作物杂志,2026, 第3期: 64–70 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.03.009

• 第二十八届中国科协年会学术论文专栏(主要粮食作物产能品质提升与高质量发展路径) • 上一篇    下一篇

密植精准调控技术对新疆鲜食糯玉米商品品质的影响

吕建晔1,2(), 丁万红3, 刘强4, 张鹏鹏2, 唐勇3, 任红松5, 薛军2, 明博2, 李少昆1,2()   

  1. 1 宁夏大学农学院, 750021, 宁夏银川
    2 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室, 100081, 北京
    3 新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院乌鲁木齐综合试验站, 830000, 新疆乌鲁木齐
    4 伊犁哈萨克自治州农业科学研究所, 835000, 新疆伊犁
    5 新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所, 830091, 新疆乌鲁木齐
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-09 修回日期:2026-01-19 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-06-17
  • 通讯作者: 李少昆,主要从事玉米生态生理及高产高效栽培理论研究,E-mail:lishaokun@caas.cn
  • 作者简介:吕建晔,主要从事玉米高产高效栽培理论研究,E-mail:lvjianye1113@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发专项(2023B02041-2)

Effects of Precision Regulation for Dense Planting on Commercial Quality of Fresh Waxy Maize in Xinjiang

Lü Jianye1,2(), Ding Wanhong3, Liu Qiang4, Zhang Pengpeng2, Tang Yong3, Ren Hongsong5, Xue Jun2, Ming Bo2, Li Shaokun1,2()   

  1. 1 College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
    2 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
    3 Urumqi Comprehensive Experiment Station, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
    4 Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Ili 835000, Xinjiang, China
    5 Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2025-12-09 Revised:2026-01-19 Online:2026-06-15 Published:2026-06-17

摘要:

针对我国鲜食糯玉米种植密度低和增密易导致商品率下降的产业瓶颈,于2024-2025年在新疆伊犁河谷灌区开展田间试验。以万糯2000为材料,设置79 500、84 000和88 500株/hm2 3个密度梯度,以及常规水肥(CK)与密植精准调控(T1)2种管理模式,分析其对果穗商品性状、水肥利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,T1处理可显著缓解增密对商品品质的负面效应。与CK处理相比,T1处理合格商品穗数提高了12.85%~16.11%,商品率提升了10.96%~14.01%,空秆率降低了24.82%~31.48%,秃尖长度显著缩短,灌溉水生产力和氮肥偏生产力分别提高了54.42%~73.89%和15.82%~30.42%。经济效益分析显示,T1处理下净收益较CK处理提高了18.19%~25.62%,其中以79 500株/hm2密度结合T1处理的经济效益最优,净收益达2.57万元/hm2。综上,在密植精准调控条件下实施适度密植,可协同提升鲜食糯玉米的商品品质、资源效率与经济效益。

关键词: 鲜食糯玉米, 适度密植, 精准调控, 商品品质, 水肥调控

Abstract:

To address the industry bottlenecks of low planting density and the decline in marketable rate caused by densification of fresh waxy maize in China, field experiments were conducted in the irrigated region of the Ili River Valley, Xinjiang, from 2024 to 2025. Using Wannuo 2000 as the material, three density gradients (79 500, 84 000, and 88 500 plants/ha) and two management modes [conventional water and fertilizer management (CK) and precision regulation in dense planting (T1)] were established to analyze their effects on ear commercial traits, water and fertilizer use efficiency, and economic benefits. The results showed that the T1 treatment significantly alleviated the negative effects of increased density on commercial quality. Compared with the CK, T1 increased the number of qualified commercial ears by 12.85%-16.11%, improved the marketable rate by 10.96%-14.01%, reduced the barren stalk rate by 24.82%-31.48%, and significantly shortened the bald tip length. Irrigation water productivity and nitrogen partial factor productivity increased by 54.42%-73.89% and 15.82%-30.42%, respectively. Economic benefit analysis showed that the net income under the T1 treatment increased by 18.19%-25.62% compared with the CK treatment, among which the combination of 79 500 plants/ha density and T1 treatment achieved the optimal economic benefit, with a net income of 25 700 yuan/ha. In conclusion, implementing moderate densification under precision regulation conditions can synergistically improve the commercial quality, resource efficiency, and economic benefits of fresh waxy maize.

