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作物杂志,2022, 第1期: 196–204 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.01.030

• 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 • 上一篇    下一篇

秸秆带状覆盖对西北雨养区马铃薯农田土壤温度及产量的影响

杨志楠1(), 黄金文1, 韩凡香2, 李亚伟1, 马建涛1, 柴守玺1, 程宏波3, 杨德龙3, 常磊1()   

  1. 1甘肃农业大学农学院/甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室,730070,甘肃兰州
    2兰州城市学院地理与环境工程学院,730070,甘肃兰州
    3甘肃农业大学生命科学技术学院,730070,甘肃兰州
  • 收稿日期:2021-01-27 修回日期:2021-04-23 出版日期:2022-02-15 发布日期:2022-02-16
  • 通讯作者: 常磊
  • 作者简介:杨志楠,主要从事作物栽培生态生理研究,E-mail： 1945955080@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    甘肃农业大学科技创新基金—青年导师扶持基金(GSAU-QDFC-2020-04);国家自然科学基金(31760373);国家自然科学基金(31960239)

Effects of Straw Strip Mulching on Soil Temperature and Yield of Potato Field in Rain-Fed Region in Northwest China

Yang Zhinan1(), Huang Jinwen1, Han Fanxiang2, Li Yawei1, Ma Jiantao1, Chai Shouxi1, Cheng Hongbo3, Yang Delong3, Chang Lei1()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2School of Geography and Environment, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    3College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2021-01-27 Revised:2021-04-23 Online:2022-02-15 Published:2022-02-16
  • Contact: Chang Lei

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摘要：

为探明秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖对马铃薯农田土壤热量传递和产量的影响,试验于2018-2019年进行,设置不同覆盖材料（地膜、秸秆）、覆盖时期（秋、春）、露地（CK）5个处理,研究不同覆盖对马铃薯农田土壤热量传递特性及产量的影响。结果表明,各处理在不同生育期和不同土层温度存在显著差异。与CK相比,2个生长季秸秆带状覆盖显著降低0~25cm土层土壤温度0.6℃~0.9℃,降温幅度为秋覆盖大于春覆盖,地膜覆盖提高土壤温度0.3℃~0.7℃。不同时期相比,地表覆盖存在增温和降温的双重效应,降温效应秸秆带状覆盖大于地膜覆盖,而增温效应地膜覆盖大于秸秆带状覆盖。地温日变化随气温的变化存在明显的滞后效应,覆盖显著抑制地温波动。覆盖具有“双抑制效应”,在低温时段抑制了土壤热量向大气的散失,高温时段抑制了地表对太阳辐射热量的吸收,且秸秆覆盖优于地膜覆盖,秋覆盖优于春覆盖,与CK相比,2个生长季秸秆覆盖温度梯度降低7.3~7.8℃/m,地膜覆盖降低3.4~6.3℃/m。秸秆带状覆盖增产14.7%,地膜覆盖增产25.3%,处理间单薯重的差异是引起产量差异的主要因素。因此,秸秆带状覆盖在西北雨养区马铃薯生产中具有应用推广价值。

关键词: 秸秆带状覆盖, 地膜覆盖, 土壤温度, 土壤温度梯度, 产量, 马铃薯

Abstract:

