差
Standard deviation		 变异系数
CV (%)		 变异系数CV (%)
贵州GZ 四川SC 云南YN 陕西SX 重庆CQ
X1 (cm) 292.247 49.884 17.1 16.0 14.4 15.5 12.4 14.9
X2 (cm) 135.076 36.970 27.4 22.9 24.9 24.2 19.4 21.9
X3 (cm) 49.030 5.126 10.5 11.9 9.5 7.8 7.2 9.0
X4 17.511 4.134 23.6 21.5 21.2 22.9 16.8 23.3
X5 (cm) 18.032 2.586 14.3 14.9 12.3 13.8 11.8 18.2
X6 (cm) 4.965 0.541 10.9 11.1 10.1 11.4 9.3 11.3
X7 (cm) 0.957 0.804 84.0 87.3 85.0 70.5 84.8 84.1
X8 13.065 1.906 14.6 16.1 12.7 14.5 14.0 13.6
X9 35.463 5.158 14.5 14.6 12.4 15.7 12.2 17.7
X10 (g) 0.832 0.327 39.3 38.6 34.6 43.8 30.4 44.9
X11 (%) 16.070 2.441 15.2 14.8 11.1 16.2 12.9 16.7
X12 (g) 37.382 7.428 19.9 20.2 18.0 17.7 15.5 19.7
X13 (kg) 3.358 1.379 41.1 40.5 36.7 47.8 31.5 48.5

Table 2

The genetic diversity indexes of phenotypic traits"

省（市）
Province (city)		 性状Trait
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13
贵州GZ 2.098 2.066 1.761 1.931 1.825 1.738 1.675 1.933 2.022 2.015 1.783 1.964 2.115
四川SC 1.964 2.051 1.933 1.866 1.927 1.974 1.930 1.808 2.024 1.923 1.703 1.919 2.106
云南YN 1.959 1.965 1.772 1.822 2.032 1.953 1.882 1.962 1.915 2.039 1.756 2.019 2.034
陕西SX 1.987 1.954 2.078 2.115 2.072 1.998 1.935 2.144 1.927 2.117 1.923 2.026 2.190
重庆CQ 2.036 2.086 1.993 2.078 1.942 2.051 1.958 1.998 2.009 1.918 1.734 2.184 2.172
综合Total 1.999 1.964 1.628 1.784 1.768 1.710 1.597 1.869 1.759 1.952 1.610 1.936 1.971

Fig.1

Number distributions of membership values of 13 phenotypic traits"

Table 3

Correlation analysis of 13 phenotypic traits in 785 maize germplasm resources"

性状Trait X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13
X1 1.000 0.926** 0.458** 0.530** 0.476** 0.360** 0.155** -0.142** 0.290** 0.463** 0.321** 0.600** 0.303**
X2 0.926** 1.000 0.359** 0.538** 0.422** 0.309** 0.167** -0.126** 0.253** 0.392** 0.355** 0.513** 0.217**
X3 0.458** 0.359** 1.000 0.551** 0.373** 0.220** -0.035 -0.078* 0.330** 0.362** -0.015 0.355** 0.299**
X4 0.530** 0.538** 0.551** 1.000 0.341** 0.248** 0.018 -0.018 0.314** 0.325** 0.117** 0.304** 0.244**
X5 0.476** 0.422** 0.373** 0.341** 1.000 0.474** 0.126** -0.032 0.743** 0.561** 0.163** 0.537** 0.484**
X6 0.360** 0.309** 0.220** 0.248** 0.474** 1.000 0.078* 0.325** 0.449** 0.538** 0.152** 0.481** 0.497**
X7 0.155** 0.167** -0.035 0.018 0.126** 0.078* 1.000 0.028 -0.115** 0.046 0.158** 0.093** -0.006
X8 -0.142** -0.126** -0.078* -0.018 -0.032 0.325** 0.028 1.000 0.120** 0.063 0.049 -0.352** 0.153**
X9 0.290** 0.253** 0.330** 0.314** 0.743** 0.449** -0.115** 0.120** 1.000 0.484** 0.044 0.278** 0.520**
X10 0.463** 0.392** 0.362** 0.325** 0.561** 0.538** 0.046 0.063 0.484** 1.000 0.235** 0.596** 0.783**
X11 0.321** 0.355** -0.015 0.117** 0.163** 0.152** 0.158** 0.049 0.044 0.235** 1.000 0.254** 0.110**
X12 0.600** 0.513** 0.355** 0.304** 0.537** 0.481** 0.093** -0.352** 0.278** 0.596** 0.254** 1.000 0.502**
X13 0.303** 0.217** 0.299** 0.244** 0.484** 0.497** -0.006 0.153** 0.520** 0.783** 0.110** 0.502** 1.000

