施肥对马铃薯农田土壤水分时空变化及产量的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2016.03.028

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探讨施肥与马铃薯田土壤水分时空变化和产量的关系,采用随机区组设计,在定位施肥条件下,研究了有机肥+氮磷钾（MNPK）、有机肥（M）、氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷（NP）、氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、不施肥对照（CK）对马铃薯田土壤水分含量时空变化及马铃薯产量的影响。施肥量为腐熟羊厩肥22 500kg/hm ²、N 150kg/hm ²、P₂O₅75kg/hm ²、K₂O 270kg/hm ²。结果表明：不同施肥处理各土层土壤含水量随着马铃薯生育期的推进均呈现波动变化;生育期土壤剖面含水量呈现“?”形变化趋势,20~40cm土层为最大蓄水层和耗水层。NPK、MNPK、M处理土壤含水量显著高于NK、NP、PK和CK,说明施用有机肥或氮磷钾化肥配施均能提高土壤持水性能。两年平均产量以M处理最高,其次是NPK处理,再次是MNPK处理;商品薯率也以NPK、M和MNPK处理较高;单株结薯数以M、PK、MNPK、NPK处理较高,NK和CK处理较低。研究结果表明,缺乏磷、钾较缺乏氮素对马铃薯产量、商品薯率、结薯数的影响更为严重。

关键词: 施肥, 有机肥, 化肥, 土壤水分, 马铃薯, 产量

Abstract:

To evaluate the effects of manure and fertilizer on the soil moisture and potato yield, seven treatments: sheep manure plus N, P, K fertilizers(MNPK), sheep manure (M), NPK, NP, NK, PK, and no fertilization as control(CK) were conducted. The amount of sheep manure, N, P₂O₅ and K₂O was 22 500, 150, 75, 270kg/hm ², respectively. A randomized complete block design was used with three replicates. Soil moisture content of different soil layer showed a fluctuating trend during potato growing season. Soil moisture content showed a trend of shape “?” as the soil deepened during the growth period. Layer of 20~40cm soil depth showed both the maximum water storage and deprivation. Soil water content under treatments of NPK, MNPK and M was higher than that of NK, NP, PK, CK significantly, which indicated that both the manure and chemical fertilizer could enhance the soil water holding capacity. M had the highest average yield in two years, followed by NPK and MNPK. NPK, M and MNPK also had higher average marketable tuber ratio in two years. M, PK, MNPK and NPK showed greater number of individual tuber than NK and CK. To conclude, lack of phosphorus and potassium had more side effects on potato yield, marketable tuber ratio and tuber number than lack of nitrogen did.

Key words: Fertilization, Manure, Chemical fertilizer, Soil moisture content, Potato, Yield

于小彬,蒙美莲,刘素军,张婷婷,孟丽丽,焦瑞枣,陈有君. 施肥对马铃薯农田土壤水分时空变化及产量的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2016 (3): 151–157

Xiaobin Yu,Meilian Meng,Sujun Liu,Tingting Zhang,Lili Meng,Ruizao Jiao,Youjun Chen. Effects of Fertilization on Soil Moisture Temporal and Spatial Variation and Yield of Potato[J]. Crops, 2016(3): 151–157

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处理 Treatments	2014年		2015年		两年产量平均值(kg/hm²) Two years average yield	较CK平均增产(%) Average increased yield compared with CK
处理 Treatments	产量(kg/hm²) Yield	较CK增产(%) Increased yield compared with CK	产量(kg/hm²) Yield	较CK增产(%) Increased yield compared with CK	两年产量平均值(kg/hm²) Two years average yield	较CK平均增产(%) Average increased yield compared with CK
MNPK	26 172.0bc	6.12	39 922.3a	50.60	33 047.1	29.16
M	34 325.1a	39.18	37 743.7a	42.39	36 034.4	40.84
NPK	32 180.5ab	30.48	35 072.4ab	32.31	33 626.4	31.43
NP	25 338.3c	2.74	22 979.9c	-13.31	24 159.1	-5.57
NK	24 058.9c	-2.45	22 850.7c	-13.80	23 454.8	-8.33
PK	24 773.6c	0.45	31 255.6abc	17.91	28 014.6	9.49
CK	24 662.7c	0	26 508.0bc	0	25 585.3	0

处理 Treatments	单株结薯数 Tuber number (个/株)		单块茎重 Tuber weight(g)		商品薯率 Marketable tuber(%)
处理 Treatments	2014年	2015年	2014年	2015年	2014年	2015年
MNPK	3.86b	5.27a	130ab	144ab	59.89ab	73.75a
M	5.02a	5.15a	132ab	142ab	70.26a	71.50ab
NPK	3.88b	4.56ab	158a	148a	73.75a	71.75ab
NP	3.78b	4.34b	128ab	102b	61.49ab	64.00abc
NK	3.38b	4.23b	136ab	105ab	63.83ab	49.75c
PK	4.66a	4.68ab	101b	128ab	47.70b	64.00abc
CK	3.58b	4.32b	140ab	118ab	49.07b	51.50bc