Crops ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 223-231.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.04.029

Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Straw Returning Methods on Soil Water and Heat and Seedling Growth and Yield of Spring Maize in Eastern Region of Inner Mongolia

Wang Fugui1(), Zou Runhou2, Gao Julin2, Wang Zhen3, Cheng Zhipeng2, Hao Qi2, Zhang Yuezhong4, Wang Zhigang2()   

  1. 1Vocational and Technical College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou 014109, Inner Mongolia, China
    2Agricultural College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, Inner Mongolia, China
    3College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, Inner Mongolia, China
    4Xing'an League Zhalaite Banner Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and Science and Technology Bureau, Xing'an League 137400, Inner Mongolia, China
  • Received:2023-04-03 Revised:2023-07-14 Online:2024-08-15 Published:2024-08-14

RichHTML

1

PDF (PC)

249

Abstract:

Aiming at issues like the fact that maize is prone to cold damage at the seedling stage and that it can not be sown on time because of recurrent low temperatures and droughts in the warm, dry farming area in spring, five strategies for returning residue to the field were established: conventional plowing (CP), deep plowing (MB+R), subsoiling stirring (CS+R), no-tillage (NT+R), and strip tillage (ST+R). The effects of straw returning methods on soil temperature and humidity, emergence rate, emergence uniformity, plant height, leaf area index and yield of spring maize from sowing to emergence were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CP, NT+R treatment increased the soil moisture by 1.5%, increased the water storage before sowing by 8.9 mm, and sowed on time with sufficient moisture; while at the seedling stage, the lowest soil temperature was increased by 1.0 ℃, the diurnal temperature difference was reduced by 1.3 ℃, and the average temperature decreased by 0.8 ℃. Seedling emergence rate was no significant difference with CP treatment, the average yield was 9.43 t/ha, and the yield increased by 5.8%. As a result, NT+R treatment had an exceptional capacity to retain heat and soil moisture, making it an ideal method for straw returning for moisture maintaining and seedling growth in the warm and cool dry-farming areas.

Key words: Spring maize, Straw returning, Soil water and heat, Seedling growth

Table 1

Meteorological factors during maize growth period"

年份
Year		 日照时数
Solar radiation (h)		 平均气温
Average temperature (℃)		 降水量
Precipitation (mm)
2018 1105.3 21.1 358.4
2019 1187.6 19.5 395.7

Fig.1

Meteorological conditions at seedling stage (a) and emergence stage (b)"

Table 2

Basic soil fertility in experimental sites"

年份
Year		 有机质
Organic matter
(g/kg)		 碱解氮
Available N
(mg/kg)		 速效磷
Olsen P
(mg/kg)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg/kg)
2018 35.3 111.8 13.5 185.4
2019 40.8 132.4 19.0 202.1

Table 3

Treatments and technical requirements of experiment"

处理Treatment 技术要求Technical requirement
常规浅旋
Conventional plowing (CP)		 参照当地农户浅旋耕灭茬后进行常规播种。
秸秆全量深翻还田
Deep ploughing returning
(MB+R)		 于秋季玉米机械收获后，采用秸秆还田机将全量秸秆二次粉碎后，深翻30~40 cm将秸秆翻埋入土。
秸秆深松混拌还田
Subsoiling stirring returning
(CS+R)		 于秋季玉米机械收获后，采用秸秆还田机将全量秸秆二次粉碎，深松35~40 cm将土壤与秸秆混拌均匀。
秸秆覆盖免耕播种
No-tillage returning (NT+R)
 于秋季玉米机械收获后，将秸秆全量覆盖于地表，第2年采用免耕精量播种机进行播种。
秸秆覆盖条带深旋播种
Strip tillage returning (ST+R)

 与秋季玉米机械收获后，将秸秆全量覆盖于地表，第2年采用条深旋一体播种机，一次性完成深旋25~30 cm后在耕作带上精量播种。

Fig.2

Effects of residue returning methods on soil temperature at emergence stage Error bars are the LSD values at P < 0.05, the same below."