Key words: Fresh waxy maize, Moderate dense planting, Precision regulation, Commercial quality, Water-fertilizer regulation

表1

试验地土壤理化性质

年份
Year
有机质
Organic matter (g/kg)
速效氮
Available N (mg/kg)
有效磷
Available P (mg/kg)
速效钾
Available K (mg/kg)
总盐
Total salt (g/kg)
pH
2024 10.83 67.2 24.23 256.6 2.66 7.86
2025 9.95 58.7 29.80 185.0 2.58 8.53

图1

2024和2025年鲜食糯玉米生长季的日气温和降水量

表2

不同处理的肥料施用时期和施用量

处理
Treatment
施肥时期
Fertilizer
application period
肥料施用量
Fertilizer application amount
N P2O5 K2O
CK 基施 45 45 45
V6 255 45 135
T1 基施 45 45 45
V6 75 30 45
V9 45 0 45
V12 45 15 45
V12+10 d 60 0 0
R1 30 0 0

图2

不同种植密度和水肥管理对鲜食糯玉米果穗商品性状的影响 不同小写字母表示不同密度处理间存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。Y、D和W分别表示年份、种植密度和水肥管理模式。“*”和“**”分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平上影响显著和极显著,“ns”表示影响不显著。下同。

表3

不同种植密度和水肥管理对鲜食糯玉米穗部性状的影响

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
种植密度
Planting density
穗重
Ear weight (g)
穗长
Ear length (cm)
穗粗
Ear diameter (cm)
秃尖长度
Bald tip length (cm)
2024 CK D1 309.33±34.49a 20.07±1.03a 5.22±0.23a 1.68±1.13a
D2 306.82±33.00a 20.07±1.03a 5.14±0.20a 1.66±0.60a
T1 D1 331.31±18.43a 20.84±0.83a 5.43±0.12a 0.90±0.83a
D2 323.59±20.58a 20.76±0.87a 5.36±0.18a 1.13±0.98a
2025 CK D1 289.69±18.67a 19.55±0.59a 4.95±0.10a 2.00±0.43a
D2 296.82±9.23a 19.63±0.72a 4.99±0.11a 1.83±0.52a
D3 288.48±11.07a 19.09±0.99a 4.92±0.11a 1.91±0.81a
T1 D1 326.58±12.77a 20.79±0.26a 5.20±0.12a 1.35±0.28a
D2 326.01±11.14a 20.81±0.25a 5.15±0.11a 1.32±0.26a
D3 318.02±18.19a 20.57±0.56a 5.12±0.08a 1.37±0.31a
Y ns ns ns ns
D ns ns ns ns
W ** ** ** **
Y×D ns ns ns ns
Y×W ns ns ns ns
D×W ns ns ns ns
Y×D×W ns ns ns ns

