玉米子粒机械收获破碎率研究

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2017.02.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

子粒破碎率是评价玉米子粒机械收获质量的重要指标。2011-2016年在全国16省（市、区）194个地块开展子粒机械收获质量测试,对获取的2450组样本数据的统计表明,当前玉米子粒机械收获破碎率均值为8.56％,高于国标[“玉米收获机械技术条件”（GB/T 21961-2008）]≤5％的要求,破碎率偏高是我国玉米子粒机械收获存在的主要质量问题。破碎率与收获时玉米子粒含水率呈极显著正相关,2450组样本子粒含水率平均值达到26.65％,两者呈二次多项式关系,水分偏高是导致当前我国玉米子粒收获破碎率高的主要原因;不同收获机械及其作业对子粒破碎率也会产生显著影响;此外,玉米生育和收获期间生态环境因素、栽培措施对破碎率也有影响。培育早熟、脱水速率快、收获期含水率低及抗破碎性好的品种,研发推广破碎率低的收获机械和选择最佳收获期收获是解决破碎率高的主要措施,而在收获时根据玉米生长、成熟和子粒水分状况及时检查与调试收获机械参数也有助于降低破碎率。

关键词: 玉米, 子粒, 机械收获, 子粒破碎率, 影响因素

Abstract:

Grain breakage rate is an important indicator to evaluate the harvesting quality for maize combine harvester. From 2011 to 2016, the harvesting quality of maize combine harvester was tested in 16 provinces of China, and 2450 test samples of grain mechanical harvesting were obtained. Results showed that the grain breakage rate was 8.56%, higher than the national standard of 5％[“Technical requirements for maize combine harvester” (GB/T 21961-2008)]. The most significant problem of maize grain mechanical harvesting quality is high grain breakage rate in our country. Further analysis of the influencing factors on the grain breakage rate indicated that there was a very significant positive correlation between the grain breakage rate and the grain moisture content, and their relationship could be fitted with the equation: y_{grain breakage rate} =0.0346x ²-1.3325x+18.5640 (R ²=0.3982 ^**, n=2450). The average moisture content of grain of 2450 group samples reached 26.65%. High grain moisture content was the main factor that led to the high grain breakage rate in maize combine harvesting. The results indicated that different combine harvester and its operation had significant effects on grain breakage rate. In addition, ecological and environmental conditions during maize growth, harvesting, and cultivation measures also influenced grain breakage rate. The main measures to solve the problem of high grain breakage rate include breeding maize varieties having characteristics of early maturity, fast dry-down rate of kernel, low water content of grain at physiological maturity, and resistance to breakage; the research and development of maize combine harvester with low grain breakage rate; and harvesting at optimal time. Furthermore, adjusting harvester parameters based on the growth condition, maturity levels, and grain moisture content before harvesting will also be the measures for reducing the grain breakage rate.

Key words: Maize, Grain, Mechanical harvest, Grain breakage rate, Influencing factors

李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,李璐璐,明博,侯鹏,初振东,张万旭,刘朝巍. 玉米子粒机械收获破碎率研究[J]. 作物杂志, 2017 (2): 76–80

Shaokun Li,Keru Wang,Ruizhi Xie,Lulu Li,Bo Ming,Peng Hou,Zhendong Chu,Wanxu Zhang,Chaowei Liu. Grain Breakage Rate of Maize by Mechanical Harvesting in China[J]. Crops, 2017(2): 76–80

图/表 4

表1

表2

图1

表3

参考文献 20

[1]	李少昆, 王克如, 谢瑞芝 , 等. 实施密植高产机械化生产实现玉米高产高效协同.作物杂志, 2016(4):1-6.
[2]	谢瑞芝, 雷晓鹏, 王克如 , 等. 黄淮海夏玉米子粒机械收获研究初报.作物杂志, 2014(2):76-79.
[3]	Waelti H, Buchele W F . Factors affecting corn kernel damage combine cylinders. Transactions of the ASAE, 1969: 55-59.
[4]	Dutta P K . Effects of grain moisture,drying methods,and variety on breakage susceptibility of shelled corns as measured by the Wisconsin Breakage Tester.Ames, Iowa:Iowa State University, 1986.
[5]	裴建杰, 范国昌 . 对玉米收获中籽粒破碎和损失的影响因素试验研究. 河北农业大学学报, 2012,35(1):101-105.
[6]	范国昌, 王惠新, 籍俊杰 , 等. 影响玉米摘穗过程中籽粒破碎和籽粒损失率的因素分析. 农业工程学报, 2002,18(4):72-74. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2002.04.017
[7]	吴多峰, 许峰, 袁长胜 . 板齿式与钉齿式玉米脱粒机的性能比较.农机化研究, 2006(10):78-80. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-188X.2006.10.027
[8]	王克如, 李璐璐, 郭银巧 , 等. 不同机械作业对玉米子粒收获质量的影响.玉米科学, 2016(1):114-116.
[9]	Chowdhury M H, Buchele W F . The nature of corn kernel damage inflicted in the shelling creascent of grain combines. Transactions of the ASAE, 1978: 610-614. doi: 10.13031/2013.35353
[10]	Delong H H, Schwantes A J . Mechanical injury in threshing barley. Agriculture Engineering, 1942,23:99-101.
[11]	Pickard G E . Laboratory studies in corn combining. Agricultural Engineering, 1955,36:792-794.
[12]	Bingen T R . Trends in the process technology of grain crop harvesting. Agritechnica, 2003,58:362-363.
[13]	Fox R E . Development of a compression type corn threshing cylinder.Ames, Iowa:Iowa State University, 1969.
[14]	Arnold R E . Experiments with rasp bar threshing drums. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1964,9:99-131.
[15]	柳枫贺, 王克如, 李健 , 等. 影响玉米机械收粒质量因素的分析.作物杂志, 2013(4):116-119.
[16]	Mensah J K, Herum F L, Blaisdell J L , et al. Effect of drying condition on impact shear resistance of selected corn varieties. Transactions of the ASAE, 1981,24:1568-1572. doi: 10.13031/2013.34491
[17]	Moentono M D, Darrah L L, Zuber M S , et al. Effect of selection for stalk crushing strength on response to plant density and level of nitrogen application in maize. Maydica, 1984,29:431-452.
[18]	Stroshine R L, Kirieis A W, Tuite J F , et al. Differences in grain quality among selected corn hybrids. Cereal Foods World, 1986,31:311-316.
[19]	Vyn T J, Moes J , Breakage susceptibility of corn kernels in relation to crop management under long growing season conditions. Agronomy Journal, 1988,80:915-920. doi: 10.2134/agronj1988.00021962008000060015x
[20]	Benson G O . Replanting or late planting decisions with corn and soybeans.Publ.Pm-1155.Coop.Ext.Service, Ames:Iowa State University, 1984.