Fig.3

Effects of residue returning methods on soil temperature of seedling stage"

Table 4

Effects of residue returning methods on minimum soil temperature and soil accumulation temperature at seedling stage of maize ℃"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 土壤最低温度Minimum soil temperature 土壤活动积温Soil accumulation temperature
播种―出苗
Sowing-emergence		 出苗―拔节
Emergence-jointing		 拔节―吐丝
Jointing-silking		 播种―出苗
Sowing-emergence		 出苗―拔节
Emergence-jointing		 拔节―吐丝
Jointing-silking
2018 CP 10.9a 16.7a 19.6a 167.3a 743.7b 547.7a
MB+R 10.2b 16.8a 19.6a 169.6a 773.0a 558.8a
CS+R 10.4b 16.1b 19.4a 166.4a 747.2b 565.7a
NT+R 11.7a 17.2a 19.8a 158.6b 737.2b 541.3b
ST+R 11.1a 16.1b 19.4a 151.2b 741.6b 544.9b
2019 CP 10.7ab 14.7ab 20.4a 164.0ab 605.8ab 711.8b
MB+R 10.2b 14.2b 20.9a 173.2a 612.9a 732.7a
CS+R 10.1b 15.0ab 20.1a 171.8a 609.3a 728.0a
NT+R 11.8a 15.7a 20.4a 146.5c 596.9b 724.9b
ST+R 11.3ab 15.2ab 20.4a 159.6b 600.8b 728.2a

Fig.4

Effects of straw returning methods on soil moisture"

Fig.5

Effects of straw returning methods on emergence rate and uniformity Different letters indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 level, the same below."

Table 5

Correlation and path coefficients between soil temperature indexes and emergence rates at emergence stage of maize"

因素
Factor		 相关系数
Correlation
coefficient		 直接通径系数
Directly path
coefficient		 间接通径系数
Indirectly path coefficient
X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0.896** 0.136 － 0.086 0.493 0.172
X2 0.903** 0.099 0.118 － 0.546 0.141
X3 0.925** 0.691 0.101 0.082 － 0.078
X4 0.636* 0.181 0.107 0.071 0.262 －

Fig.6

Effects of straw returning methods on plant height of maize at three-leaf stage"

Fig.7

Effects of straw returning methods on leaf area index of maize at three-leaf stage"

Fig.8

Relationship between soil hydro-thermal change and leaf area index at third-leaf stage"

