禾本科与豆科饲草作物间套作对饲草品质及氮素吸收影响的研究进展

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.03.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

优质饲草的缺乏是当前制约饲草产业发展的瓶颈，近年来，国内外关于饲草高效种植模式的研究显著增多，其中禾本科/豆科饲草作物间套作在提高饲草产量、品质和养分吸收利用方面具有明显的优势。但是，不同间套作体系的增产提质效果和养分吸收优势因作物搭配存在差异。因此，本文将禾/豆饲草间套作归纳为以麦类/豆科饲草为主的矮秆饲草间套作和以青贮玉米/豆科为主的高矮秆饲草间套作。结果表明，矮秆饲草间作提高了麦类禾本科饲草的产量、品质和氮素吸收，且提高了大部分豆科饲草的产量和品质；高矮秆饲草间作中产量和品质表现为其中一种作物提高，而另一种作物降低。同时从间作的地上、地下生态位补偿总结了饲草间套作提高产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的种间互作机制，并提出了加强饲草种间互作机理的研究，以及通过因地制宜筛选间作品种及优化条带布置等措施来实现禾、豆饲草产量和品质的协同提高，以明确高产优质高效的饲草间套作体系适宜的作物搭配及其优势。

关键词: 麦类饲草, 青贮玉米, 豆科饲草, 种间互作, 氮素吸收利用

Abstract:

The primary issue preventing the forage sector from growing further at the moment is the scarcity of high-quality fodder. Studies on the production of fodder cropping systems with high yield, high quality, and high nutrient usage efficiency have proliferated in recent years. When compared to solitary crops, it has been demonstrated that intercropping cereals and legumes improves fodder productivity, quality, and nutrient utilization efficiency. The benefits of forage intercropping, however, differed depending on the species mix. Therefore, we classified the cereal/legume forage intercropping systems into two types. One is the short forage intercropping, which is mainly about wheat forage crops, the other is tall/short forage intercropping, which is mainly about silage maize intercropping. The results showed that the short forage intercropping increased the yield, quality and nitrogen uptake of wheat grass forage, and increased the yield and quality of most legume forage; the yield and quality of tall/short forage intercropping were increased in one crop and decreased in the other crop. At the same time, the interspecific interaction mechanism of forage intercropping to improve yield, quality and nitrogen uptake and utilization was summarized in terms of the aboveground and belowground ecological niche compensation of intercropping. It is proposed to strengthen the research on forage interspecific intercropping mechanism and to achieve synergistic increase in yield and quality of cereal and legume forage by screening intercropping varieties and optimizing the arrangement of strips according to local conditions. We aimed to clarify the suitable species combinations and advantages for the forages intercropping with high yield, high quality, and high nutrient efficiency.

Key words: Wheat forage crops, Silage maize, Legume forage, Interspecific interaction, Nitrogen uptake and utilization

侯岳, 王红亮, 李杰, 李春杰, 陈范骏. 禾本科与豆科饲草作物间套作对饲草品质及氮素吸收影响的研究进展[J]. 作物杂志, 2025 (3): 1–10

Hou Yue, Wang Hongliang, Li Jie, Li Chunjie, Chen Fanjun. Research Advances on the Effects of Cereal/Legume Forage Intercropping on Forage Quality and Nitrogen Uptake[J]. Crops, 2025(3): 1–10

