美国植物种质资源保护与研究利用

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2018.06.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

美国不是作物起源中心,但却是世界上保存植物种质资源最多的国家。美国拥有较完善的植物种质资源保护体系,其法律法规、管理制度、种质资源交换与共享政策、资助体系等稳定而灵活,保存设施和信息网络建设稳步发展,在种质资源收集、鉴定评价、新基因发掘、种质创新等方面针对不同作物的需求均取得了很大成效,充分体现出种质资源的基础性和公益性特点。本文在全面评述美国植物种质资源保护与研究利用情况的基础上,对我国种质资源保护、研究和管理提出了建议。

关键词: 植物种质资源, 保护, 美国

Abstract:

USA is the country which preserves the most plant germplasm resources in the world although it is not a center of origin of crop plants. Generally, USA has a good National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), with a stable and flexible system of laws and regulations, management policies, germplasm exchange and beneficial sharing and funding system. In recent years, plant germplasm preservation facilities and information network have steadily improved, and a great progress has been made in the fields of germplasm collecting, characterization and evaluation, gene discovery and germplasm enhancement, reflecting the characteristics of basic and non-profit activities. This paper reviews the current situation of preservation and researches on plant germplasm resources in USA and renders advice to germplasm preservation, research and management in China.

Key words: Plant germplasm resources, Conservation, USA

黎裕, 王天宇. 美国植物种质资源保护与研究利用[J]. 作物杂志, 2018 (6): 1–9

Li Yu, Wang Tianyu. Preservation and Researches on Plant Germplasm Resources in the U.S.A.[J]. Crops, 2018(6): 1–9

图/表 1

表1

美国植物种质资源系统的种质库和种质圃保存情况（截至2018年8月）"