Table 6

Effects of straw returning methods on yield and its components of spring maize"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效穗数
Efficient ear number (×104/hm2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield (t/hm2)
2018 CP 5.11±0.04a 511.2±4.1c 337.4±0.8b 7.90±0.18b
MB+R 5.20±0.04a 536.5±3.9ab 344.3±1.5a 8.34±0.34a
CS+R 5.11±0.06a 533.1±3.6b 351.1±1.1a 8.42±0.25a
NT+R 5.20±0.02a 542.3±4.8a 338.3±0.6ab 8.24±0.24ab
ST+R 5.20±0.03a 531.0±3.7b 341.3±1.2ab 8.22±0.21ab
2019 CP 6.70±0.16a 444.9±2.6c 342.7±2.1c 9.92±0.29c
MB+R 6.63±0.12a 456.6±2.5ab 363.0±1.6a 10.81±0.22ab
CS+R 6.71±0.23a 459.1±3.9a 366.4±1.5a 10.93±0.12a
NT+R 6.74±0.07a 452.6±4.8ab 353.1±1.9b 10.62±0.13ab
ST+R 6.79±0.04a 452.1±4.2b 352.6±1.3b 10.52±0.07b
[1] 沙洪林, 佟时, 张维友, 等. 我国农作物秸秆产生及综合利用现状分析. 吉林农业科学, 2010, 35(4):51-55.
[2] 于博, 徐松鹤, 任琴, 等. 秸秆还田研究进展及内蒙古玉米秸秆深翻还田现状. 作物杂志, 2022(2):6-15.
[3] 张硕硕. 玉米秸秆还田的利与弊. 农业与技术, 2020, 40(5):46-48.
[4] 朱自学, 刘天学. 秸秆还田的生态效应研究进展. 安徽农业科学, 2007, 35(23):7221-7223.
[5] 鲁向晖, 高鹏, 王飞, 等. 宁夏南部山区秸秆覆盖对春玉米水分利用及产量的影响. 土壤通报, 2008, 39(6):1248-1251.
[6] Abu-Hamdeh N H. Compactionand subsoiling effects on corn growth and soil bulk density. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003, 67(4):1213-1219.
[7] 黄毅, 邹洪涛, 虞娜, 等. 东北半干旱区秋后玉米地不同处理方式对土壤水分状况的影响. 水土保持研究, 2006, 13(2):34-36.
[8] Feng F X, Huang G B, Chai Q, et al. Tillage and straw management impacts on soil properties, root growth, and grain yield of winter wheat in northwestern China. Crop Science, 2010, 50(4):1465-1473.
[9] Jat M L, Gathala M K, Saharawat Y S, et al. Double no-till and permanent raised beds in maize-wheat rotation of north-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India: Effects on crop yields, water productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Field Crops Research, 2013, 149:291-299.
[10] 石东峰, 米国华. 玉米秸秆覆盖条耕技术及其应用. 土壤与作物, 2018, 7(3):349-355.
[11] 马树庆, 王琪, 王春乙, 等. 东北地区玉米低温冷害气候和经济损失风险分区. 地理研究, 2008, 27(5):1169-1177.
[12] 随龙龙. 新疆膜下滴灌棉花播期对幼苗生长及植株顶部棉铃发育的影响. 石河子: 石河子大学, 2018.
[13] 崔读昌. 中国粮食作物气候资源利用效率及其提高的途径. 中国农业气象, 2001, 22(2):25-32.
[14] Coelho D T, Dale R F. An energy-crop growth variable and temperature function for predicting corn growth and development: planting to silking. Agronomy Journal, 1980, 72(3):503-510.
[15] 苏衍涛, 王凯荣, 刘迎新, 等. 稻草覆盖对红壤旱地土壤温度和水分的调控效应. 农业环境科学学报, 2008, 27(2):670-676.
[16] 姚宝林. 河西内陆河灌区覆盖免耕储水灌溉节水技术初步研究. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2005.
[17] 王兆伟, 郝卫平, 龚道枝, 等. 秸秆覆盖量对农田土壤水分和温度动态的影响. 中国农业气象, 2010, 31(2):244-250.
[18] 赵凤霞, 温晓霞, 杜世平, 等. 渭北地区残茬(秸秆)覆盖农田生态效应及应用技术实例. 干旱地区农业研究, 2005, 23 (3):90-95.
[19] 籍增顺, 刘虎林, 洛希图, 等. 免耕覆盖对旱地玉米生长发育的影响. 山西农业科学, 1994, 22(3):22-27.
[20] Steiner J L. Tillage and surface residue effects on evaporation from soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1989, 53 (3):911-916.
[21] 黄丽芬, 庄恒扬, 刘世平, 等. 长期少免耕对稻麦产量与土壤肥力的影响. 扬州大学学报(自然科学版), 1999, 2(1):50-54.
[22] 许迪, R. Schmid A. Mermoud. 耕作方式对土壤水动态变化及夏玉米产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 1999, 15(3):101-106.
[23] 米娜, 蔡福, 张玉书, 等. 雨养作物产量差研究进展. 气象与环境学报, 2018, 34(6):142-149.
[24] 籍增顺, 张乃生, 刘杰. 旱地玉米免耕整秸秆半覆盖技术体系及其评价. 干旱地区农业研究, 1995, 13(2):14-19.
[25] Wang S C, Zhao Y W, Wang J Z, et al. The efficiency of long- term straw return to sequester organic carbon in Northeast Chinaʼs cropland. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 7(2):436-448.
