磷肥运筹对机插双季稻产量构成与养分吸收利用的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.02.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究磷肥运筹对双季稻产量与氮、磷、钾素吸收利用的影响，以湘早籼45号（早稻）和泰优553（晚稻）为材料，在3个施磷（P₂O₅）水平（P45：45 kg/hm²；P75：75 kg/hm²；P105：105 kg/hm²）与2个施用时期（全基肥，S1；基肥:穗肥=2:1，S2）下开展机插试验。结果表明，施磷量增大可提高水稻干物质积累量，并且对产量及其构成因素影响显著，但施用时期无显著影响。施磷量与施用时期对产量具有一定的互作效应，早、晚稻产量均以P75处理显著较高，早稻以P75S1处理最高，而晚稻以P75S2处理最高。随施磷量增大，早、晚稻磷素吸收效率与磷肥利用率显著降低，氮、钾素吸收量与吸收效率显著增大，但氮、钾素利用效率显著降低，而氮、钾肥偏生产力表现先增大后减小趋势，以P75处理最高。早稻氮、磷、钾吸收与利用效率一般以S1处理较大，而晚稻表现相反。可见合理施用磷肥可显著提高水稻产量和养分吸收利用效率，以施磷75 kg/hm²表现最好，由于早季磷肥施用会明显增加晚季土壤有效磷含量，早稻以一次性基施为宜，而晚稻以基肥:穗肥=2:1为宜。

关键词: 双季稻, 磷肥运筹, 产量构成, 养分吸收利用

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effects of P fertilizer management on the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake and utilization of double-cropping rice, Xiangzaoxian 45 (early rice) and Taiyou 553 (late rice) were used as materials to carry out the machine planting test under three phosphorus application levels (45 kg/ha, P45; 75 kg/ha P75; 105 kg/ha, P105) and two application periods (S1: full base fertilizer; S2: basal fertilizer:ear fertilizer = 2:1). The results showed that the increase of P application rate could increase the dry matter accumulation of rice and significantly affect the yield and its components, but the application period had no significant effect. There was a certain interaction effect between P application rate and application period, and the yield of early and late rice were significantly higher under P75 treatment, the highest in early rice was P75S1 treatment, and the highest in late rice was P75S2 treatment. With the increase of phosphorus application rate, phosphorus absorption efficiency and utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer decreased significantly, nitrogen and potassium absorption and absorption efficiency increased significantly in early and late rice, but nitrogen and potassium utilization efficiency decreased significantly, while partial productivity of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer increased first and then decreased, and P75 treatment was the highest. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption efficiency of S1 treatment were significantly higher in early rice, while it was opposite in late rice. It can be seen that rational application of P fertilizer can significantly improve rice yield and nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency, and the effect of 75 kg/ha P fertilizer application was the best. Application of phosphorus fertilizer in early season will significantly increase the available phosphorus content in late season soil, so it is better to apply single base fertilizer in early rice, while it is better to apply base fertilizer:ear fertilizer = 2:1 in late rice.

Key words: Double-cropping rice, Phosphate fertilizer management, Yield components, Nutrient uptake and utilization

肖敏, 郭浪, 崔璨, 程周琦, 刘玉午, 卓乐, 吴思, 易镇邪. 磷肥运筹对机插双季稻产量构成与养分吸收利用的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2024 (2): 178–188

Xiao Min, Guo Lang, Cui Can, Cheng Zhouqi, Liu Yuwu, Zhuo Le, Wu Si, Yi Zhenxie. Effects of Phosphate Fertilizer Management on Yield Components and Nutrient Uptake and Utilization in Mechanical Transplanting Double-Cropping Rice[J]. Crops, 2024(2): 178–188

