干旱年型深翻与探墒沟播对旱地小麦产量形成的贡献

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2020.06.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确旱地麦田探墒沟播增产增效机理,2015-2016年在山西农业大学闻喜小麦基地开展大田试验,研究休闲期耕作播种方式对旱地麦田土壤水分消耗、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,旱地麦田休闲期深翻利于蓄积降雨,提高底墒46.74mm,增产10.77%~13.38%,提高净收入1.62%~5.56%。探墒沟播较常规条播越冬、拔节期0~300cm土壤蓄水量显著提高,分别达11.24~22.35、17.11~25.56mm,深翻条件下显著降低播前–拔节耗水量及其所占比例,提高拔节后耗水量,提高生育期总耗水量11.89~21.13mm;降低越冬–拔节群体分蘖增加率和拔节–开花减少率,提高成穗率、穗长、小穗数和可孕小穗数;增加穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,产量和水分利用效率分别提高16.39%~19.12%和12.67%~13.15%,分别提高净收入和产投比103.25%~111.12%和30.27%~35.93%。此外,生育期探墒沟播耗水增产作用大于休闲期深翻。总之,旱地麦田休闲期深翻结合探墒沟播有利于降低生育前期耗水,减少早春无效分蘖发生,提高成穗率和可孕小穗数,实现增产增效,效果显著。

关键词: 旱地小麦, 休闲期深翻, 探墒沟播, 土壤水分利用, 产量

Abstract:

In order to clarify the mechanism of yield increase and efficiency increase of furrow sowing in dryland wheat field, a field experiment was carried out in Wenxi Wheat Base of Shanxi Agricultural University during 2015- 2016 to study the effect of tillage and sowing mode in fallow period on soil water consumption, yield and water use efficiency of dryland wheat field. The results showed that deep ploughing in fallow period of dryland wheat field was beneficial to accumulate rainfall, increasing soil moisture by 46.74mm, increasing yield by 10.77%-13.38% and increasing net income by 1.62%-5.56%. Compared with the drilling sowing, the soil water storage of 0-300cm in pre-wintering and jointing stage was significantly increased by using the trenching sowing, which are 11.24-22.35 and 17.11-25.56mm, respectively. Under deep ploughing condition, the water consumption and its proportion before sowing and jointing stage were significantly reduced, and the water consumption after jointing was increased, and the total water consumption in growth period was increased by 11.89-21.13mm. The tillering increase rate of pre-wintering to jointing stage and jointing stage to anthesis stage reduction rate were significantly reduced, and the ear length, spikelet number per spike, seed-setting spikelets and the number of spiking percentage were significantly increased. Yield and water use efficiency were significantly increased by 16.39%-19.12% and 12.67%-13.15%, thus significantly increased net income, yield to investment ratio 103.25%-111.12% and 30.27%-35.93%, respectively. In addition, the effect of water consumption and yield increase of furrow sowing in growth period was greater than that in fallow period. In a word, deep ploughing combined with furrow sowing in fallow period of dryland wheat field is beneficial to reduce water consumption at early growth stage, and the occurrence of ineffective tillers in early spring, to increase the spiking percentage, the number of seed-setting spikelets, and realize the increase of yield and efficiency simultaneously.

Key words: Dryland wheat, Deep ploughing in fallow period, Furrow sowing, Soil water use, Yield

王会文, 李蕾, 余少波, 王强, 冯玉, 任爱霞, 林文, 孙敏, 高志强. 干旱年型深翻与探墒沟播对旱地小麦产量形成的贡献[J]. 作物杂志, 2020 (6): 116–122

Wang Huiwen, Li Lei, Yu Shaobo, Wang Qiang, Feng Yu, Ren Aixia, Lin Wen, Sun Min, Gao Zhiqiang. Contribution of Deep Ploughing and Furrow Sowing to Yield and Its Formation of Dryland Wheat[J]. Crops, 2020(6): 116–122

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年份 Year	休闲期 Fallow period	播种–越冬 Sowing-pre-wintering	越冬–拔节 Pre-wintering-elongation	拔节–开花 Elongation-anthesis	开花–成熟 Anthesis-maturity	总计 Total
1987-2016 （平均值Mean）	275.0	68.5	44.0	45.5	68.6	501.6
2015-2016	94.7	101.2	11.0	57.1	122.8	386.8

耕作模式 Tillage method	休闲期降雨量 Precipitation during fallow period (mm)	休闲期土壤蓄水量Soil water storage during fallow period (mm)		休闲期土壤蓄水效率 Water storage efficiency during fallow period (%)
耕作模式 Tillage method	休闲期降雨量 Precipitation during fallow period (mm)	初期（耕作前） Initial stage (before tillage)	末期（播种前） Terminal stage (before sowing)	休闲期土壤蓄水效率 Water storage efficiency during fallow period (%)
DP	94.70	396.73a	464.16a	71.20a
NT		394.36a	417.42b	24.35b

耕作模式 Tillage method	播种方式 Sowing method	播前–拔节Sowing to jointing		拔节–开花Jointing to anthesis		开花–成熟Anthesis to mature		总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm)
耕作模式 Tillage method	播种方式 Sowing method	数量 Amount (mm)	比例 Ratio (%)	数量 Amount (mm)	比例 Ratio (%)	数量 Amount (mm)	比例 Ratio (%)	总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm)
DP	FS	144.11b	33.97b	169.82a	40.03b	110.34a	26.01a	424.27a
	DS	160.21a	38.85a	154.73b	37.52c	97.45b	23.63b	412.38b
NT	FS	123.01c	31.88c	162.97a	42.23a	99.88b	25.88a	385.86c
	DS	145.45b	39.88a	127.42c	34.94d	91.85c	25.18a	364.73d

耕作模式 Tillage method	播种方式 Sowing method	越冬–拔节增加率 Increasing rate of pre-wintering-jointing	拔节–开花减少率 Decreasing rate of jointing-anthesis	成穗率 Spiking percentage
DP	FS	2.05d	26.29d	41.60a
	DS	2.32c	30.26b	34.79c
NT	FS	2.65b	28.55c	38.52b
	DS	3.21a	33.73a	33.40c

耕作模式 Tillage method	播种方式 Sowing method	穗长 Ear length (cm)	小穗数 Spikelet number per spike	可孕小穗数占比 Seed-setting spikelet ratio (%)	不孕小穗数占比 Sterile spikelet ratio (%)
DP	FS	9.44a	19.20a	97.73a	2.27b
	DS	8.42b	18.40ab	89.21b	10.79a
NT	FS	8.64b	18.60ab	94.51ab	5.49b
	DS	7.94c	17.20b	86.96b	13.04a