[1] Zhang Lijuan, Qin Yukun, Chen Junying. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Cotton Yield Formation and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency under Rape-Cotton Double Cropping Straw Returning Condition [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(4): 158-163.
[2] Zhang Ziyi, Wang Xuehu, Yuan Ying, Shen Zhifeng. Effects of Humic Acid Suspension Agent on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat under NaCl Stress [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(4): 263-268.
[3] Pan Yue, Li Siyu, Gao Jie, Shen Xinya, Liu Lijun. Research Progress on Effects of Straw and Its Returning Methods on Soil Properties in Paddy Fields under Different Rotation Patterns [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(2): 1-8.
[4] Hu Haochi, Wang Fugui, Zhu Kongyan, Hu Shuping, Wang Meng, Wang Zhigang, Sun Jiying, Yu Xiaofang, Bao Haizhu, Gao Julin. Effects of Straw Returning Years and Phosphorus Application on Root Growth and Yield of Maize [J]. Crops, 2024, 40(2): 80-88.
[5] Cao Qingjun, Li Gang, Yang Hao, Lou Yuyong, Yang Fentuan, Kong Fanli, Li Xinbei, Zhao Xinkai, Jiang Xiaoli. The Effects of Different Tillage Practices on Seedbed Quality and Its Relationships with Seedling Population Construction and Grain Yield of Spring Maize [J]. Crops, 2023, 39(5): 249-254.
[6] Liu Hongjie, Ren Dechao, Ni Yongjing, Ge Jun, Zhang Suyu, Lü Guohua, Hu Xin. Effects of Straw Returning and Reducing Nitrogen Application on Soil Nutrients, Enzyme Activities and Wheat Yield [J]. Crops, 2023, 39(4): 210-214.
[7] Wang Zheng, Xu Tianyang, Liu Jiuyu, Peng Bo, Xu Maohua, Li Bo, Ao Jincheng, Long Wei. Study on the Effects of Application Straw Combined with Compound Bacteria Agent in Red Soil Sloping Farmland in Yunnan [J]. Crops, 2023, 39(1): 89-95.
[8] Tang Jianghua, Du Xiaojing, Xu Wenxiu, Su Lili, Fang Yanfei, Xu Chao, An Chongxiao. Effects of Tillage Measures on Soil Nitrogen Characteristics under Total Straw Returning [J]. Crops, 2022, 38(5): 135-140.
[9] Ge Changbin, Qin Suyan, Huang Jie, Cao Yanyan, Liao Pingʼan. Effects of Tillage Methods on Fusarium Head Blight and Yield of Wheat [J]. Crops, 2022, 38(5): 235-240.
[10] Yang Aojun, Chang Qiaoling, Wang Peng, Wang Fang, Gao Yanting, Zhou Guangkuo, Song Xiaojia, Wei Encheng. Effects of Exogenous 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Maize under Drought Stress [J]. Crops, 2022, 38(3): 194-199.
[11] Yu Bo, Xu Songhe, Ren Qin, Yang Yuting, Zhou Mengyang, Pan Yu. Research Progress of Straw Returning and Present Situation of Maize Straw Returning by Deep Ploughing in Inner Mongolia [J]. Crops, 2022, 38(2): 6-15.
[12] Liu Zigang, Lu Haibo, Wu Minhua, Zhao Haichao, Wei Dong, Huang Zhihong. Effects of Chemical Regulator of Yuhuangjin on Lodging Resistance and Yield of Spring Maize [J]. Crops, 2022, 38(1): 142-146.
[13] Cai Lijun, Zhang Jingtao, Liu Jingqi, Gai Zhijia, Guo Zhenhua, Zhao Guifan. Effects of Long-Term No-Tillage Straw Returning on Soil Organic Carbon and Soybean Yield in Cold Region [J]. Crops, 2021, 37(6): 189-192.
[14] Yan Feng, Li Qingquan, Dong Yang, Ji Shengdong, Han Yehui, Yu Yunkai, Wang Lida, Zhao Suo. Effects of 60Co-γ Radiation on the Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Broomcorn Millet [J]. Crops, 2021, 37(4): 202-205.
[15] Wang Guojiao, Song Peng, Yang Zhenzhong, Zhang Wenzhong. Effects of Straw Returning on Photosynthetic Matter Production Characteristics, Quality of Rice and Soil Nutrients [J]. Crops, 2021, 37(4): 67-72.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!