Fig.2

K-means cluster analysis of 13 phenotypic traits of 785 maize germplasm resources"

Table 4

Comparison of the phenotypic differences of three cluster groups of maize landraces"

性状Trait 类群I Group I (n=168) 类群Ⅱ Group Ⅱ (n=405) 类群Ⅲ Group Ⅲ (n=212) F P
X1 226.081±24.815 287.098±18.404 354.515±26.032 1602.350 0.000***
X2 89.179±18.815 129.728±15.303 181.662±20.911 1312.210 0.000***
X3 45.186±4.984 49.280±4.431 51.598±4.674 91.513 0.000***
X4 14.293±3.575 17.396±3.498 20.282±3.739 131.557 0.000***
X5 16.194±2.531 18.110±2.273 19.340±2.335 84.634 0.000***
X6 4.698±0.595 4.973±0.496 5.161±0.492 37.601 0.000***
X7 0.817±0.683 0.915±0.793 1.148±0.878 9.267 0.000***
X8 13.524±1.904 13.055±1.817 12.719±2.003 8.543 0.000***
X9 32.879±5.228 35.791±4.632 36.883±5.347 32.330 0.000***
X10 0.580±0.284 0.853±0.274 0.991±0.337 93.422 0.000***
X11 15.317±1.825 15.706±2.226 17.360±2.765 47.048 0.000***
X12 30.608±6.684 37.616±5.836 42.304±6.592 165.555 0.000***
X13 2.451±1.300 3.620±1.252 3.578±1.376 52.410 0.000***

Fig.3

UMAP cluster map of phenotypic traits of 785 maize germplasm resources"

Table 5

Principal component analysis of 13 phenotypic traits in 785 maize germplasm resources"

性状
Trait		 主成分1
Principal component 1		 主成分2
Principal component 2		 主成分3
Principal component 3		 主成分4
Principal component 4
X1 0.788 -0.464 0.065 0.141
X2 0.723 -0.512 0.122 0.199
X3 0.579 -0.123 -0.463 0.298
X4 0.603 -0.247 -0.265 0.493
X5 0.773 0.183 -0.061 -0.123
X6 0.646 0.395 0.255 0.061
X7 0.113 -0.244 0.598 -0.004
X8 -0.022 0.602 0.413 0.618
X9 0.643 0.450 -0.220 0.041
X10 0.792 0.275 0.072 -0.217
X11 0.320 -0.251 0.602 -0.027
X12 0.754 -0.193 -0.007 -0.463
X13 0.685 0.466 0.014 -0.223
特征值Eigenvalue 5.052 1.761 1.316 1.106
贡献率Contribution rate (%) 38.862 13.545 10.120 8.507
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate (%) 38.862 52.407 62.527 71.034

Table 6

Comprehensive evaluation F values and ranking of 15 excellent maize germplasm resources"

编号Number F值F value 种质名称Name of landrace 来源省（市）Source province (city) 类群Group 排名Ranking
K848 2.191 铁秆玉米 贵州 Ⅲ 1
K612 1.701 新平建兴大白玉米 云南 Ⅲ 2
K683 1.627 景星白玉米 云南 Ⅲ 3
K128 1.462 包谷 贵州 Ⅲ 4
K806 1.442 白苞谷 贵州 Ⅲ 5
K218 1.423 黄苞谷 贵州 Ⅲ 6
K717 1.383 大红包谷 重庆 Ⅱ 7
K224 1.375 本地白苞谷 贵州 Ⅲ 8
K653 1.365 本地白包谷 云南 Ⅲ 9
K845 1.316 小黄包谷 贵州 Ⅲ 10
K152 1.288 齐伯白马牙 贵州 Ⅱ 11
K225 1.247 白玉米 贵州 Ⅲ 12
K230 1.240 花玉米 贵州 Ⅲ 13
K065 1.237 本地白包谷 贵州 Ⅲ 14
K926 1.234 老黄包谷 贵州 Ⅱ 15

Fig.4

Principal component biplot of phenotypic traits in 785 maize germplasm resources"

Table 7

Grey correlation analysis of 785 maize germplasm resources"

性状Trait 关联度The degree of correlation 排名Ranking
X10 0.926 1
X9 0.896 2
X12 0.896 3
X5 0.894 4
X6 0.892 5
X1 0.888 6
X3 0.887 7
X4 0.885 8
X8 0.882 9
X2 0.880 10
X11 0.878 11
X7 0.780 12
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