图/表 12

表1

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表8

表9

表10

表11

2021年各磷肥处理双季稻氮、磷、钾素利用效率

季别 Season	处理 Treatment	氮素利用效率 Nitrogen utilization efficiency (kg/kg)	氮肥偏生产力 Partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (kg/kg)	磷素利用效率 Phosphorus utilization efficiency (kg/kg）	磷肥偏生产力 Partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer (kg/kg)	磷肥利用率 Utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer (%)	钾素利用效率 Potassium utilization efficiency (kg/kg)	钾肥偏生产力 Partial productivity of potassium fertilizer (kg/kg)
早稻 Early rice	P45S1	118.78b	52.20c	531.93a	174.00a	12.13b	101.74b	52.20bc
早稻 Early rice	P45S2	126.43a	51.73c	489.90b	172.44a	14.62a	110.32a	51.73c
	P75S1	113.29c	58.20a	439.58c	116.40b	14.13a	101.52b	58.20a
	P75S2	122.83a	54.20b	482.21b	108.40b	10.13c	99.33b	54.20b
	P105S1	101.24d	53.27bc	398.31d	76.10c	10.29c	91.59c	53.27bc
	P105S2	103.56d	52.60bc	404.82e	75.14c	9.74d	92.10c	52.60bc
	P0	124.32a	46.51c	753.78a	－	－	105.68a	46.51c
	$\bar{P45}$	122.61a	51.97b	510.92b	173.22a	13.38a	106.03a	51.97b
	$\bar{P75}$	118.06b	56.20a	460.90c	112.40b	12.13a	100.43b	56.20a
	$\bar{ P105}$	102.40c	52.94b	401.57d	75.62c	10.02b	91.85c	52.94b
	$\bar{S1}$	111.10b	54.56a	456.61a	122.17a	12.18a	98.28b	54.56a
	$\bar{S2}$	117.61a	52.84a	458.98a	118.66a	11.50b	100.58a	52.84a
晚稻 Late rice	P45S1	80.49a	64.47c	353.05b	214.89a	13.24b	108.24b	64.47c
晚稻 Late rice	P45S2	82.14a	66.40bc	349.60b	221.33a	15.69a	109.86b	66.40bc
	P75S1	74.53c	67.20b	372.23a	134.40b	7.53d	118.38a	67.20b
	P75S2	77.09b	70.07a	320.82c	140.13b	15.11a	107.63b	70.07a
	P105S1	71.68d	66.13bc	296.83d	94.48c	11.42c	101.02c	66.13bc
	P105S2	71.39d	66.53bc	282.48d	95.05c	13.24b	97.68c	66.53b
	P0	89.71a	61.43c	430.24a	－	－	122.97a	61.43c
	$\bar{P45}$	81.32b	65.44b	351.33b	218.11a	14.47a	109.05c	65.44b
	$\bar{P75}$	75.81c	68.64a	346.53c	137.27b	11.32b	113.01b	68.64a
	$\bar{ P105}$	71.54d	66.33ab	289.66d	94.77c	12.33b	99.35d	66.33b
	$\bar{S1}$	75.57a	65.93a	340.70a	147.92a	10.73b	109.21a	65.93a
	$\bar{S2}$	76.87a	67.67a	317.63b	152.17a	14.68a	105.06b	67.67a

