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作物杂志,2026, 第5期: 213–221 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.05.025

• • 上一篇    下一篇

灌溉量、种植密度和品种对新疆膜下滴灌玉米产量和水分生产效率的影响

李浩晔1,2(), 翟娟1,2, 张园梦2, 薛军2,3, 明博2, 王克如2, 谢瑞芝2, 张国强2(), 李少昆1,2()   

  1. 1 石河子大学农学院/新疆生产建设兵团绿洲生态农业重点实验室， 832003， 新疆石河子
    2 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室， 100081， 北京
    3 中国农业科学院西部农业研究中心， 831100， 新疆昌吉
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-27 修回日期:2026-05-27 出版日期:2026-10-15 发布日期:2026-10-22
  • 通讯作者: 张国强，主要从事玉米高产栽培生理生态与资源高效利用研究，E-mail：zhangguoqiang@caas.cn；李少昆共同通信作者，主要从事玉米高产栽培生理生态与技术研究，E-mail：lishaokun@caas.cn
  • 作者简介:李浩晔，主要从事作物高产生理生态研究，E-mail：lihaoye778@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划项目(2023B02040-1);新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划项目(2023B02040-2);中国农业科学院重大科研任务(CAAS-ZDRW202004)

Effects of Irrigation Amount, Planting Density, and Cultivar on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Maize under Drip Irrigation with Plastic Mulching in Xinjiang

Li Haoye1,2(), Zhai Juan1,2, Zhang Yuanmeng2, Xue Jun2,3, Ming Bo2, Wang Keru2, Xie Ruizhi2, Zhang Guoqiang2(), Li Shaokun1,2()   

  1. 1 College of Agriculture, Shihezi University / Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
    2 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
    3 Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2026-01-27 Revised:2026-05-27 Online:2026-10-15 Published:2026-10-22

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摘要：

节水增粮是兼顾粮食安全与生态安全的重要路径。试验于2021-2022年在新疆奇台农场开展，设置5400（常规灌量，W3）、4800（W2）和4200 m3/hm2（W1）3个灌溉量，9.0×104（农户种植密度，D1）和12.0×104株/hm2（高产密度，D2）2个种植密度以及9个基因型玉米品种。研究灌溉量、种植密度和不同基因型品种对玉米物质生产、耐旱性、产量和灌溉水利用效率（IWUE）的影响。结果表明，W3处理的产量分别比W2和W1处理高0.68%~8.26%和8.29%~13.69%；D2处理的产量较D1提高了6.64%~11.18%；以不同灌溉量处理的基因型品种产量为分类依据，根据象限法分析了基因型品种的产量分布，将品种分为高产耐旱型（HD）、中产敏感型（LD）和高产敏感型（MD）。其中，HD产量较LD和MD分别高11.82%和6.47%，耐旱指数分别高11.53%和23.73%。HD的花后光合势、花后干物质积累、成熟期干物质积累、收获指数（HI）和IWUE均显著高于MD和LD。综上所述，在干旱区域限量灌溉的条件下，通过采用耐旱型高产玉米品种、合理增密、优化灌溉量并水肥一体化分次灌溉施肥，能够有效增加群体花后光合势和花后干物质积累量，提高HI，进而提高玉米的产量和水分生产效率。

关键词: 耐旱品种, 玉米, 产量, 灌溉量, 种植密度, 耐旱指数

Abstract:

Saving water while increasing grain yield has become an important pathway to balance food security and ecological security. A field experiment was conducted at Qitai Farm in Xinjiang from 2021 to 2022. Three irrigation amounts were set: 5400 (conventional irrigation, W3), 4800 (W2), and 4200 m3/ha (W1), two planting densities: 9.0×104 (farmer’s practice, D1) and 12.0×104 plants/ha (high-yield density, D2), and nine maize genotypes were used in this study. The effects of irrigation amount, planting density, and different genotypes on dry matter production, drought tolerance, grain yield, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were investigated. Results showed that, compared with the W2 and W1 treatments, the yield under W3 was increased by 0.68%-8.26% and 8.29%-13.69%, respectively; yield under D2 treatment was 6.64%-11.18% higher than that under D1. Based on the yield of different genotypes under different irrigation treatments, quadrant analysis was used to analyze the yield distribution of the genotypes. The cultivars were classified into high-yield drought- tolerant (HD), medium-yield sensitive (LD), and high-yield sensitive (MD) types. Among them, the yield of HD was 11.82% and 6.47% higher than that of LD and MD, respectively, and the drought tolerance index was 11.53% and 23.73% higher, respectively. The post-flowering photosynthetic potential, post-flowering dry matter accumulation, dry matter accumulation at maturity, harvest index (HI), and IWUE of HD were all significantly higher than those of MD and LD. In conclusion, under limited irrigation conditions in arid regions, adopting drought-tolerant high-yield maize cultivars, reasonably increasing planting density, optimizing irrigation amount, and applying water and fertilizer in splits through integrated water and fertilizer management can effectively increase the population’s post-flowering photosynthetic potential and post-flowering dry matter accumulation, improve HI, and thereby enhance maize yield and water productivity.

Key words: Drought-tolerant cultivars, Maize, Yield, Irrigation amount, Planting density, Drought tolerance index

图1

2021-2022年玉米生长季节的降水量和平均气温

图2

不同灌溉量、种植密度和品种的产量及耐旱性分类 红色横向虚线表示D1密度条件下W1、W2灌溉水平的平均产量；蓝色横向实线表示D2密度条件下W1、W2灌溉水平的平均产量。红色纵向虚线表示D1密度条件下W3灌溉水平的平均产量；蓝色纵向实线表示D2密度条件下W3灌溉水平的平均产量。

表1

不同基因型玉米品种耐旱性分类

年份
Year		 耐旱类型
Drought tolerance type		 品种
Cultivar
2021 HD MC670、新玉77
MD 先玉335
LD 新玉108、郑单958
2022 HD MC670、新玉77、隆平109、LPC137
MD 先玉335
LD 中单8812、郑单958、中单153

图3

不同耐旱类型玉米品种的耐旱指数 不同小写字母表示差异显著（P < 0.05）。下同

图4

灌溉量和种植密度处理的不同耐旱型品种的IWUE

图5

不同耐旱类型的玉米品种花前、花后和成熟期干物质积累量的变化 “**”表示在P < 0.01水平差异显著。下同。

图6

灌溉量和种植密度处理的不同耐旱类型的玉米品种的HI变化

图7

灌溉量和种植密度处理的不同耐旱类型玉米品种花后LAD的变化

图8

不同抗旱类型玉米品种产量与其影响因素的相关性分析 YD：产量；Pre-DM：花前干物质积累量；Post-DM：花后干物质积累量；Total-DM：成熟期干物质积累量；Post-LAD：花后LAD。“**”表示在P < 0.01水平显著相关，“ns”表示无显著相关性。

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