基因库名称 Name of genebanks	依托单位和地点 Supporting unit and location	保存植物种类 Kind of plants preserved	保存份数 Number of accessions
遗传资源保护国家中心 National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation	USDA-ARS,科罗拉多州Fort Collins	多种作物	11 741
植物品种保护库 Plant Variety Protection Voucher Collection	USDA-ARS遗传资源保护国家中心,科罗拉多州Fort Collins	多种作物	7 980
植物种质资源检疫项目 Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program	USDA-ARS,马里兰州Beltsville	多种作物	949
植物遗传资源保护部（原南部地区植物引种站） Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit	USDA-ARS,乔治亚州Griffin	高粱、甘薯、花生、豇豆、绿豆、甜瓜、辣椒、亚热带和热带食用豆作物、温季牧草等	101 182
中北部地区植物引种站 North Central Regional PI Station	USDA-ARS,衣阿华州立大学Ames	玉米、油用芸薹属植物、瓜类作物、草木樨、籽粒苋、向日葵、粟类作物、胡萝卜、亚麻	54 785
东北部地区植物引种站 Northeast Regional PI Station	USDA-ARS植物遗传资源部,纽约州Geneva	番茄、蔬菜类芸薹属作物、洋葱、苹果、葡萄、酸樱桃	12 695
西部地区植物引种站 Western Regional PI Station	USDA-ARS,华盛顿州立大学Pullman,还在该州Prosser建立了国立温带豆科牧草遗传资源部	菜豆、豌豆、蚕豆、鹰嘴豆、洋葱、莴苣、苜蓿、甜菜、红花,还包括冷季和温带牧草、园艺作物、药用作物等	101 465
国家小粒禾谷类作物种质库 National Small Grains Collection	USDA-ARS,爱达荷州Aberdeen	小麦、大麦、燕麦、水稻、黑麦、小黑麦地方品种及其野生近缘种,还包括小麦遗传材料、超过2000份的大麦非整倍体等遗传材料	146 409
玉米遗传材料中心Maize Genetic Stock Center	USDA-ARS植物生理和遗传研究部,伊利诺伊大学University of Illinois,Urbana	玉米遗传材料	8 127
水稻遗传材料中心Rice Genetic Stock Center	USDA-ARS Dale Bumpers国家水稻研究中心,阿肯色州Stuttgart	水稻遗传材料	37 809
大豆种质库Soybean Collection	USDA-ARS,伊利诺伊州Urbana	大豆地方品种、野生种	22 498
马铃薯种质资源引种站 Potato Germplasm Introduction Station	USDA-ARS,威斯康星州Sturgeon Bay	马铃薯	5 767
豌豆遗传材料库Pea Genetic Stock Collection	USDA-ARS,华盛顿州立大学Pullman	豌豆、冷季食用豆	712
沙漠豆科植物项目Desert Legume Program	亚利桑那大学The University of Arizona,Tucson	沙漠豆科植物	2 608
C.M. Rick番茄遗传资源中心 Tomato Genetic Resources Center	加州大学戴维斯分校University of California,Davis	番茄地方品种、野生种、突变体、导入系材料等	3 795
棉花种质库Cotton Collection	USDA-ARS作物种质资源研究实验室,德克萨斯州College Station	棉花地方品种、野生种	9 798
烟草种质库 US Nicotiana Germplasm Collection	北卡罗莱纳州立大学Raleigh	烟草地方品种、野生种,62个种	2 226
国家种质圃Brownwood分圃 National Germplasm Repository-Brownwood	USDA-ARS,德克萨斯州Somerville	美洲山核桃、山胡桃、栗	4 066
国家种质圃Corvallis分圃 National Germplasm Repository-Corvallis	USDA-ARS,俄勒冈州Corvallis	梨、草莓、木莓、黑莓、蓝莓等温带果树和坚果作物,以及啤酒花等专用作物	12 571
国家种质圃Davis分圃 National Germplasm Repository-Davis	USDA-ARS,加州大学Davis分校University of California,Davis	葡萄、核果类作物、胡桃、杏、橄榄、阿月浑子、无花果、柿、桑、猕猴桃、石榴等	8 747
基因库名称 Name of genebanks	依托单位和地点 Supporting unit and location	保存植物种类 Kind of plants preserved	保存份数 Number of accessions
国家种质圃Geneva分圃 National Germplasm Repository-Geneva	USDA-ARS,纽约州农业试验站Geneva	苹果、葡萄、酸樱桃	7 612
国家种质圃Hilo分圃 National Germplasm Repository-Hilo	USDA-ARS,夏威夷州Hilo	昆士兰果、凤梨、番木瓜、荔枝、木菠萝、杨桃、番石榴、西番莲、红毛丹、面包树等热带果树和坚果作物	851
国家种质圃Mayaguez分圃 National Germplasm Repository-Mayaguez	USDA-ARS热带农业研究站,波多黎各Mayaguez	香蕉、可可、热带果树	1 167
国家种质圃Miami分圃 National Germplasm Repository-Miami	USDA-ARS,佛罗里达Miami	甘蔗、芒果和鳄梨等亚热带果树和坚果作物、观赏植物	3 327
国家种质圃Riverside分圃 National Germplasm Repository-Riverside	USDA-ARS,加利福尼亚州Riverside	柑橘及其他芸香科植物、海枣及相关种	1 801
观赏植物种质资源中心 Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center	俄亥俄州立大学Columbus	主要是秋海棠、金鸡菊、百合、草夹竹桃、金光菊、堇菜6个属的草本观赏植物,超过200个属	5 456
国立干旱陆地植物遗传资源部 National Arid Land Plant Genetic Resources Unit	USDA-ARS,加利福尼亚州Parlier	不仅包括非冬季大麦和小麦、野生向日葵、红花、榛子等,还包括一些新型经济作物（如仙人掌果、泡泡白花草、银胶菊、希蒙得木等）,在干旱贫瘠土壤上潜在经济作物（Hesperaloe）,以及干旱地区土壤保持作物（Atriplex,Bassia and Yucca）,13个属126个种	1 499
种子国家实验室（National Seed Laboratory）林木实验室	乔治亚州Dry Branch	林木	7 628
国家植物园National Arboretum	马里兰州Beltsville	木本景观植物	8 343

表1

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