表11

表12

2022年各磷肥处理双季稻氮、磷、钾素利用效率

季别 Season	处理 Treatment	氮素利用效率 Nitrogen utilization efficiency (kg/kg)	氮肥偏生产力 Partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (kg/kg)	磷素利用效率 Phosphorus utilization efficiency (kg/kg)	磷肥偏生产力 Partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer (kg/kg)	磷肥利用率 Utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer (%)	钾素利用效率 Potassium utilization efficiency (kg/kg)	钾肥偏生产力 Partial productivity of potassium fertilizer (kg/kg)
早稻 Early rice	P45S1	91.02a	47.27bc	331.54bc	157.56a	14.27a	94.52b	47.27bc
早稻 Early rice	P45S2	89.22ab	46.60c	361.43a	155.33a	9.72d	89.08cd	46.60c
	P75S1	83.07c	53.20a	336.00b	106.40b	11.71b	91.73bc	53.20a
	P75S2	88.77ab	48.47bc	318.58c	96.93c	10.47c	99.96a	48.47bc
	P105S1	73.47d	49.40b	294.16d	70.57d	9.73d	84.93d	49.40b
	P105S2	86.10bc	48.53bc	282.06d	69.33d	10.32c	87.80cd	48.53b
	P0	87.86a	43.13c	432.34a	－	－	92.39a	43.13c
	$\bar{P45}$	90.12a	46.93b	346.48b	156.44a	11.99a	91.80a	46.93b
	$\bar{P75}$	85.92a	50.84a	327.29c	101.67b	11.09b	95.85a	50.84a
	$\bar{ P105}$	79.79b	48.97ab	288.11d	69.95c	10.03c	86.37b	48.97ab
	$\bar{S1}$	82.52b	49.96a	320.57a	111.51a	11.90a	90.39a	49.96a
	$\bar{S2}$	88.00a	47.87a	320.69a	107.20a	10.17b	92.28a	47.87a
晚稻 Late rice	P45S1	79.57a	63.47c	316.54ab	211.56a	14.39a	94.07a	63.47c
晚稻 Late rice	P45S2	78.55a	64.47c	329.42a	214.89a	12.79b	93.21a	64.47c
	P75S1	78.26a	66.73bc	293.63c	133.47b	13.99a	94.81a	66.73bc
	P75S2	78.39a	70.27a	311.19b	140.53b	13.70a	94.84a	70.27a
	P105S1	73.72b	66.47bc	285.84c	94.95c	10.74d	84.27b	66.47bc
	P105S2	72.72b	67.87ab	283.43c	96.95c	11.73c	81.63b	67.87ab
	P0	79.28a	61.60c	391.57a	－	－	97.08a	61.60c
	$\bar{P45}$	79.06a	63.97bc	322.98b	213.22a	13.59a	93.64a	63.97b
	$\bar{P75}$	78.33a	68.50a	302.41c	137.00b	13.84a	94.83a	68.50a
	$\bar{ P105}$	73.22b	67.17ab	285.64d	95.95c	11.24b	82.95b	67.17ab
	$\bar{S1}$	77.18a	65.56a	301.23a	146.66a	13.04a	91.05a	65.56a
	$\bar{S2}$	76.55a	67.54a	306.34a	150.79a	12.74a	89.89a	67.54a

表12

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年份 Year	季别 Season	全氮 Total nitrogen (g/kg)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g/kg)	全钾 Total potassium (g/kg)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (mg/kg)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg/kg)	pH
2021	早稻	1.14	0.54	12.66	219.80	13.47	240.00	7.15
	晚稻	1.28	0.60	12.34	189.00	18.91	260.00	7.17
2022	早稻	0.79	0.37	11.98	141.58	7.79	170.00	7.19
	晚稻	0.81	0.39	12.01	161.00	8.02	180.00	7.21

处理 Treatment	早稻Early rice			晚稻Late rice
处理 Treatment	分蘖盛期 Peak tillering stage	齐穗期 Full head stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	分蘖盛期 Peak tillering stage	齐穗期 Full head stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
P45S1	1.46b	7.43c	9.62c	1.78c	7.93c	13.86c
P45S2	1.43b	7.22c	9.90c	1.71c	7.86c	14.03c
P75S1	1.59a	8.78a	11.70a	1.94b	8.86b	14.29bc
P75S2	1.54a	8.21b	10.95b	1.91b	9.63a	14.81ab
P105S1	1.60a	8.85a	11.80a	1.94b	9.68a	14.22c
P105S2	1.53ab	8.64a	11.52a	2.23a	9.92a	14.96a
P0	1.40b	6.71c	8.95c	1.65d	7.43d	12.30b
$\bar{P45}$	1.45b	7.33b	9.76b	1.75c	7.90c	13.95a
$\bar{P75}$	1.57a	8.50a	11.33a	1.93b	9.25b	14.55a
$\bar{ P105}$	1.57a	8.75a	11.66a	2.09a	9.80a	14.59a
$\bar{S1}$	1.55a	8.02a	11.04a	1.89a	8.82a	14.12a
$\bar{S2}$	1.50a	8.35a	10.79a	1.95a	9.14a	14.60a