图3

不同种植密度和水肥管理对鲜食糯玉米水肥利用效率的影响

表4

不同种植密度和水肥管理对鲜食糯玉米经济效益的影响

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
种植密度
Planting
density
总投入(万元/hm2
Total input (×104 yuan/hm2)
总收入
(万元/hm2
Total revenue
(×104 yuan/hm2)
净收益
(万元/hm2
Net income
(×104 yuan/hm2)
产投比
Ratio of
output
to input
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 总计
Total
2024 CK D1 0.47 0.30 0.24 0.28 0.66 1.94 4.05b 2.11b 2.09ab
D2 0.47 0.30 0.25 0.28 0.66 1.96 4.00b 2.04b 2.04b
T1 D1 0.37 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.28 0.66 2.07 4.43a 2.36a 2.14a
D2 0.37 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.66 2.08 4.36a 2.28a 2.10ab
2025 CK D1 0.45 0.30 0.24 0.28 0.66 1.92 4.15c 2.23c 2.16c
D2 0.45 0.30 0.25 0.28 0.66 1.94 4.00d 2.06d 2.06d
D3 0.45 0.30 0.27 0.28 0.66 1.95 3.98d 2.03d 2.04d
T1 D1 0.35 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.28 0.66 2.05 4.83a 2.78a 2.36a
D2 0.35 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.66 2.06 4.71ab 2.65ab 2.29b
D3 0.35 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.28 0.66 2.07 4.62b 2.55b 2.23bc
[1] 李紫琪, 古艳婷, 郭燕枝, 等. 我国鲜食玉米标准体系及营养标准研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2022, 13(18):5964-5973.
[2] 徐丽, 卢柏山, 赵久然. “甜味糯”新型鲜食玉米及其代表品种京科糯768的选育. 植物遗传资源学报, 2023, 24(1):317-324.
doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220726001
[3] 赵久然, 卢柏山, 史亚兴, 等. 我国糯玉米育种及产业发展动态. 玉米科学, 2016, 24(4):67-71.
[4] Zhang W Q, Fan Y L, Zhang S, et al. Waxy maize yield in response to a novel plant growth regulator and plant density. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2019, 22(2):304-312.
[5] Wang Z H, Niu S D, Yao X Y, et al. Grain yield and nutrient absorption and utilization of spring-sown waxy maize under different plant densities and fertilization modes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2025, 24(1):1-44.
[6] Pierik R, de Wit M. Shade avoidance: phytochrome signaling and other aboveground neighbor detection cues. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2014, 65(11):2815-2824.
doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert389
[7] 杨国虎, 李新, 王承莲, 等. 种植密度影响玉米产量及部分产量相关性状的研究. 西北农业学报, 2006, 15(5):57-60,64.
[8] Zuber M S, Kang M S. Corn lodging slowed by sturdier stalks. Crops and Soil Magazine, 1978, 30(5):1-32.
[9] Wang Y G, Zhang G Q, Li R F, et al. Pathways to increase maize yield in Northwest China: a multi-year, multi-variety analysis. European Journal of Agronomy, 2023, 149:126892.
doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2023.126892
[10] 李传哲, 许仙菊, 马洪波, 等. 水肥一体化技术提高水肥利用效率研究进展. 江苏农业学报, 2017, 33(2):469-475.
[11] Liu G Z, Yang Y S, Guo X X, et al. A global analysis of dry matter accumulation and allocation for maize yield breakthrough from 1.0 to 25.0 Mg ha-1. Resources,Conservation and Recycling, 2023, 188:106656.
doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106656
[12] 毛圆圆, 薛军, 翟娟, 等. 水肥一体化条件下密植高产玉米适宜追氮次数研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2022, 28(12):2227-2238.
[13] 范虹, 殷文, 胡发龙, 等. 绿洲灌区密植对氮肥减量玉米产量的补偿潜力. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(9):1709-1721.
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.09.007
[14] 翟娟, 薛军, 张园梦, 等. 水肥一体化条件下施氮量对密植春玉米茎秆抗倒伏性状的影响. 玉米科学, 2021, 29(5):137-144.
[1] 刘文广, 严军, 马国成, 等. 草莓/鲜食糯玉米—水稻高产高效栽培模式[J]. 作物杂志, 2009, (6): 79–80
[2] 梁燕听, 莫武平. 鲜食白糯玉米柳糯8号的选育及栽培要点[J]. 作物杂志, 2007, (4): 104–104
[3] 陈惠阳, 赵琛, 兰霞, 等. 氮与磷、钾配施对糯玉米主要品质成分的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2006, (4): 5–9
[4] 徐勇, 刘金波, 徐福海, 等. 南农紫玉糯1号的选育及配套栽培技术[J]. 作物杂志, 2005, (6): 67–67
[5] 李德新. 高产优质玉米新品种嫩单10的选育[J]. 作物杂志, 2003, (3): 14–14
[6] 刘蔚平. 双季鲜食糯玉米马铃薯三熟高效栽培[J]. 作物杂志, 2003, (3): 27–27
[7] 王同刚, 王凌汉, 付春. 鲜食糯玉米新品种潍黄糯2号[J]. 作物杂志, 2002, (4): 28–28
[8] 张赞飞, 程立巧, 赵一君, 等. 鲜食糯玉米—大白菜—晚稻高效种植模式[J]. 作物杂志, 2001, (3): 15–15
[9] 石德权. 高赖氨酸玉米的育选和利用[J]. 作物杂志, 1985, (2): 9–10
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!