图/表 4

表1

矮秆饲草作物间套作下土地利用效率及饲草作物产量及品质

间作体系 Intercropping system	土地当量比 LER	相比于单作的变化Changes compared to single cropping (%)														文献 Reference
		产量 Yield		粗蛋白 CP		粗灰分 Ash		粗脂肪 EE		中性洗涤纤维 NDF		酸性洗涤纤维 ADF		相对饲喂价值 RFV
		禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume
燕麦/箭筈豌豆 Oat/common vetch	1.76	+83.5	+51.6	－	－	－	－	－	－	-4.5	+2.8	+2.9	+2.5	+3.4	-3.5	[9]
燕麦/箭筈豌豆 Oat/common vetch	1.19	+17.2	+23.4	+24.0	+9.7	－	－	+4.5	+13.5	－	－	－	－	－	－	[10]
	1.66	+116.4	+16.1	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[11]
	－	+12.9		+50.9		－	－	－	－	-5.4		+10.0		+2.0		[12]
	1.19	+73.8	-16.7	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[13]
	1.18	+17.2	+39.1	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[14]
燕麦/苜蓿 Oat/alfalfa	1.07	+30.2	-9.0	+9.6	-2.4	-2.3	+1.6	+2.0	-5.8	-3.8	+2.3	-3.7	+2.8	+6.1	-3.5	[15]
燕麦/苜蓿 Oat/alfalfa	1.11	+14.4	+6.8	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[16]
	1.08	+24.7	-8.7	+5.8	-4.6	-7.4	-3.6	+5.7	-0.7	-4.2	-2.3	-5.9	+0.8	+7.6	+2.0	[17]
燕麦/大豆 Oat/soybean	1.56	+24.7	+34.5	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[18]
燕麦/大豆 Oat/soybean	1.24	+19.8	+28.2	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[15]
燕麦/绿豆 Oat/mung bean	1.18	+24.8	+10.9	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[15]
燕麦/豌豆 Oat/pea	1.20	+29.0	+6.1	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[19]
燕麦/豌豆 Oat/pea	1.27	－	－	+34.0		+7.7		+13.2		－		－		－		[20]
黑麦/箭筈豌豆 Rey/common vetch	1.27	+47.0	+18.0	+5.8	-10.5	－	－	－	－	+4.4	-7.4	+4.0	+17.9	-6.3	+1.2	[21]
小黑麦/苜蓿 Triticale/alfalfa	1.11	+35.1	-6.2	+3.7	-2.0	-1.5	+1.1	+0.4	-4.7	-3.5	+1.5	-2.5	+2.2	+5.0	-2.5	[22]
小黑麦/苜蓿 Triticale/alfalfa	1.09	+24.1	-0.5	7.4	0.5	-5.9	-2.0	+7.3	+0.7	-9.3	-3.9	-4.6	+1.7	+12.7	-4.4	[17]
大麦/豌豆 Barley/pea	－	-6.6		+8.3		-10.9		+2.8		-2.0		-4.5		+4.1		[23]

表1

表2

高矮秆饲草作物间套作下土地利用效率及饲草作物产量及品质

间作体系 Intercropping system	土地当量比 LER	相比于单作的变化Change compared to sole crops (%)														文献 Reference
		产量 Yield		粗蛋白 CP		粗灰分 Ash		粗脂肪 EE		中性洗涤纤维 NDF		酸性洗涤纤维 ADF		相对饲喂价值 RFV
		禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume	禾本科 Cereal	豆科 Legume
青贮玉米/拉巴豆 Silage maize/ lablab bean	－	+21.1		+18.0		+15.1		+11.5		-3.0		+2.0		+2.6		[27]
	－	+8.9		+23.5		+11.8		+2.9		-8.3		-2.6		+9.8		[28]
	－	+41.8		+78.7		+16.6		+69.6		-9.7		-11.2		+17.2		[29]
青贮玉米/秣食豆 Silage maize/ fodder soybean	－	+6.3		+15.4		+9.6		+0.3		-5.3		+1.1		+5.2		[28]
青贮玉米/苜蓿 Silage maize/ alfalfa	1.34	-31.5	－	+30.7		－		－		+6.8		+4.7		-7.6		[30]
玉米/苜蓿 Maize/alfalfa	1.46	-2.1	+106.0	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[31]
玉米/苜蓿 Maize/alfalfa	1.59	-6.0	+132.3	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[32]
	1.10	+19.3	-3.5	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[33]
	1.02	+27.8	-17.0	+7.6	-5.6	-2.5	+2.9	+1.5	-6.5	-5.2	+5.1	-3.8	+5.7	+8.0	-7.4	[22]
	1.12	-0.2	+15.1	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[34]
	1.05	+18.8	-9.4	+7.3	-11.0	-1.2	-5.9	+4.4	+1.1	-4.1	+5.3	-4.4	+5.1	+7.2	-7.0	[22]
玉米/大豆 Maize/soybean	1.62	+30.4	－	+39.1		-1.5		+5		-16.5		-0.8		+6.9		[35]
玉米/大豆 Maize/soybean	1.93	+143.8	+51.5	+26.6		－		－		-3.0		+12.0		+0.2		[36]
玉米/豇豆 Maize/cowpea	1.11	+8.0	+14.5	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	－	[37]
玉米/豇豆 Maize/cowpea	－	－	－	+73.4		+6.2		-7.6		－		－		－		[38]
甜高粱/苜蓿 Sweet sorghum/ alfalfa	1.01	+25.7	-17.9	+1.1	-6.4	+1.9	-3.3	+2.2	-9.1	-3.3	+5.8	-1.6	+6.3	+4.5	-8.3	[22]
甜高粱/苜蓿 Sweet sorghum/ alfalfa	1.04	+17.6	-9.8	+4.8	-12.6	+0.4	-6.0	+8.0	+0.7	-4.2	+7.1	-3.1	+6.6	+6.6	-9.2	[17]
甜高粱/拉巴豆 Sweet sorghum/ lablab bean	－	+29.3		+36.2		+19.7		+21.0		-7.2		-2.6		+9.6		[39]

表2

图1

表3

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