处理 Treatment	早稻Early rice			晚稻Late rice
处理 Treatment	分蘖盛期 Peak tillering stage	齐穗期 Full head stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	分蘖盛期 Peak tillering stage	齐穗期 Full head stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
P45S1	1.14c	7.80b	10.53b	1.58e	9.03c	14.26b
P45S2	1.16bc	7.20c	9.14c	1.69d	8.73c	14.50b
P75S1	1.19bc	8.05ab	11.74a	2.14b	9.30b	14.86ab
P75S2	1.15c	7.26c	10.85b	2.38a	9.94a	15.26a
P105S1	1.43a	8.30a	11.79a	1.90c	9.63ab	14.54ab
P105S2	1.22b	7.91ab	10.96b	2.06b	9.91a	14.94a
P0	0.85c	6.41c	8.63c	1.4d	7.91c	12.93b
$\bar{P45}$	1.15b	7.50b	9.84b	1.64c	8.88b	14.38a
$\bar{P75}$	1.17b	7.66b	11.30a	2.26a	9.62a	15.06a
$\bar{ P105}$	1.33a	8.11a	11.38a	1.98b	9.77a	14.74a
$\bar{S1}$	1.25a	8.05a	11.35a	1.87b	9.32a	14.55a
$\bar{S2}$	1.18b	7.46b	10.32b	2.04a	9.53a	14.90a

处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (×10⁶/hm²)	穗粒数 Number of grains per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	理论产量 Theoretical yield (t/hm²)	实际产量 Actual yield (t/hm²)
P45S1	4.55ab	87.91c	77.73a	26.71a	8.30bc	7.83bc
P45S2	4.34bc	91.26bc	76.91a	26.67a	8.12c	7.76c
P75S1	4.59a	93.47ab	78.76a	26.41a	8.92a	8.73a
P75S2	4.49ab	95.36ab	76.43a	26.20a	8.57ab	8.13b
P105S1	4.35bc	94.87ab	77.82a	26.08a	8.38bc	7.99bc
P105S2	4.24c	97.53a	76.86a	26.10a	8.30bc	7.89bc
P0	3.94c	85.69b	81.55a	26.51a	7.30c	6.98c
$\bar{P45}$	4.45a	89.59b	77.32b	26.69a	8.23b	7.80b
$\bar{P75}$	4.54a	94.42a	77.60b	26.31a	8.75a	8.43a
$\bar{ P105}$	4.30b	96.20a	77.34b	26.09a	8.35b	7.94b
$\bar{S1}$	4.50a	92.08a	78.10a	26.40a	8.54a	8.18a
$\bar{S2}$	4.36a	94.72a	76.73a	26.32a	8.34a	7.93a

处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (×10⁶/hm²)	穗粒数 Number of grains per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	理论产量 Theoretical yield (t/hm²)	实际产量 Actual yield (t/hm²)
P45S1	4.75bc	79.86b	74.02bc	26.16a	7.35cd	7.09bc
P45S2	4.94ab	78.53b	70.97c	26.17a	7.20d	6.99c
P75S1	5.05a	79.34b	78.29a	26.03a	8.16a	7.98a
P75S2	4.86abc	78.95b	76.78ab	26.27a	7.74bc	7.27bc
P105S1	4.75bc	84.41a	76.32ab	26.22a	8.03ab	7.41b
P105S2	4.68c	86.10a	73.82bc	26.09a	7.75bc	7.28bc
P0	4.35c	78.79b	77.28a	25.91a	6.86c	6.47c
$\bar{P45}$	4.85a	79.20b	72.50b	26.17a	7.28b	7.04b
$\bar{P75}$	4.96a	79.15b	77.54a	26.15a	7.95a	7.63a
$\bar{ P105}$	4.56b	84.51a	75.08ab	26.16a	7.56b	7.35b
$\bar{S1}$	4.85a	81.20a	76.21a	26.14a	7.85a	7.49a
$\bar{S2}$	4.83a	81.19a	73.85a	26.18a	7.58a	7.18a