相关文章 15

[1]	陈广周王广福渠建洲司雷勇金岩徐淑兔薛吉全路海东. 不同玉米自交系子粒脱水速率及其#br# 与主要影响性状的相关分析[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (5): 33–39
[2]	苏桂华李春雷, 苏义臣. 吉林省22 份主推玉米品种区域试验评价[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (5): 63–70
[3]	吴荣华庄克章刘鹏张春艳. 鲁南地区夏玉米产量对气象因子的响应[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (5): 104–109
[4]	李少昆张万旭, 王克如韩冬生杨小霞陈永生. 北疆玉米大田机械粒收质量调查[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (5): 127–131
[5]	高文俊杨国义高新中玉柱许庆方原向阳孙耀武. 氮磷钾肥对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (5): 144–149
[6]	王小林纪晓玲张盼盼张雄张静. 黄土高原旱地谷子品种地上器官#br# 干物质分配与产量形成相关性分析[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (5): 150–155
[7]	李红燕,王永宏,赵如浪,张文杰,明博,谢瑞芝,王克如,李璐璐,高尚,李少昆. 宁夏引/扬黄灌区玉米子粒脱水模型的构建与应用[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (4): 149–153
[8]	李少昆,张万旭,王克如,俞万兵,陈永生,韩冬生,杨小霞,刘朝巍,张国强,王浥州,柳枫贺,陈江鲁,杨京京,谢瑞芝,侯鹏,明博. 北疆玉米密植高产宜粒收品种筛选[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (4): 62–68
[9]	樊艳丽,董会,卢柏山,史亚兴,高宁,史亚民,徐丽,席胜利,张翠芬,刘焱辉. 播期对不同糯玉米品种淀粉糊化特性的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (4): 79–83
[10]	李少昆,王克如,王延波,赵海岩,沈玉忠,蔡丹丹,肖万欣,姜文野,黄兆福,翟立超,谢瑞芝,侯鹏,明博. 辽宁中部地区玉米机械粒收质量及其限制因素研究[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (3): 162–167
[11]	史磊,王国宏,王延波,王大为,赵海岩. 玉米杂交种及其亲本子粒脱水速率初步研究[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (3): 84–89
[12]	王克如,李少昆,王延波,赵海岩,沈玉忠,蔡丹丹,肖万欣,姜文野,黄兆福,翟立超,李璐璐,谢瑞芝,侯鹏,明博. 辽宁中部适宜机械粒收玉米品种的筛选[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (3): 97–102
[13]	杨京京,陈江鲁,谢瑞芝,张小伟,丁变红,吴新明,李少昆,李东方. 玉米种子粒重差异对相关发芽指标整齐度的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (3): 180–184
[14]	李璐璐,谢瑞芝,王克如,明博,侯鹏,李少昆. 去苞叶对玉米子粒脱水过程的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (2): 114–117
[15]	李锐,白建荣,王秀红,张丛卓,张效梅,闫蕾,杨瑞娟. 144份甜玉米群体的遗传多样性分析[J]. 作物杂志, 2018, (2): 17–24

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

调查指标Variables	样本量 Number of sample	平均数 Average	最大值 Max.	最小值 Min.	极差 Range	变异系数 CV(%)	GB/T 21961-2008
破碎率Breakage rate (%)	2 450	8.56	51.82	0.13	51.69	66.31	≤5%
杂质率Impurity rate (%)	2 450	1.22	18.01	0	18.01	132.53	≤3%
落粒损失量Grain loss (g/m²)	1 819	7.91	182.06	0	182.06	145.41
落穗损失量Ear loss (g/m²)	1 819	20.64	459.72	0	459.72	266.12
机收总损失量Total loss (g/m²)	1 819	28.55	459.72	0	459.72	198.05
损失率Loss rate (%)	1 819	4.76	76.62	0	76.62		≤5%

调查指标Variables	子粒含水率Grain moisture content	破碎率Breakage rate	杂质率Impurity rate	落粒量Grain loss	落穗量Ear loss
破碎率Breakage rate	0.558^**
杂质率Impurity rate	0.404^**	0.300^**
落粒量Grain loss	0.136^**	0.208^**	0.124^*
落穗量Ear loss	-0.010NS	-0.020NS	0.152^*	0.067NS
总损失量Total loss	0.022NS	0.037NS	0.130^*	0.276^**	0.983^**

机型 Machine model	子粒含水率 Grain moisture content		子粒破碎率 Breakage rate
机型 Machine model	收获前 Pre-harvest	收获后 Post-harvest	平均 Mean	范围 Range
CASE4088	28.3	32.8	10.23b	9.59~11.31
收获机A	28.3	30.5	15.93a	11.04~20.73