To find out the effects of straw strip mulching and film mulching on the soil heat transfer and yield of potato farmland, experiments were conducted from 2018 to 2019. Five treatments were set to study the effects of different mulching on the soil heat transfer characteristics and yield of potato farmland. The five treatments were mulching materials (mulching film, straw), mulching period (autumn, spring), and uncovered open fields (CK). The results showed that there were significant differences in the temperature under each treatment in different growth periods and different soil layers. Compared with CK, the straw mulching in the two growing seasons significantly reduced the soil temperature in 0-25cm soil layer by 0.6℃-0.9℃, and the fall of temperature with autumn stalk mulching was greater than that with spring stalk mulching. The film mulching increased the soil temperature by 0.3℃-0.7℃. In different periods, the surface cover had a dual effect of increasing temperature and decreasing temperature. The cooling effect of straw strip mulching was greater than that of plastic film mulching, and the heating effect of plastic film mulching was greater than that of straw mulching. The diurnal variation of ground temperature had an obvious hysteresis effect with the change of temperature, and the coverage significantly suppressed ground temperature fluctuations. The mulching had a "dual suppression effect" as it inhibited the loss of soil heat to the atmosphere during low-temperature periods, and inhibited the absorption of solar radiation heat by the surface during high-temperature periods. The straw mulching was better than the plastic mulching, and the autumn mulching was better than the spring mulching. Compared with the CK, in the two growing seasons, the temperature gradient under the straw mulching decreased by 7.3-7.8℃/m and under the film mulching it decreased by 3.4-6.3℃/m. The straw strip mulching increased the yield by 14.7%, and the film mulching increased the yield by 25.3%. The difference in the single potato weight between the treatments was the main factor causing the difference in yield. Therefore, the straw strip mulching had application and promotion value in potato production in the northwest rainfed area.

Key words: Straw strip mulching, Film mulching, Soil temperature, Soil temperature gradient, Yield, Potato

图1

2018-2019年试验点马铃薯全生育期降水分布

表1

试验设计

处理Treatment 耕作措施Tillage measure
地膜秋覆盖（MQ）



大垄宽70cm,高20cm,小垄宽40cm,高15cm,留10cm渗水带,用120cm宽的黑色地膜全地面覆盖,按每幅播种2行、行距40cm、株距33cm的“品”字形大垄2侧穴播马铃薯。秋季覆膜
地膜春覆盖（MC）



大垄宽70cm,高20cm,小垄宽40cm,高15cm,留10cm渗水带,用120cm宽的黑色地膜全地面覆盖,按每幅播种2行、行距40cm、株距33cm的“品”字形大垄2侧穴播马铃薯。春季覆膜
秸秆秋覆盖（JQ）

秸秆覆盖带和种植带均为60cm,2行种植,行距60cm,株距33cm,总带宽120cm,秸秆覆盖量9000kg/hm2,玉米秸秆收获后当季覆盖
秸秆春覆盖（JC）

秸秆覆盖带和种植带均为60cm,2行种植,行距60cm,株距33cm,总带宽120cm,秸秆覆盖量9000kg/hm2,玉米秸秆收获后春季覆盖
露地对照（CK）
平作不覆盖,株距33cm,行距60cm,垄宽120cm

图2

不同处理全生育期0~25cm土层土壤平均温度

图3

不同处理马铃薯全生育期0~25cm土层土壤平均温度动态变化

图4

马铃薯盛花期耕层土壤温度和大气温度的日变化

图5

不同处理对最低点（7:00）土壤温度梯度的影响 MR：苗期;TI：现蕾期;TE：盛花期;MT：膨大期;SA：成熟期。垂直误差棒表示0.05上差异显著（n=3）。下同

图6

不同处理对最高点（17:00）土壤温度梯度的影响

图7

秸秆覆盖处理横向温度梯度日变化

表2

马铃薯产量及相关性状

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 单株结薯数
Potato number per plant		 单薯重
Single potato weight (g)		 鲜薯产量
Fresh potato yield (kg/hm2)		 商品薯率
Commercial potato rate (%)
2018 MQ 6.0ab 115.7a 36 843.2a 86.0ab
MC 5.6b 117.6a 36 052.2a 87.5a
JQ 7.1a 87.1b 31 878.7b 80.6b
JC 7.0a 87.1b 31 693.0b 80.4b
CK 6.6ab 85.0b 27 492.5c 73.9c
变异系数CV (%) 10.0 16.9 11.5 6.6
2019 MQ 6.6c 118.4a 42 569.2a 85.1a
MC 6.6c 116.0a 36 467.3b 87.1a
JQ 7.5a 103.5b 40 040.0ab 80.5bc
JC 7.2b 103.4b 36 167.2b 80.2b
CK 7.3ab 93.9c 33 497.7c 75.5c
变异系数CV (%) 5.9 9.4 9.4 5.6
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